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EXERCISE 55.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

1. Αίψα, ὡς νόημα, παρέρχεται ήβη, ουδ' ίππων δρμη γιγνεται ταχύτερα. 2. Το γήρας βαρύτερον εστιν Αιτνης. 3. Ο θάνατος τῷ βαθύτατῳ ὕπνῳ παραπλησιωτατος εστιν. 4. Οι νεοι τοις των πρεσβυτερων επαινοις χαιρουσιν. 5. Φιλιας δικαιας κτησις εστιν ασφαλέστατη. 6. Η μεσότης εν πασιν ασφαλέστερα εστιν. 7.

Οι γέροντες ασθενέστεροι εισι των νέων. 8. Bovins opens ovde εστιν ασφαλέστερον. 9. Οἱ κορακες μελάντατοι εισιν. 10. Σωκράτης εγκρατέστατος ην και σωφρονέστατος. 11. Εν ταις ατυχίαις πολλάκις οι ανθρωποι σωφρονέστεροι εισιν, η εν ταις ευτυχίαις. 12. Κριτίας ην ἁρπαγιστατος. 13. Αφροδιτη ην

χαριέστατη πασων θεων.

EXERCISE 56.-ENGLISH-GREEK.

1. Old age is very burdensome. 2. Nothing is swifter than thought. 3. Moderation is the safest. 4. No bird is blacker than the raven. 5. The boy is swift, the man is swifter, the horse is swiftest. 6. Youth is more attractive than old age. 7. The Ethiopians are very black. 8. No one of the Athenians was more self-controlled than Socrates. 9. Critias was more given to plunder (robbing) than Alexander. 10. Nothing is more pleasing than beautiful flowers.

LESSONS IN GEOLOGY.—III.

GEOLOGICAL AGENTS-RAIN-SPRINGS-WELLS.

HAVING given a general idea in the last chapter of the appearance which stratified and unstratified rocks present, we proceed to answer the natural question, What causes have contributed to the composition of these rocks, and by what means have they been placed in their present positions?

We shall confine our attention first to the stratified rocks. These rocks owe their existence to aqueous action. A casual acquaintance with their appearance is sufficient to indicate this; but as we proceed we shall find that they contain, in a fossil state, innumerable remains of animal and vegetable life; and that these are so universally the remains of marine and aquatic life, that when the fossil of a land animal or a bird is discovered, it is considered a rare exception to the rule. No other proof is required beyond this of the fact that stratified rocks were once sediment, deposited at the bottom of seas and lakes; in the course of their accumulation, shells, dead fish, occasionally the wody of a land animal brought down by a river, sca-weeds, corals, etc., became embedded in the sediment, and by processes, to be described in due time, impressions were taken of them in the matter of the deposit then being made, and they are presented to us as fossils, a word which is derived from the Latin Jossus, "dug up."

This action is now going on, and there is no reason for believing that it has ever varied, but that existing causes have been the agents by which all the stratified rocks have been produced.

Geologists have only lately arrived at this conclusion. At first sight, many facts seem to oppose it. For when the fossiliferous strata are arranged in chronological order-that is, when they are piled one above the other in the order in which they were deposited--the series does not, as we might expect, present a gradation of rocks gradually passing from one mineral character to another, and containing animal and vegetable

remains, which indicate slow changes of species, but we pass directly from highly inclined strata to systems resting horizontally upon them-from rocks of one mineral composition to those of a totally different character-from an assemblage of organic remains in one stratum, to find in its neighbour imme, diately above it a world of life well nigh totally distinct, and only possessing a few species in common with it. These facts were understood to indicate that the surface of the earth had been subject to catastrophes, which overwhelmed the existing orders of life. These periods of disorder were succeeded by ages of repose, during which the usual order of things continued, new strata were deposited on the shattered and upheaved crust, and new species of life arose from the wreck of the overthrown world. But do the observed facts demand such a theory for their explanation? Suppose, for example, that Waleswhere the oldest stratified rocks are developed, the Silurianwas now submerged, and upon the present land a deposition of sediment was made, in which specimens of the various animals now living in the Irish Channel were fossilised; and suppose that, in process of time, the upheaving force lifted the oceanbed, and it became again dry land, whose surface was studied by the then existing race of geologists: what would be the facts which presented themselves? A series of strata reposing horizontally upon rocks of a distinct mineral character, which were highly inclined; the fossils of the upper rocks being utterly distinct from those of the lower. Would they then be warranted in coming to the conclusion that when the period of the deposition of the Silurian had come to an end, a mighty convulsion upheaved the strata, killed all existing life, and that a new creation peopled the seas with new types of life? We see how erroneous such a speculation would be.

