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It would be found very inconvenient, however, to open and close the taps continually; in practice, therefore, they are replaced by valves, which are constructed of a small piece of oiled silk covering a hole bored in a metal plate. These only allow of the passage of the air in one direction, and that at F is made to open outwards, while B opens upwards.

This syringe will answer well for exhausting a globe, but the mouth of this must necessarily be small, and so but few things could be introduced and operated upon, The pipe from the bottom of the syringe is therefore prolonged, and made to pass through the centre of a fixed metal disc, the surface of which is ground so as to be perfectly true. Glass receivers are also ground true on their open ends, so that when a little tallow is smeared on to fill the small irregularities of the surfaces no air can pass between them and the pump-plate. Any substance can then be placed on the plate, and have the air removed from it.

valves at the top and bottom are fixed to opposite ends of a rod which passes through a hole in the piston. As the piston rises it closes that at the top, and forces the air above it out by & separate valve, while at the same time it opens the lower exhaustvalve, and thus draws a further supply of air from the receiver. Similarly, in descending it forces out the air below it, and exhausts above. It thus has the advantage of the double-barrel pump without its complications. It is also constructed so that

A

Fig. 1.

In the better class of air-pumps two syringes are placed side by side, so as to work alternately; the construction of the whole arrangement is then similar to that shown in Fig. 2. AA is a pipe which opens through the pump-plate, and also communicates with each of the barrels, B B', valves, c, c, opening upwards, being placed at the bottom of the barrels. The piston-rods are cut into notches which work in the teeth of the wheel D, so that as the handle E is worked alternately backwards and forwards they rise and fall, and while the piston in B is rising that in B' is being depressed. The great advantage of this is that the pressure on the handle remains almost constant. When the receiver becomes nearly exhausted, the external air presses very heavily on the top of the piston, which therefore requires a considerable force to raise it; but when there are two arranged thus, the pressure on the one nearly balances that on the other, and thus much less labour is required. As the air in the receiver F becomes rarefied, the external air presses on it with consider able force, fixing it firmly on the plate, so firmly, indeed, as to render it almost impossible to stir it. An opening, closed by a screw, is therefore provided, by which the air can be allowed to enter the receiver when it is desired to remove it from the plate. A gauge to indicate the degree of rarefaction produced is affixed to the machine at G. Since at each stroke the air in the receiver expands and fills the cylinder, it is obvious that the larger the cylinder is in comparison with the receiver, the less the number of strokes required to produce any given degree of exhaustion.

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If the capacity of the cylinder be that of the receiver, of the air will be removed by the first stroke, and consequently only will remain; of this will be removed by the next stroke, leaving in the receiver - or of the original quantity. In this way we see that after five strokes, upwards of of the air will have been removed, while if the cylinder have only of the capacity of the receiver twelve strokes will be required to produce the same degree of exhaustion. It is important, then, to have the cylinder as large as practicable; still, since the pressure of the air on it may become thirteen or fourteen pounds to the square inch, there is a limit soon imposed by the power which would be required to work the machine. The vacuum produced by an air-pump constructed in this way is not absolutely perfect, for the pressure of the air in the receiver has to open the valves, and when a certain amount has been removed, that which is left ceases to have sufficient expansive force to do this, and then no further exhaustion can be produced. To obviate this the valves in the best machines, instead of being made of oiled silk, are conical plugs fitting into settings, and are worked by the piston instead of opening by the force of the air. In this way a much more perfect vacuum may be obtained. A still further improvement has been effected by M. Bianchi. His machine has only one barrel, but this is so constructed as to be double-acting. The conical plugs closing the

E

the cylinder oscillates, and the piston is worked by a crank; thus, instead of the usual alternate motion, which is very awkward, a fly-wheel turned by a winch gives motion to the pump.

