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READINGS IN GERMAN.-VIII.

9. Die vier Jahreszeiten.
Dee feer yah"-ress-tsi-ten.

Ah wenn's tech immer Winter bliebe! fagte Grust, als ach venss doch im'-mer vin'-ter blee'-bai! zahd-tai Errnst, ales er einen Mann von Schnee gemacht batte, und im Schlitten yr -nen man fon shney gai-macht hat-tai, ŏont im shlit'-ten adfahren war.

ga-fah'-ren vahr.

Sein Vater fagte, cr möchte diesen Wunsch in seine Zine fah-ter zahdy'-tai, eyr moy'-tai dee'-zen voonsh in zi-nai Schreibtafel schreiben, und er that es. shripe -tah-fel shri'-ben, oont eyr taht ess.

Der Winter verging, e8 fam der Frühling. Ernst stand Dair vin'-ter ferr-ghink', ess kahm dair frü"-link. Errust shtant Bater mut seinem bei einem Blumenbeete, auf welchem mit i-nem fah-ter by i'-nem bloo"-men-bey'-tai, ouf vel'-yem Hyacinthen, Aurikeln unb Narcisen blübeten, und war hee-a-tsin'-ten, on-ree'-keln dont narr-tsiss'-sen blu"-hai-ten, šout vahr außer sich.

Freuden ganz fore froi-den gants ou ́-sser ziy.

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Der Frühling verging, es fam der Sommer. Ernst ging Dair fru"-link ferr-ghink', ess kahm dair zŏm'-mer. Errust ghink mit seinen Eltern und einigen Gespielen an einem warmen mit a nen el tera Jonti-ni-ghen gaishpee-len an inem varremen Sommertage nach dem nächsten Dorse, und fie blieben zim-mer-tah'-gai nahch daim neyy'-sten dor'-fai, õõnt zee blee'-ben rafabit ten ganzen Tag. Rund um sich her sahen sie da-zelpst dain gan'-tsen tahd. Roont ŏom zlý heyr zah'-hen zee grüne Saaten und Wiesen, mit tausentfältigen Blumen -nai zah-ten oont vee-zen, mit tow'-zent-fel-ti-ghen bloo'-men midt, und Auen, auf welchen junge Lämmer tanzten mi-shmückt, dont ou-en, ouf vel-yen yoong'-ai lem'-mer tants'-ten are muthwillige Füllen ibre Sprünge machten. ut moot'-vil-li-gai fül'-len ee'-rai shprung'-ai mach'-ten. Sie aßen Kirschen und Sommerobst, und Zee ah'-ssen kirr'-shen Ŏont an'-dai-ress zom'-mer-o'pst, oont en fich's ten ganzen Tag über recht wohl sein. essen ziy'ss dain gan'-tsen tahch ü"-ber reýt vole zine, Nist wahr, fragte der Vater beim Zurückgehen, Nijt vahr, frahd-tai dair fah'-ter bime tsoo-rück"-ghey'-hen, dair

anderes

Samer hat doch auch seine Freuren?

-mer hat doch ouch zi'-nai froi'-den?

der

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atlich fam Die der Herbst. Familie brachte ganze Ent-ly kahm dair herrpst. Dee gan-tsai fa-mee--ai brach'-tai enige Tage in einem Weinberge Es war nicht mehr zu. i-ai tah-gai in i'-nem vine'-berr-gai tsoo. Ess vahr nyt meyr fe heis als im Sommer, aber die Luft war sanft und ber zo hice alss im zom'-mer, ah-ber dee looft vahr zanft oont dair Die Weinstöcke waren mit reifen Trauben Dee vine'-stock-kai vah'-ren mit ri-fen trou'-ben Behangen; auf den Misbeeten sah man wohlschmeckende bai-hang-en; ouf dain mist'-bey-ten zah man vole'-shmeck-ken-dai

Simmel beiter.

hu-mel hi-ter.

Melonen liegen, und ber die Zweige Bäume wurden ven mai-lo'-nen lee'-ghen, oont dee tsvi-gai dair boi-mai võõr'-den fön

reifen Früchten niedergezogen. ri-fen fruy-ten nee-der-gai-tso-ghen.