The student must bear in mind a few prominent truths, which we shall illustrate, from facts observation has procured. 1. That no rocks can be formed on dry land. Hence the surface of the earth may be divided into areas of deposition and of non-deposition.

2. That in the making of rocks no new matter is used; it is only a re-arrangement of materials already in existence. 3. That the material deposited in one place represents the degrading action which has taken place in another.

4. That at all times there have been continents and seas, for in every class of rocks we have fossil evidence of the existence of land; and that the wearing down of the continents has been the chief source of the sediment deposited upon the oceanbed.

5. That the earth's crust has from all time been subject to local upheavings and subsidings, which have now caused the ocean-bed to become dry land, and now the dry land to be submerged. Thus, with the exception of those localities where the primary rocks lie exposed, the whole surface of the earth has alternately served as "an area of deposition," or of "nondeposition." And even with regard to the primary rocks which now form the surface, we cannot declare positively that they never were submerged, for they may have been covered with sedimentary strata which has subsequently been washed off; though this may generally be decided by the appearance of the face of the rock. These are the main principles which observation of existing causes has enunciated. We shall treat of these causes in the order of their observation, taking the most important agent first.

THE GEOLOGICAL ACTION OF WATER.

Rain. The atmosphere is capable of holding in solution a vast quantity of water. When its temperature is raised, this capability of holding moisture is greatly increased; c the other hand, if by any cause its temperature be decreased, the moisture it contains first condenses into clouds; and if the temperature fall still lower, the minute globules of which the clouds are composed coalesce into drops, and descend to the earth as rain.

The amount of water thus suspended in the firmament above us is beyond our conception. A thunder shower even has been known to pour down upon a limited area as much as 200,000 tons of water in a few hours.

The fall of rain varies with localities. In the equatorial regions Humboldt calculates that 96 inches fall annually. Here the great solar heat causes the distillation of the ocean-waters to be carried on with vigour. At a latitude of 45°, the rain-fall is only 29 inches; and 15° further north, 17 inches. In the

British Islands the average is about 36 inches; but even in our small island the difference of the rain-fall in neighbouring localities is very remarkable: for instance, at Whitehaven, in Cumberland, there fell, in 1849, 32 inches; while in the Vale of Borrowdale, only 15 miles distant, the fall was 142 inchesalmost four times the amount. This is due to the position of the valley; it is traversed by the prevailing winds, which come loaded with moisture from the sea. The mountains condense this moisture, and the valley receives the rain.

The most remarkable instance of this combination of local causes is perhaps found in the case of the Khasia Hills, which form the southern side of the valley

of the Brahmapootsa, just as it enters the delta of the Ganges. These mountains are some 4,000 or 5,000 feet high, and their south flank looks over the delta towards the Bay of Bengal. When the south monsoon blows, it traverses the river-flats, and arrives at the foot of the Khasias loaded with moisture.

Impinging upon the mountains, it is driven upwards; it rises into colder regions, and to a height at which the air is greatly rarefied. Now, when air is rarified, it acquires a greater power of containing heat, and consequently it absorbs its own sensible heat, and thus its temperature

effaced, but a layer of mud is deposited upon them. In process of time this becomes rock, and when split the rain-prints are exhibited, faithfully registering the fact of the shower, and frequently showing the direction of the wind, by the cavity formed by the drop being deeper on that side to which the drop was driven.

Springs.-Not satisfied with the work done as individuals, the rain-drops seek to combine their power, and collecting in cavities in the hills, and in the more porous rocks, form springs which permanently feed rivers. Although the degrading action of springs cannot be compared to that of rivers, yet it is by no

means despicable; their action is continuous, and every spring wears for itself a valley, of greater or less size, according to the length of time it has flowed, the quantity of water it discharges, and the nature of the rock from which it issues.