We can now pass on to give other illustrations of the weight of the air. If we take a ball of cork, and suspend it from one end of a scale-beam, placing a piece of metal at the other end so as just to balance it, and then transfer the whole to the receiver of the pump, and remove the air, we shall find that the cork will overbalance the weight, and descend. The reason of this is that the cork displaces a larger bulk of air than the piece of metal, and therefore is supported to that extent by the air; but as soon as this support is removed it sinks. If, therefore, we would know the true weight of any substance, we must weigh it in

vacuo.

The ascent of a balloon furnishes another illus tration of this. A body floats in water because has less weight than in equal bulk of water, and in the same way a body will float in air if it has less weight than an equal bulk of air. Now a balloon is so constructed as thus to be lighter, and therefore the weight of the surrounding air buoys it up. If it were possible to construct a hollow vessel strong enough to bear the pressure of the air, and yet weighing less than the air it displaces, it would ascend; this, however, has not been accomplished, nor does it seem at all likely to be done. The simplest balloon is a common soap bubble, the breath used in blowing it is warm, and sufficiently lighter than the air to carry up with it the delicate film of soapy water which envelopes it. If bubbles be blown with hydrogen gas instead of air, they will ascend more rapidly. A peculiar soap solution is now to be obtained, bubbles blown with which may be attached to a small paper disc, and made to take up with them a miniature car. The Montgolfier, or fire-balloon, was the first used, being invented towards the end of the last century. It consists of a large, hollow vessel, made of varnished silk or thin canvas, and surrounded by a network of ropes suffi ciently strong to support a furnace just under the open mouth of the balloon, and also the car, in which the aeronaut can sit. A large fire being kindled in the furnace the air inside becomes highly rarefied, and thus weighs so much less than an equal bulk of the external air that it will raise the balloon with its furnace and car. Fresh supplies of the fuel, which is of a highly combustible nature, are laid on when it is desired that the balloon should rise to a greater height, while damping the fire soon causes it to fall. The use of these balloons is, however, attended with great danger, as the flames may catch the car or the balloon itself. Several accidents of this kind have occurred, and only recently some attempts made at the Crystal Palace to send up a fireballoon ended in this way.

Fig. 2.

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Another objection to their use is that a large supply of fuel must be taken up with the balloon, and this adds considerably to the weight to be raised. Hence these are rarely used, except for curiosity; the gas balloon-which we shall describe in our next lesson, and which is much more manageable-having almost superseded them. Frequent attempts have been made to produce a machine acting on the principle of the screw, which shall be able to rise in the air, but at present they have been unavailing, the weight of the driving machinery being too great. Aëronauts are, however, still at work on the subject, though the solution of the problem seems far distant.

LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.-XXXIII.

AFRICA.

AFRICA, the mystery of ancient and the problem of modern times, is the south-western part of the Old World. This continent is situated chiefly in the torrid zone, the exceptions being Egypt, Barbary, and the British colonies at the Cape of Good Hope. The central regions and the coast on the eastern and western sides were considered as almost wholly uninhabitable by the ancients, as far as they chanced to be acquainted with them, and with regard to Europeans these districts have not greatly improved in character in this respect at the present day; although, judging by the accounts of all the recent exploring expeditions into its interior, there is a bright future yet in store for the negro races of Africa, who are fitted to endure the intense heat, the heavy periodical rains, and the fever-fraught exhalations of the marshy districts of the land in which an all-wise Creator has placed them, when intercourse with English traders shall have awakened them to the benefits that civilisation and the arts of peace, agriculture, and commerce bring to every land that uses them aright.

30

30

28

20

24

33

we have yet all to learn-by the indefatigable and adventurous Livingstone.

The surface of the whole continent is reckoned to contain just about 12,000,000 square miles, and about 130,000,000 inhabitants; which gives on an average nearly eleven to every square mile.

Boundaries.-Africa is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea; on the south by the great Southern Ocean, or rather the waste of waters in which the South Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean meet, lying to the north of the Antarctic Ocean; on the east by the South Atlantic Ocean; and on the west by the Indian Ocean.

Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, etc.-The Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden lie to the north-east of this continent; and the Mozambique Channel, 250 miles in width at its narrowest part, to the east, between the south-east coast and Madagascar. The South

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Extent.-Africa extends from north to south about 5,000 miles; the most northern point being a headland of Tunis, called Rasal-Kran, in lat. 37° 20' N., and long. 9° 48′ E.; and the most southern point, Cape Agulhas, in lat. 34° 50 S. and long. 19° 57′ E. It extends also from west to east about 4,600 miles; the most western point being Cape Verd, in lat. 14° 45' N. and long. 17° 32 W.; and the most eastern point, Cape Guardafui, in lat. 11° 41' N., and long. 51° 22' E. The equator, passing over the Gulf of Guinea, crosses this continent over Lower Guinea on the west, near the island of St. Thomas and mouth of the Gaboon River, and over Zanguebar on the east, near the mouth of the river Juba; it thus cuts off about onethird of this continent to the south in the form of a peninsula; the Tropic of Capricorn cuts off from this peninsula, in like manner, a smaller one, containing Cape Colony and Kaffraria. The Tropic of Cancer cuts off Northern Africa, cressing Sahara, or the Great Desert, and the Libyan Desert, and dividing Egypt from Nubia. Between the two tropics, and between the meridians of 10° and 30° E.-that is, nearly those of Tunis and Alexandria-there is a vast tract of unexplored country, especially south of the equator, which is little less than one-half of the continent; the only parts of this vast region which have been partially explored being, firstly, the countries that lie around Lake Tchad; secondly, the regions in which lie the great equatorial lakes of Africa-namely, Lake Victoria Nyanza, disCovered by Captain Speke; Lake Albert Nyanza, discovered by Sir Samuel Baker; and Lake Tanganyika, discovered by Captains Burton and Speke; and thirdly, the countries between the parallels of 5° and 25° S. latitude, which have been traversed in their breadth from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, and in their length from the Kalahari Desert to the equatorial districts west of the great lakes-about which

VOL. III.

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82

Lon. E

from Greenwich.

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Atlantic and the Indian Oceans commingle their waters south of the Cape of Good Hope; the Atlantic washes the shores of Guinea and Lower Guinea, in the Gulf of Guinea, and the Bights or Bays of Benin and Biafra. The Strait of Gibraltar separates the rocky coast of Marocco and Spain. In the Mediterranean are the Gulfs of Sidra and Cabes, on the north of Tripoli and Tunis; and in the south, on the shores of Cape Colony, are St. Helena Bay, Table Bay, False Bay, Algoa Bay, etc.; while on the east coast are Delagoa Bay, Sofala Bay, and many others of less extent and importance.

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Islands.-The principal of the African islands, Madagascar of course being excepted, lie in small groups and clusters. The Azores, which are usually reckoned as African islands, though they lie above the latitude of the most northerly point of Africa, and in the latitude of Portugal, to which they belong, are about 800 miles to the west of the last-named part of the mainland of Europe. Madeira, which also belongs to Portugal, and Porto Santo, lie off the west coast of Marocco. The Canaries, belonging to Spain, of which the chief are Teneriffe and Grand Canary-the former remarkable for its high mountain, called the Peak of Teneriffe, which rises to the altitude of 12,180 feet above the level of the sea, or rather more than 2 miles of perpendicular heightlie off the north-western corner of that part of the Sahara that abuts on the Atlantic. Of the Cape Verd Islands, the chief are Santiago and St. Vincent; the chief town of the former being Porto Praya, formerly the seat of government, which has been transferred to Porto Grande, the chief town in the latter. Among the tropical islands should be reckoned Fernando Po, Prince Island, St. Thomas Island, and Annabon, all in the Gulf of Guinea. Ascension Island and St. Helena-the spot on which the Emperor Napoleon fretted through the last few years of his existence-lie out in the midst of the South Atlantic Ocean. Madagascar, in the Indian Ocean, is about 1,050 miles long, and about 300 miles broad in its widest part; it is reckoned to contain about 200,000 square miles. The population is reckoned to be between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000. The Isle of Bourbon or Réunion, belonging to France, lies about 400 miles eastward of

72.