Das war erst ein rechtes Dass valar eyrst ine rey'-tess Ernst, ber nichts lieber aß als Obst. Die

Dee

eft für unsern fest fü'r oon-zern Errnst, deyr niyts lee'-ber ahss alss o'pst. schöne Zeit, sagte sein Vater, wird bald vorüber sein, der sho"-nai tsite, zahdh'-tai zine fah'-ter, virrt balt fore-û"-ber zine, dair

Winter ist schon vor der Thür, um den Herbst zu vertreiben. vin'-ter ist sho'ne fore dair tü'r, ŏŏm dain herrpst tsoo ferr-tri-ben. Ach, sagte Ernst, ich wollte, daß er wegbliebe, und das ach, zahdh'-tai Errnst, lý vŏl'-tai, dass eyr vey'-blee-bai, cont dass c8 immer Herbst wäre. ess im-mer herrpst vey'-rai.

Wolltest du das wirklich? fragte sein Vater. Wirklich, Vol-test doo dass virrk'-ly? frahdh'-tai zine fah'-ter. Virrk'-ly, war seine Antwort. Aber, fuhr sein Vater fort, intem er Ah'-ber, foor zine fah'-ter fört, in-dey m' eyr

vahr zi'-nai ant'-võrt.

die Schreibtafel aus ter Tasche zog, sich doch einmal, dee shripe"-tah'-fel ouss dair tash'-shai tso'd, zee doch ine-mabl';

was hier geschrieben steht: lies doch. vass here gai-shree'-ben shteyt; leess doch.

„Ich wollte, daß es immer Winter wäre." "y vol-tai, dass ess im'-mer vin'-ter vey'-rai."

Und nun lies einmal hier auf dieser Seite, was Rebt ŏont noon leess ine-mahl' here ouf dee'-zer zi-tai, vass shteyt denn da?

den dah?

„Ich wollte, daß c8 immer Frühling wäre."

" vo-tai, dass ess in'-mer frü"-link vey'-rai."
lind was auf dieser Seite hier?
Ŏont vass ouf dee'-zer zi'-tai here?

„Ich wollte, daß es immer Sommer wäre." "y vol-tai, dass ess im'-mer zom'-mer vey' rai." Kennst du, fuhr er fort, die Hand, die tieses geschrieben Kenst doo, foor eyr fort, dee hant, dee dee'-zess gai-shree'-ben hat?

hat?

Das babe ich geschrieben, antwortete Ernst.
Dass hah'-bai ý gai-shree'-ben, ant'-vor-tai-tai Errnst.
Vater. lint was wünschtest tu jest eben?
Fah-ter.

ŏont vass vünsh'-test doo yetst ey'-ben? Ernst. Ich wünschte, daß es immer Herbst sein möchte. Errnst. lý vünsh-tai, dass ess im-mer herrpst zine mog tại. Das ist doch sonderbar genug, fagte der Vater. Im Dass ist doch zon'-der-bahr gai-noo'ch', zahch'-tai dair fah'-ter. Im Winter wünschtest tu, daß es Winter, im Frühling, daß e8 vin'-ter vünsh'-test doo, dass ess vin'-ter, im frü"-link, dass ess

Frühling, im Sommer, daß es Sommer, und im Herbst, daß es fru"-link, im zom'-mer, dass ess zom'-mer, õõnt im herrpst, dass ess möchte. Herbst bleiben herrpst bli'-ben möy'-tai. taraus ? da-rouss'?

Ernst. Daß alle

Denk einmal nach, was folgt webl Denk ine-mahl' nahd, vass folyt vole

Jahreszeiten gut fint.

Errnst. Dass al'-lai yah"-ress-tsi'- ten goo't zint.

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Bater. Ja, daß sie alle reich an Freuden, reich an Fah'-ter. Yah, dass zee al'-lai ri'y an froi-den, ri'y an man' nigfaltigen Gaben sind, und raf ter Liebe ༢༨.༦ grože nly-fal'-ti-ghen gah'-ben zint, oont dass dair lee-bai gro'-ssai g viel besser seine Welt eingerichtet hat, al3 feel bess-ser zi-nai velt ine"-gai-riy'-tet hat, alss veer arr'-men Menschen verstehen. men'-shen ferr-shtey'-hen,

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Wunsch,m.wish,desire Sprung, m. spring, Grst, first, only, not