The origin of one class of springs will be at once conceived by watching a child dig a hole on the seabeach. The retiring tide has left the sand saturated with water, which drains into the hole and soon fills it. This is precisely the case with porous rocks soaked with rain-water. well be sunk down to the base of such a rock, where a less porous stratum underlies it, water will soon rise in

[graphic]

If a

falls. From the combination of FIG. 7.-RAIN-PRINTS AND WORM-TRACKS IN CARBONIFEROUS the excavation. Now suppose there these causes the monsoon delivers GREEN SLATE. up its moisture, and as much as

600 inches of rain fall on the south flank of the Khasias yearly. The denuding effect of this vast quantity of water is greatly enhanced by the fact that it almost all falls in the six months in which the monsoons blow. In many tropical countries the fall averages 200 inches. Just as there are combinations of local circumstances which preduce unusual rain-falls, so there are regions where the opposite effect is the result. Rainless regions are found generally in the centres of vast continents. Ere the winds reach these localities they have been dried, the moisture they earried having been condensed by mountains which intervened between the seas and the centre of the continent. There is a strip of coast-line in Chili and Peru where no rain falls, for the prevailing winds deposit their moisture on the opposite flank of the Andes, and when they reach the countries to the leeward they are dry. No rain has fallen here for years, as may be proved by the fact that houses are built of "Chili saltpetre," or sodium nitrate, which is a salt soluble in water; hence the existence of the structures is a testimony to the rainless climate. Considering that every drop of rain does a geological work-it either carries down a grain of sand to a lower level, or soaks into the soil, loosening it for the action of the next shower-it may be conceived what a vast and universal work is being carried on by drops of rain. If it required proof that the surface of the earth had always been subject to the action of rain, we should find it in the frequent discovery of rainprints in some of the oldest systems. Many specimens of these interesting remains have been

exist some fissure in the rock, we have at once a natural well; and as soon as an outlet is found, which is at a lower level than the surface of the water, a spring will be the result. Springs will be plentiful at the outcrop of a layer of clay, or some other deposit impervious to moisture, above which lies a porous rock, such as chalk or sandstone, which will retain the rain. The reason why there is not an issue of water from the whole line of the outcrop of the impermeable strata is that the water follows the valleys formed by the inequalities of the surface of the strata, so that where a spring does occur we may conclude that that is the end of a valley of which the spring may be conceived to be the river. In this instance the valley made the river, and not the river the valley.

Artesian wells have thrown some interesting light on the underground system of waterworks. These wells or borings are made by an auger generally about four inches in diameter. When rock is reached, it is triturated by an iron rod, and the débris removed by the auger. The sides of the bore are protected by sinking iron pipes. The boring is continued until a porous stratum is reached. The Artesian wells in the neighbourhood of London are sunk to reach the chalk, and are about 320 feet deep, and they yield some 15,000,000 gallons a day; but the water does not rise so high in the well as it used, proving that the chalk reservoir is not inexhaustible. There is a well at Grenelle, near Paris, 1,800 feet deep.

St. Paul's,

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Frequently, in the course of the boring, a subterranean cavity is tapped, from which the water rises with great force. At Tours, when the depth of 364 feet was reached, there was sudden rise of water, which brought up with it a quantity of sand, shells, branches of thorns, seeds, etc., and there was reason to believe that these came from some of the valleys of Auvergne, 150 miles distant, proving a cavernous connection between the two places.

found in rocks of the Carbonife- FIG. 8.-IDEAL SECTION OF LONDON BASIN. AA, CHALK; BB, CLAY;
rous period. During the age in
c, GRAVEL; a, SURFACE WELL; H, ARTESIAN WELL.
which the coal-fields were depo-

sited, the atmosphere-to encourage the rapid growth of the
dense vegetation which characterised that epoch-must have
been highly charged with moisture, and, as a consequence of this,
showers of rain must have been of constant occurrence.

Fig. 7 shows a slab exhibiting rain-prints and worm-tracks, discovered in the carboniferous green slate in Nova Scotia.