Schreibtafel, f. pocket book, tablet. (schreiben, to write.) Ver, prefix, away. Blumenbeet, n. flowerbed. (Beet, n. bed [in a garden.]) Außer, out of, beside. Bald, soon. Einige, pl. some. Gespiele,m.play fellow Nächst, next. Dorf, n. village. Dafelbst, there. Grün, green. [seed. Saat, f. cornfield, Wiese, f. meadow. Tausend, thousand; fältig, adj. fold. Schmücken, to adorn. Aue, f. meadow. Muthwillig, playful,

gambol. Kirsche, f. cherry. Obst, n. fruit. Sich es wohl sein lassen, to make one's self comfortable. Recht, very, right. 3urück, back. Müssen, to be obliged. Herbst, m. autumn. Zubringen, to spend Heiß, hot. Heiter, serene, cheerful Weinstock, m. vine. (Stof, m. stick.) Reif, ripe. Traube, f. grape. Mistbeet, n. hot-bed. (Mist, m. manure.) 3weig, m. branch. Nieterziehen, to bend down. (ziehen, to march,

wanton. Füllen, n. colt, foal.

draw,

move.)

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43. When a FIRST-PLACE Vowel comes either before or after the first consonant of a word, the vowel may be more conveniently written first, and the consonants afterwards.

46. The vowel eh is always modified by a following in English, so that no distinction is required between the vowels in mate and mare. In Scotch, French, German, Italian, etc., in which this deep a occurs independently of r, it may be represented by two dots parallel to the consonant, in the second vowel place. This sign may also be employed in English Phonography, if the writer chooses. Those who distinguish the vowels in pass and passive, and do not pronounce the former as in father, may use two dots for it; thus,

SINGLE AND DOUBLE CONSONANTS.

23

pass

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Name.

Einrichten, to arrange. (richten, to right, judge.)

as in | pee P, pea

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pl

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bee B, bee

bl

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bd ་

tee T, tea

tl

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tr 1 tn

dee D, day

dl

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task.

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3311

kn

kt

gn

gd

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chaos.

thrthn

thr (thu (

tht (

thd (

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37. The stroke s is used whenever it is necessary to place a vowel to this consonant; thus, o science,

38. The stroke z is used in all words that begin with z; as,

Yzeal, Zion.

VOCALISATION OF WORDS.

39. The pupil has already been informed, in Lesson 3, that when a vowel comes between two consonants, it is possible to write it either after the first or before the second; thus

or

cap, or cape, or keep. As the three rules for writing the vowel under such circumstances are of some importance, inasmuch as from the frequency of their application much diversity in the writing of phonographers would ensue from the neglect of them, we shall here repeat them. As to their most important features, these three rules may be comprised in this one-Take care not to write the vowel sign in an angle between two letters; as which might be read either kee-p or k-ahp: for nick-nack, is not so clear as nick-nack. The three following rules embrace the greater number of cases. 40. FIRST-PLACE VOWELS are written after the first consonant; as\ not \____ pack ; not call.

41. SECOND-PLACE VOWELS are written after the first consonant when LONG, and before the second when SHORT: thus

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es S, see

VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS.

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43. If the second consonant is the circles, the vowel must i isle, ow necessarily be written after the first consonant; thus, muscle.

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all, ope,

food.

^| owl, ũ。| tune, ai | ay, oi oil, wi|

The diphthongs 1, ow, wi, may be written in ANY position.

icine.

DOUBLE LETTERS OF THE W AND Y SERIES.

them with monosyllabic names; thus, | tr should not be called wă wẽ wĩ wỡ wũ wŏŏ | ya yẽ yĩ yo yu yŏŏ te, ar, but ter ; \ per; [ tel; \pel, etc. A distinction is thus Short. | | | | | | | |

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47. The simple articulations p, b, t, d, etc., are often closely united with the liquids 7 and r, forming a kind of consonant diphthong, and pronounced by a single effort of the organs of speech; as in plough, brow, try, drink, etc. The natural way of expressing these combinations in writing would undoubtedly be by some marked and Eniform modification of the simple letters. It is effected thus :\p, with 1, becomes pl; \ p, with becomes

pr ;

tr.

f, with 7, becomes [ tl; |t, with r, becomes As a curve cannot receive a hook on both sides of the stroke (for such characters as could not be written both accurately and quickly), and as the r compounds are much more frequent than the compounds, a hook prefixed to a curve always adds r to the primary letter (except in the case ofwl, explained par. 31), thus(th, with r, becomes thr; f, with r, becomes

Я, with, becomes ~ nr ; ~ m, with r, becomes

fr,

mr.

48. A series of curved hooked letters to represent the addition of 7, is produced by making a LARGE hook. Of this series, only fl, vl, shl, nl, will be required in writing English, and these letters occur but seldom. The principle of hooking on and r to the other letters, does not apply to the letters and r themselves.

49. The most useful letters in the curved and r series, fl, vl, fr, vr, thr, have duplicate forms, namely, the opposite curves of f and th in addition to the regularly formed letters; because the downward r and do not require to be hooked for rr, sr.

50. In these hooked letters, the hook must not be considered as r, and the stem as the primary letter, but the whole form must be taken to represent the consonant diphthong pr, considered as a whole; and in no case can the r be read first; thus cannot be considered as rp, and used for reap. The left-hand hook was selected for the r series, and the right-hand hook for the series, in the straight letters, because the combinations pr, tr, etc., occur five times as often as pl, , etc., and the left-hand hook is the best sign for writing, both when occurring singly, and when joined to other letters.

51. If the Right hand be held up, with the first finger bent, the outline of tr will be seen; and by turning the hand round to the following positions, all the double consonants of the pr series will be formed; thus

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made between p, 7, pronounced as two letters, and pl, pronounced as The former would mean, the latter So the compounds in par. 17 may be named — kess, ↓ tess, —— sek, etc.

one.

53. These double consonants are vocalised like the single ones; thus

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54. Shl, shr, shn, and rt, upward, and In, Int, downward, must never stand ALONE, because they would then be read as other letters. 55. DOUBLE CONSONANTS.-As the stroke s hooked, thus), is not being equally required for sr (the circle s joined to the downward r, serviceable), and as the downwarl r, hooked for rr, would be almost useless, the two forms) are given to fr, 6r, and their heavy strokes to vr, dr, as extra signs. These duplicate forms are distinguished, in ordinary printing, thus:-"fr, vr, fr, dr" represent the alphabetic forms C, C (, and “fr, vr, or, ar” the EXTRA

forms

J

). The upward letters for w, wh, y, and both the upward and downward, may be hooked at the end for n, and halved fort or d. A letter with an initial or final hook (or both an initial and final hook) may be written half-length for the expression of either tord; thus, klt or kid, wt or wd, mnt or mnd, (up) (down) Int or Ind, rnt or rnd, wnt or wnd. 56. TICK H.-The downward h may be reduced to a tick before 1, r, and before any hooked letter to which the tick can be joined; hm, ✓ hl, hr, ✅ hnr. This tick h, when employed before m or 1, cannot be conveniently used when a first-place vowel follows h. EXERCISE 14.

m, as

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1. abridge, abroad, April, acre, across, address, agree, altar, archer. 2. baker, banner, batter, butter, beaver, beggar, brace, bridge, brick. 3. copper, cooper, crib, cram, crape, crash, crawl, cress, cruel, crow. 4. dagger, decree, dinner, diver, drab, dram, draw, drover, dreary. 5. eager, either, elder, empress, father, favour, fetter, fibre, free, froth. 6. grab, grace, grade, Greek, grapes, Hebrew, honour (o, nr), hatter. 7. increase, jabber, keeper, ladder, ledger, leper, lever, lodger, lucre. 8. major, maker, manner, meagre, negro, neither, nipper, neighbour. 9. oppress, other, otter, over, owner, opener, offer, ochre, ogre. 10. packer, paper, phrase, potter, pray, preach, prig, prime, pucker. 11. quaker, quaver, rammer, rather, reaper, rider, river, rigour, robber. 12. sceptre, shiver, shrug, shriek, shrill, silver, skipper, spider, sugar. 13. taper, tatter, thrash, three, throb, tiger, trace, trail, truck, trill. 14. upper, usher, utter, viper, vapour, wafer, wager, water, writer. Write with the hook —

1. able, ably, addle, amble, angle, ancle, apple, apply, applause. 2. battle, bauble, beadle, black, blade, blame, blaze, blight, blush. 3. cable, cackle, clad, claim, clap, clash, clear, clime, club, clutch. 4. dabble, daggle, devil, double, dribble, eagle, eclat, edible, employ. 5. fable, fickle, fiddle, final, flame, flap, flash, flce, flight, flower. 6. gable, glare, glass, gleam, gloat, globe, gloom, glory, glow, glue. 7. hackle, hobble, idle, imply, kennel, kettle, label, ladle, legal, libel. 8. metal, muckle, muddle, needle, nettle, nibble, nipple, noble, nobly. 9. o'clock, paddle, pannel, papal, patter, people, pickle, place, platter. 10. quibble, rabble, radical, rattle, riddle, reply, rankle, ripple. 11. shuffle, shuttle, simply, stable, staple, steeple, stifle, suitable. 12. table, tackle, title, tittle, tipple, total, treble, triple, tunnel, vocal.