Sir Charles Lyell has most satisfactorily explained the presence of these rain-prints. His observations were made on the shores of the Bay of Fundy, where the tide rises higher than any other place in the world-more than 70 feet. The extensive mud-flats are left dry for the period between the high tides. If a shower fall while the mud is yet soft, an impression is made, which the hot sun bakes into an enduring cast, so that when the next high tide covers the flat the rain-prints are not

Fig. 8 represents an ideal section of the London basin: a is a "surface well;" H, an Artesian well. The water from a looks sparkling, and is more refreshing than from H; and is deleterious just in proportion as these qualities recommend it, for they are due to organic matter and nitrates, which the rain gathers as it comes into contact with decomposing animal matter on the surface; whereas the water from H enters the chalk strata, A A, far out in the country.

Artesian wells derive their name from Artois, in France, where they were first sunk.

LESSONS IN ARCHITECTURE.-XII.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE.

In our last lesson we spoke of the rise, decline, and fall of Gothic architecture. Its origin, like that of some other styles, has not been so correctly ascertained as to render its historical details of much interest. It is certain that it began to be employed in ecclesiastical edifices about the time that the Goths were settled in Italy, and had been overcome, in their turn, by the nations which superseded the Romans. This system of architecture, as we have already said, was practised during the Middle Ages, and continued in use till the sixteenth century, when it was supplanted by the revival of the Roman style. It was then called Gothic from the architects and workmen who were supposed to have been engaged in the planning and erecting the edifices which bear this name; and it was held in contempt by the followers of Palladio, in Italy, and of Jones, in England. The Gothic architecture differs essentially from the Greek, both in construction and appearance. latter the arrangement of the materials depended on their strength in masses,

In the

they may cross each other, which gives us the form of a pointed arch; and the same being done throughout the whole extent of the two opposite rows, an horizontal rod, or ridge bar, being at the same time placed along the points of crossing, wa have the appearance of a Gothic arcade. Two rods from each

post in the same row are now to be treated in like manner, so as to form similar arches in both rows, and these are also to be connected by ridge bars crossing the longitudinal one. Having now employed two rods of each corner post, and three of each intermediate one, there still remain one in the former, and two in the latter, which may be disposed of by causing them to pass diago nally from the corners of each rectangle, not crossing as in the former cases, but applied side by side, so as to form a continued hoop or semicircle. In this manner all the rods are occupied, and a frame is produced capable of supporting thatch or other covering. From the imitation of a dwelling so constructed the threo leading characters of Gothic architecture may be traced, namely, the pointed arch, the clustered column, and the branching roof. On principles similar to these tho ingenious author endeavours to account for the peculiarities of the Gothic windows, doors, spires, etc. But it is much to be doubted whether any theory so simple and ingenious as the preceding will account for the origin of a style which emanated from the numerous and varied applications of the arch, whether semi-circular or pointed, whether composed of segments of circles crossing each other, or of other curves corresponding to Hogarth's celebrated line of beauty, which was evidently traced by him in the ogee or cyma (Greek kuua, ku'-ma, a wave) of the ancient Greek and Roman architecture, as well as in the Gothic. This curve

[graphic]

CHURCH OF ST. ETIENNE DU MONT, PARIS.

which required only to be put together in simple and elegant forms. In the former, on the contrary, small stones and other materials, which would have been deemed useless by a Greek architect, were employed in the construction of edifices of equal strength, and sometimes even of greater magnificence than the ancient temples; for they depended as to their stability, not on the vertical pressure of columns, or the strength of lintels from pillar to pillar, but on the correct adjustment of the bearings and thrusts of different arches operating in various directions. Moreover, the Gothic style is easily distinguished from both the WINDOW OF 13TH CEN- Greek and the Roman styles by its slender shafts and clustered pillars, its circular, pointed, or angular arches and groins,

[graphic]
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TURY.

its spires and pinnacles, and its decorations, which excel the latter in variety, number, and minuteness.

Among the theories which have been proposed to account for the origin of this style, we may mention an ingenious one which has been suggested by Sir James Hall, in his "Essay on the Origin, Principles, and History of Gothic Architecture." He conceives that the forms of this style may have been derived from the imitation of a rustic dwelling, constructed in the following manner: Thrust two rows of posts into the ground opposite to each other, at an interval equal to that between the posts in the rows themselves, each post rising to the height of about three intervals. Apply to each post a set of slender rods of willow, thrusting them into the ground at its base, and tying them in two places, one a little above the ground, and the other within about a third part of the height, leaving them loose from this point upwards, so that they may be freely used in any direction. The rods may be three in number to each of the outside corner posts, and five to cach of the others, all being placed so as to cover the inside of the posts, and give it the appearance of a bundle of rods. It will be easy now to form the skeleton of a thatched roof. For this purpose let a rod from each of two opposite posts be bent at its loose top, so that

VOL. III.

1

WINDOW OF 15TH CENTURY.

is in the form of the letter S without its top and bottom ap. pendages, thus . In the churches of the Middle Ages, there were to be seen, as indicated in the preceding theory, endless groups of small columns, immense domes, complicated buttresses, lofty roofs, with bell turrets, and other appurtenances. The finest examples in Europe of the Gothic, or ogival style of architecture, are the great cathe drals of Notre-Dame at Paris, Bourges, Amiens, Chartres, Rouen, and Rheims. This style, as we have observed, at first pure and simple, and formed of regular curves, became so distorted at the close of the short period of its existence, as to lose its very nature, and it then led to the invention of all the extravagant productions which arose from compound arches, which were only a degradation of the original style, and which soon caused its abandonment. It would be impossible to exhibit, in diagrams, the innumerable details in architecture and of sculpture which the beautiful edifices of the Middle Ages present, all characterised by the use of the pointed arch. We give, however, two specimens of the rich ornamentation which crowded the windows and capitals of the columns in the Gothic churches of the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. In the sixteenth century, the Greek and Roman arts and architecture returned, but only by such a gradual transition, that for a length of time the pointed arch was employed in the construction of domes, and of some other important parts of the edifice, of

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CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE DAME, PARIS.

60

which the churches of St. Eustache, and of St. Étienne du Mont, at Paris, are examples. In castles built at this period of the Renaissance, such as those of Écouen and of Gaillon, the chapel was Gothic, whilst the rest was classical. The ancient architecture has extended its power over the civilised world, from the Renaissance period to the middle part of the present century, when a reaction took place in favour of the Gothic style of architecture, especially for ecclesiastical buildings.

The severe study of the monuments of Greece and Italy in modern times, tends to preserve and extend the taste for the ancient orders of architecture, as being more durable in their effects, more easy in their construction, and more economical in their expenditure, than the Gothic style. The recent desire to restore the architectural monuments of the Gothic period, has led to an extraordinary study of its ancient examples, and has produced in some enthusiastic minds a wish to substitute this style of architecture for those which have regulated the splendid edifices of Europe for three centuries. Without attempting to depreciate a style which is considered particularly adapted to religious edifices, it is difficult to imagine that it will prevail, for any lengthened period, over those orders of architecture which, by their strength and solidity as well as massive elegance, far surpass their resuscitated rival.

In one of the annexed engravings, the reader will find a representation of one of the finest examples of the true Gothic style of architecture already mentioned, viz., the Church of NotreDame, at Paris. This metropolitan church of the French capital is said to have been built on the ruins of a heathen temple, and to have been founded during the first ages of Christianity. Its reconstruction was begun by Maurice Sully, in 1163, and the first stone was laid by Pope Alexander III. Jean de Chilles, master of works, undertook the south front in 1257; the north front was constructed in 1312, by means raised by the knighttemplars. Charles VII., in 1447, gave considerable sums for the completion of this cathedral. The first stone of the great altar was laid in 1669, by Cardinal Noailles; and the choir, then begun from the designs of Mansarde, was only finished in 1714. celebrated bell of Notre-Dame, the largest in France, is placed in the south tower; it was founded in 1685, and set.up by Louis XIV. The cathedral was restored during the reign of Napoleon III., the massive iron railing by which it is surrounded being completed in 1868.