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1. Salus hominum non veritate solum sed etiam famâ nititur. 2. Cives, cum hostibus pacti, pace fruiti sunt. 3. Deum et divinum animum cogitatione complectimur. 4. Lacte, carne, multisque alis rebus vescimur. 5. Cavete ne ulciscamini inimicos vestros. 6. Romani Numidis hoc polliciti sunt. 7. Numidi perseveraverunt bello urgere Carthaginienses. 8. Romani aduisuri sunt. 9. Romani se adnisuros esse dicunt. 10. Cumulatam gratiam reddiderunt Romani. 11. Romani Numidis polliciti sunt, si perseverarent bello urgere Carthginienses, se adnisuros esse, ut cumulatam gratiam redderent. 12. Nemo parum diu vixit, qui virtutis perfecta functus est munere. 13. Visa in somnio contemnunt sapientes. 14. Simulatque experrecti sumus, contemnimus visa in somnio. 15. Aristoteles, Zeno, innume. rabiles alii, e patria profecti, nunquam domum reverterunt. 16. Nulla tam detestabilis est pestis quæ non homini ab homine nascatur. 17. Non sum uni angulo natus. 18. Patria mea totus hic est mundus. 19. Sunt ingeniis nostris semina innāta virtutum. 20. Hannibal cum Romanis congressus est in Italiâ. 21. Hannibal cum Romanis congressus, semper discessit superior. 22. Hannibal, quotiescunque cum Romanis congressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior.

Ad aliquid, to strive after. Adipiscor,

adipisci,

adeptus sum, 3, to attain, acquire. Avidus, -a, -um, eagor for, greedy of. Careo, 2, to be without. Consuetudo, -inis, f., acquaintance. Defetiscor, defetisci, defessus sum, 3, to

be weary.

Diuturnitas,

-ätis,

length of time. Elabor, elabi, elapsus sum, 3, to slide, get away.

VOCABULARY.

sum, 3, to struggle out, to do our best. Excedo, excedere, excessi, excessum, 3 (with abl.), to go out of, or beyond (E. R. excess).

Irascor, irasci, iratus
sum, 3, to be angry.
Lapsus (labor), fallen,
the fallen.
Nefas

(indeclinable),

n., wickedness, something too bad to be, spoken of (from for, fari, fatum). Patior, pati, passus sum, 3, to suffer.

Enitor, enisus, enixus Proprius, -a, -um, one's

own, peculiar.

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EXERCISE 115.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

-ătis, f.,

1. Optimi cujusque animus maxime ad gloriam immortalem nititur. 2. Hostes diuturnitate pugnæ defessi sunt. 3. Hostes, diuturnitate pugnæ defessi, prælio excedebant. 4. Adeptus est virtutem. 5. cunque gentium erit vir bonus, ab amicis diligetur. 6. Qui virtutem adeptus erit, ubicunque erit gentium, a nobis diligetur. 7. Avida est periculi virtus. 8. Virtus quid passura sit non cogitat. 9. Avida est periculi virtus, et quo tendat, non quid passura sit cogitat. 10. Au. gustus dominum se appellari non est passus. 11. Animalia alia rationis expertia sunt, alia ratione utuntur. 12. Animo elapso, corpus nihil valet. 13. Valet apud nos clarorum hominum memoria, etiam morta. orum. 14. Regia res est, succurrere lapsis. 15. Proprium est stultitia, aliorum vitia cernere, oblivisci suorum. 16. Ut plurimis prosimus, eniti debemus. 17. Irasci iis quos amare debemus est nefas. Amicitiæ, consuetudines, vicinitates habent aliquid voluptatis. 19. Carendo magis quam fruendo intelligimus bona nostra. 20. Amicitia, consuetudines, vicinitates quid habeant voluptatis, carendo magis intelligimus quam fruendo. 21. Semper recentes defessis succedebant.

EXERCISE 116.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

15.