The

In this lesson is also given a representation of one of the finest examples of those churches which belong to the transition period mentioned above, namely, the Church of St. Etienne du Mont. This church was known by the same name in 1221. It was reconstructed about 1517; but the aisle and the south chapel were built in 1588. The western parts were only finished under Charles IX. The communion chapel was built in 1606, and Margaret of Valois, first wife of Henri IV., laid the first stone of the front. These circumstances explain the mixture of the Gothic style with that of the Renaissance which is found in this church. It is the only church in Paris furnished with a gallery; and is decorated with very remarkable windows, the work of Pinagrier, a celebrated artist of the sixteenth century.

LESSONS IN FRENCH.-XLII.
SECTION LXXXI.-IDIOMS RELATING TO THE PRONOUNS
CE AND QUE.

1. THE pronoun ce (and not the pronouns il, elle, etc.) must
be used for he, she, they, coming before the verb to be, when
that verb is followed by a noun, or an adjective used substan
tively, preceded by the, a, or an, by some or any understood, or
by a possessive or demonstrative adjective. When the word used
in apposition with ce is plural, and in the third person, the
verb is put in the plural, although ce remains unchanged
[§ 108 (2) (3)]:-

C'est un Polonais,

Ce sont des Anglais,
C'est cette dame qui m'a parlé de

vous,

He is a Pole.

They are Englishmen.

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1. Connaissez-vous ces étrangers? 2. Oui, Monsieur, ce sont les frères de notre voisin. 3. Ne sont-ils pas Écossais ? 4. Non. Monsieur, ils sont Suisses. 5. Ne sont-ce point des Écossais qui vous ont fait présent de cette casquette? 6. Non, Monsieur, ce sont des Suisses. 7. N'est-ce pas votre domestique qui vous a volé du vin ? 8. Ce n'est pas lui, c'est son frère. 9. N'est-ce pas lui qui a pris vos confitures? 10. Ce n'est pas lui; ce sont ses enfants. 11. Ne sont-ce pas là les enfants que vous avez surpris à voler votre sucre ? 12. Ce sont leurs frères. 13. Ne sont-ils pas cousins? 14. Ils ne sont pas cousins; ils sont frères. 15. Qu'est-ce que ces soieries? 16. Ce sont des marchandises qu'on vient de nous envoyer. 17. N'est-ce pas une belle ville que Lyon ? 18. C'est une grande et belle ville. 19. N'est-ce pas là le mouchoir que vous avez perdu? 20. Je crois que oui. 21. N'est-ce pas sur le jardin que donnent vos fenêtres ? 22. Oui, Monsieur, c'est sur le jardin qu'elles donnent. 23. N'est-ce pas notre charron qui a fait cette roue? 24. Ce n'est pas lui qui l'a faite. 25. Ce sont nos amis qui l'ont brisée, et c'est le menuisier qui l'a faite.

EXERCISE 158.

1. Is that lady your friend's sister? 2. No, Sir, she is a stranger. 3. Who are the two gentlemen who are speaking to your sister? 4. They are Swiss gentlemen. 5. Are those the gentlemen whom you have invited? 6. It is they (eux). 7. Do you not know that man? 8. I know him very well; he is the man who has stolen my wine. 9. What is Italy ? 10. It is the garden of Europe. 11. Is not that the letter which you intended to carry to the post-office? 12. No, Sir, it is another. 13. Is the city of Havre fine? 14. Yes, Sir, Havre is truly a large and beautiful city. 15. Is not that the man whom you 16. It is not, it is another. have caught stealing your fruit ? 17. Is not this the cup that you have bought? 18. Yes, Sir, I believe so. 19. Do not the windows of your room look on the 20. No, Madam, they look on the garden. 21. Do street? 22. No, Sir, they look on the lake (lac). 23. Is it that little not the windows of your dining-room look on the yard (cour) ? child who has taken your preserves? 24. It is his brother and sister. 25. What are those engravings? 26. They are engrav

It is that lady who spoke to me of ings which I bought in Germany. 27. Are those gentlemen

you..

2. Ce is used as the nominative of the verb être, in sentences like the following, and the conjunction que is used idiomatically after it. The verb in this case is not put in the plural :Qu'est-ce que ces enfants? What are those children?