1. Happiness depends on virtue. 2. Does happiness depend on man? 3. No, happiness depends on God. 4. We ought to do our best to cultivate virtue. 5. The father embraced his son. 6. The son avenged the death of the father. 7. The king promised a reward. 8. Did the queen promise a reward to your sister? 9. The soldiers will endeavour to attain heaped-up glory. 10. In the morning they arose and departed. 11. They have well discharged the duties of life. 12. Aristotle and Zeno discharged the duties of preceptors. 13. When will your friends return home? 14. They returned home yesterday. 15. They went from their country, and will never return. plague is borne in the minds of men. 17. Where is your country? 18. My country is the world. 19. The seeds of vice are inborn in human souls. 20. The general fought with the enemy. 21. As often as the English generals fought with their enemies, they came off con querors. 22. The mind of every very good boy very greatly loves his

16. This

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You may make great progress in a knowledge of syntax, as you pass on through these exercises on the formation of the verbs, if you will carefully mark the various forms and conWith a structions that come successively under your notice. view to aid you in this, I mark any considerable deviation: for example, when a verb has its object not in the accusative case, but the objective, I introduce the abbreviation cum dat., which means that the verb requires its object to be in the dative case. But I cannot impress it too deeply on your mind, that it is mainly by your own observations, by your own reflections, generally by your own studies and efforts, that you can acquire an acquaintance with the Latin, or, indeed, any other branch of knowledge. There are many, very many peculiarities which I have not here space to point out. You, too, have difficulties of which I am not aware. It is only by attention and diligence on your own part that the one can be learned and the other overcome. Study every lesson in all its parts and relations with the utmost care. Go over every lesson again and again. What you do not see now you will see by and by; and what you do not understand now you will understand hereafter.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN.
EXERCISE 110.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. You had scarcely confessed your fault, when your father pitied you. 2. You had already admitted that you had erred, when you denied it again. 3. We had not yet entreated your assistance, when you promised it to us.

4. We had scarcely confessed our want, when you most freely promised us your assistance. 5. There is great power in philosophy when it heals our minds, and removes vain anxieties. 6. The arts afford us great assistance when they severally support themselves independently. 7. Teachers serve their country well (deserce well of their country), when they instruct the youth by the study of useful letters. 8. When philosophy heals our minds, we ought to give up ourselves wholly and thoroughly to it. 9. All pitied you, since you were in wretched (circumstances), not in consequence

11. The

13.

explain this thing, I shall seem not to be narrating a life, but to be writing a history. 10. I do not fear that I shall satisfy you by writing. 11. I do not fear you will do anything timidly, anything foolishly. 12. I do not fear that the moderation of my life will prevail too little against false rumours.

EXERCISE 113.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Verentur parentes, regem timent. 2. Tyranni timentur. 3. Ty. rannos timebunt. 4. Parentes meos verebor. 5. Non vereor ne verbis te expleam. 6. Timetis in hostium castra introire. 7. Vereor ne frustra legam; de patria metuunt ne excidatur. 8. Timeo ne mater veniat. 9. Quid times ne mater veniat P 10. Quia contra præcepta sua ago. 11. Metuunt ne patruus mortuus sit. 12. Metuo ne Dei ira in hanc urbem incidat. 13. Vita tua contra calumniam valebit. 14. Ne verearis ne vita tua contra malorum calumniam non valeat. 15. Vereris ut tibi prodesse possim. 16. Ne verearis nequid stulte faciam. 17. Frater meus non veretur nequid stulte faciam.

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POLYZOA (BRYOZOA) AND TUNICATA. IN the last lesson we concluded our necessarily short account of those animals which belong to Cuvier's great branch of articulated animals. We turn from a description of these to review those classes which belong to the other great collateral branch of molluscous animals with some degree of regret. For while the Mollusca present many points of interest, and, like all the works of God, are well worthy of study, yet their peculiar excellences are less attractive in their nature than those of the Articulates. The organs of animals may be classified under two great divisions, according to the nature and object of their functions: namely, those which animals possess in common and the reproduction of its kind; and those which belong exwith plants, and which minister to the nutrition of the individual clusively to animals, and subserve the objects of motion from place to place, the perception of outward objects, and the search for, collection, and capture of these. The first class, which are, of course, the more general and necessary, are called the organs of organic life; while the last are superadded to the others, and are called the organs of animal life. It is true that the first class of organs must lie at the foundation of all life, and are, therefore, in one sense, the most important; but since the other

of wickedness, but on account of fortune. 10. Since the soldiers feared dangers, they dared not to fight with the enemies. covetous (man), though he is extremely rich, will not admit that he class seems to be the connecting link between mere vegetative has enough. 12. Take pity on us; O citizens, relieve our want. Let each defend his son. 14. No one, beholding the whole earth, will doubt concerning the providence of God. 15. The citizens, thinking that the enemies were about to attack the city, strove most energetically to drive them back. 16. I come to promise (about to fromise) you my assistance. 17. It is the duty of a young man to reverence his elders. 18. You ought in every way to relieve the want of the citizens. 19. Who knows not that you have served the republic well? (that you have deserved well of the republic). 20. I hope that you will pity me. EXERCISE 111.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

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existence and the self-conscious life of man, with all its mental phenomena, we cannot but regard these last as of a higher order. Now the excellence of the Mollusca is, as we have before stated, in the perfection of their organs of organic life, while the Articulates exhibit a marked superiority in the organs of animal life. We are, therefore, now turning from those animals whose organs of sense, locomotive apparatus, nervous and muscular systems, and correlated instinct have been such sources of wonder, to examine animals in which these organs and systems of organs are made a secondary consideration to those of the alimentary, 1. Peccata sua fassi sunt. 2. Peccata sua fatebuntur. 3. Fassine secretory, excretory, and reproductive systems. However deluerunt peccata ? 4. Peccata sua non fatebitur. 5. Soror mea peccata sive may be the analogy between instinct and reason, we cannot fassa est. 6. Adolescentes negant se peccata fassuros esse. 7. Religio but feel a certain kind of sympathy with creatures endowed hotinum animis medetur. 8. Solum religio vera hominum animis with great active powers, and who adapt these to the attainmederi potest. 9. Religio semper bonorum animos sanavit. 10. O ment of ends which the reason declares desirable. Perception mi pater, miserere mei. 11. O Deus, miserere nostri. 12. O Deus, and volition-the power of knowing and acting-may, in a certain hominum cunctorum miserere. 13. Conjux quisque tuetor uxorem sense, be attributed to insects; and although these powers are, 14. Adolescentes, milites domos suas oppugnaturos rati, præ doubtless, very different in their nature to the powers which Letu se interfecerunt. 15. Artes ipsæ singulæ artifices tuentur. Tuenturne artes ipsæ se? 17. Artes artifices tuitæ sunt, et tuentur, pass by the same name of which we are conscious, yet they have something in common, and in their manifestation they are so alike, that it is only by a strict analysis that we can dissociate them. Prove as we may that the habits and instincts of the honey-bees, as manifested in their social economy, in the collection of wax and its application to the construction of their admirable cell architecture, in storing the pollen of flowers for feeding their young, and of honey for winter food, are evidences of no higher perception and powers, so far as the insects are concerned, than those which are shown by ourselves when we wink our eyes when a grain of sand is blown towards them, or when we snatch away our hands from a corching flame; yet our imaginative faculty will not permit us so to regard the subject. Perhaps the connection between instinct and reason is not quite so delusive after all, and probably we may have to look for the origin of many of the opinions as well as the prac tices of men in those instincts which we possess in common with the lower animals. To say the least of it, the glory and the wisdom of the great Creator loses nothing by being in part

et tuebuntur. 18. Intuere coelum, et Deum vereberis. 19. Virtutem intuentes, homines fiunt sapientes. 20. Præclare de republicá meritus est. 21. Regina præclare de republicâ merebitur. 22. Milites præclare de patria meriti sunt. 23. Præclare de domo mereri non possum. 24. Intuetur virtutis exemplar. 25. Fatetur peccata, et veniam impetrat. 26. Confessi peccata veniam impetravère. 27. Quum peccata confessi sitis, veniam impetrabitis.

EXERCISE 112.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Why do we not fear the veterans? because not even they themBves wish to be feared. 2. We venerate you, Romans; and if you so des.re, we even fear you. 3. Let her not be afraid to enter into the

house of another.

4. I fear that I am walking out with this ornament

for the sake of (exciting) love rather (than for anything else). 5. I shall not cease to be apprehensive about Carthage, until I have ascertained that it is demolished. 6. I fear that Dolabella will not be able to benefit us sufficiently. 7. I received your letter, by which I anderstood that you were afraid, lest the former (letter) had not been delivered to me. 8. He was afraid, lest he should hurt the mind of Divitiacus by the punishment of that man. 9. I fear if I begin to

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