Scotch? 28. They are not Scotch; they are Italian. 29. Are those ladies Scotch? 30. No; they are the Italian ladies who came yesterday. 31. What is Marseilles ? 32. It is one of the finest cities in (de) France. 33. Is it not your tailor who made that coat? 34. It is not he; it is an English tailor who made it. 35. It is your friend who broke my watch.

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Vous et lui irez demain à l'école, You and he will go to school to-
morrow.
Sa mère et moi nous avons écrit His mother and I have written that
cette lettre,
letter.

3. The above examples will show that, when a verb has several subjects, all of them pronouns, or partly pronouns and partly nouns, the words moi, toi, lui, eux, are used instead of je, tu, il, ils. A pronoun recapitulating the others may, as in the last example, be placed immediately before the verb [§ 33 (10) (11)].

4. For further rules on this subject, see §§ 114 and 115, and

also the next section.

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Lui et moi irons en Angleterre. Vous, elle et lui, vous achèterez du blé.

Eax et moi, nous nous sommes fait mal à la tête.

Vous et lui, vous devriez vous prê.

ter aux circonstances.

Lai et moi, vous gênerons sans doute.

Where will you go, your brother and
you?

He and I will go to England.
You, she, and he will buy wheat.
They and I have hurt our heads.

You and he should adapt yourselves

to circumstances.

He and I will without doubt incom-
modo you.

vos marchandises à perte. 24. Vous et moi nous vendons toujours à profit. 25. Votre père, votre frère et moi, nous avons acheté des marchandises.

EXERCISE 160.

1. Do we incommode you, my brother and I? 2. No, Sir; you do not incommode us; we are very glad to see you. 3. Are you not afraid to disturb your friend? 4. We are afraid to disturb him; he has much to do. 5. Is my foot in your way, Sir? 6. No, Sir; your foot is not in my way. 7. Will you and your brother go to Germany this year? 8. We intend to go there, he and I. 9. He, you, and I, should write our lessons. 10. Should you not, you and your friends, adapt yourselves to circumstances? 11. We should do so, if it were possible. 12. Do I not disturb you, Sir? 13. You do not disturb me by any means. 14. Does not my little boy disturb you? 15. He does not disturb me. 16. He disturbs nobody. 17. Docs not your partner sell his goods at a loss? 18. He never sells at a loss. 19. He and I always sell at a profit. 20. Do you persist in your resolution? 21. Your friend and I persist in our reso. lution. 22. I never feel under constraint at your house. 23. Be under no constraint (make yourself at home). 24. Are you not wrong to incommode them? 25. I do not intend to incommode them. 26. We do not like to incommode ourselves. 27. My little boy and I will, perhaps, be in your way. 28. No, Sir; we are very glad of your company. 29. Do I disturb you? 30. No, Sir; you do not disturb us. 31. Do I disturb your father? 32. No, Sir; you disturb no one. 33. Excuse me, Sir, if I disturb you. 34. Have you not been very lavish? 35. No, Sir; I assure you that your son and I have been very economical.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH.

EXERCISE 93 (Vol. II., page 10).

1. What has been taken from you? 2. My books, my pencils, and my penknife have been taken from me. 3. Do you know who has taken them from you? 4. I do not know the person who has taken them from me, but I know that he lives here. 5. Have you asked for your books? 6. I have asked my cousin for them. 7. Has he returned them to you? 8. He has paid me for them. 9. Has much fruit been stolen from you this year? 10. Vegetables have been stolen from me, but no fruit has been stolen from me. 11. Have you paid the peasant for your hat? 12. I have not paid him for it, I have Ma cousine et moi, nous craignons My cousin and I fear to be in your raid the hatter for it. 13. Whom have you asked for information? 14. I have asked the traveller. de vous gêner. 15. Do you know who has just knocked at the door? 17. For whom 16. It is Mr. L., who is asking for you. did you ask? 18. I asked for your brother. 19. Has your brother paid all his debts? 20. He has not paid them yet, because he has not received his income. 21. Have you paid him for what you bought of him? 22. I have paid him for it. 23. Have you not paid them your rent? 24. I have paid it to them. 25. They have paid us for our house.

Je ne me gêne jamais chez mes amis.

Ne vous gênez pas; mettez vous à votre aise.

Nous n'aimons pas à gêner les autres.

Nous n'aimons pas à nous gêner.

À perte, at a loss.
A profit, with a profit.
Braz, m., arm.
Déring-er, 1, to disturb.
Econome, economical.

way.

I am never under constraint with
my friends.

Be under no constraint; make your-
self comfortable.

We do not like to incommode others.

We do not like to incommode our-
selves.

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1. Si nous restions plus longtemps ici, nous craindrions de vous gêner. 2. Vous ne nous gênez nullement; votre société nous est très-agréable. 3. N'avez-vous pas été trop prodigues, Vous et votre frère ? 4. Lui et moi au contraire, nous avons été très-économes. 5. N'avez-vous pas tort de gêner de monsieur ? 6. Nous ne le gênons pas nous n'avons nullement envie de le gêner. 7. Est-ce que mon bras vous gêne, Monsieur? 8. Non, Monsieur; j'ai assez de place, vous ne me genez pas. 9. Ne devriez-vous pas vous prêter aux circonstances? 10. Nous faisons, elle et moi, notre possible pour nous y prêter. 11. Ce jeune homme persiste-t-il dans sa résolu12. Nous y persistons, lui et moi. 13. Persistez-vous tous deux à rester ici? 14. Nous y persistons tous deux. 15. Cet homme est-il gêné dans ses affaires ? 16. Il était gné dans ses affaires il y a un an. 17. Ne vous gênez pas, Monsieur. 18. Je ne me gêne jamais, Monsieur. 19. Est-ce que mon frère vous dérange? 20. Non, Monsieur, il ne me drange pas. 21. Je ne voudrais pas vous déranger. 22. Pardon, je vous dérange. 23. Vous et votre associé avez vendu

tion?

EXERCISE 94 (Vol. II., page 11).

1. Avez-vous payé votre propriétaire? 2. Je lui ai payé mon loyer. 3. Lui avez-vous payé les fenêtres que vous avez cassées? 4. Je les lui ai payées. 5. Le chapelier a-t-il payé tous ses chapeaux ? 6. Il ne les a pas payés, il les a achetés à crédit. 7. Payez-vous tous les jours ce que vous devez? 8. Jo paie mon boucher toutes les semaines. 9. Lui avez-vous payé sa viande ? 10. Je la lui ai payée. 11. Qui avez. vous demandé, ce matin ? 12. J'ai demandé M. votre frère. 13. Pourquoi n'avez-vous pas demandé mon père? 14. Je sais que M. votre père est en Angleterre. 15. A-t-on payé ses chapeaux au chapelier? 16. On les lui a payés. 17. Vous a-t-on pris votre argent ? 18. On m'a volé mou chapeau. 19. Avez-vous demandé votre argent à votre frère ? 70. Je le lui ai demandé, mais il ne peut me le rendre. 21. N'a-t-il pas d'argent? 22. Il vient de payer toutes ses dettes, et 25. Chez quel libraire avez-vous acheté vos livres ? 26. Je les ai votre père? 24. Je ne lui en ai pas demandé, je sais qu'il n'en a pas. achetés chez votre libraire. 27. Avez-vous tort de payer vos dettes ? 28. J'ai raison de les payer. 29. Qui me demande? 30. Le médecin vous demande. 31. Qui frappe? 32. Votre cordonnier frappe. EXERCISE 95 (Vol. II., page 42).

il n'a pas d'argent de reste. 23. Avez-vous demandé de l'argent à M.

1. Did the banker receive much money last week? 2. He received much. 3. As soon as you perceived your brother, did you not speak to him? 4. As soon as I perceived him, I spoke to him. 5. Here you worn your new clothes already? 6. I have not yet wor them.

7. When he gave you money yesterday, did you thank him? 8. I thanked him, and begged him to thank you. 9. Have you found your books? 10. I have not found them yet. 11. When you came to see us, did you not finish your affairs with my father? 12. I finished

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