Madagascar, contains about 900 square miles, and has a population of upwards of 100,000. Mauritius, belonging to Great Britain, is about 115 miles north-east of Bourbon, contains about 708 square miles, and has a population of 310,050. Attached to it in government are the Seychelles or Mahé Islands, the Amirante Islands to the north of Madagascar, and Rodrigues, about 300 miles east of the Mauritius. The Comoro Islands are situated in the Mozambique Channel, Pemba Island and Zanzibar Island off the coast of Zanguebar, and the island of Socotra about 130 miles east of Cape Guardafui, being about 80 miles long, and having a surface of nearly 1,200 square miles. Capes, Headlands, and Promontories.-The capes, headlands, and promontories of Africa form some of its most remarkable features. On the north is Cape Ceuta (the ancient Abyla), a high promontory jutting out into the sea, and terminating in perpendicular rocks; this promontory lies directly opposite the rock of Gibraltar (the ancient Calpe), in the Strait of Gibraltar; and these two rocky headlands, flanking the water-way from the land-encircled Mediterranean Sea into the open expanse of the Atlantic Ocean, were denominated by the ancients the Pillars of Hercules. In the Mediterranean, eastward from these, are Rasal-Krun, Cape Blanco, and Cape Bon; and westward and southward, in the Atlantic, are Cape Spartel, Cape Cantin, Cape Nun, Cape Bojador, Cape Blanco, Cape Verd, Cape Roxo, Cape Sierra Leone, Cape Palmas, Cape Three Points, Cape Formosa, all north of the equator; south of this line are Cape Lopez, Cape Negro, Cape Frio, and Cape Voltas; while doubling the Cape of Good Hope, are to be seen False Cape, Cape Agulhas, Cape Natal, and others on the south coast of Africa. Ascending the east coast, towards the equator, occur Cape Corrientes, Cape St. Sebastian, Cape Delgado, and a variety of other capes called by the common name of Ras, which signifies head (originally from the Hebrew), just as cape signifies head, from the Latin caput. In the Red Sea, the entrance to which is by the strait of Bab-elmandeb, there are a variety of capes known by the same appellation, Ras, but they are too minute for a general view; and of the Isthmus of Suez, common to Africa and Asia, we have formerly had occasion to speak.

The mountains of Africa, as far as the interior is concerned, are scarcely known. In the northern part of this continent are the celebrated mountains, long known by the name of Atlas, and as having originated the name Atlantic, still applied to the surrounding ocean. These mountains run through the Barbary states, and separate them from the Great Desert; they vary in elevation from 3,000 or 4,000 to 11,400 feet, the latter being among the highest points, and situated near the city of Marocco. Through Abyssinia runs another range, separated by deep valleys and gorges into ranges, groups, and sometimes isolated peaks, of which the most elevated rise to the height of 15,000 feet above the level of the sea.

In Western Africa are to be found the Kong Mountains; and in Eastern Africa, the mountains Kilimanjaro, Mfumbiro, and Kenia, each of which is from 10,000 to 20,000 feet high, and connected with vast interior mountain ranges, called by some the Mountains of the Moon, and by others the Blue Mountains, the whole forming a rampart round the outer edge of the inland basin which contains the great equatorial lakes. Within the limits of Cape Colony there are ranges of mountains rising from the coast towards the interior in a series of precipitous steeps and plateaus, that form a succession of what may be termed gigantic steps. These terraces, with the mountain slopes that edge them towards the south, are three in number, namely,

the Swellendam Mountains, near the coast, of which Table Mountain, 3,582 feet high, forms a part; the Swarte, or Black Mountains, further inland; and a third range in the interior, which is known by different names in different parts of the chain, being 'called the Nieuwveld Mountains in the west, Sneewbergen in the centre, and Drakensberg in the east. Some peaks of the Drakensberg attain a height of 10,000 feet, and form the culminating points of Southern Africa.

Table-lands, Plains, Deserts.-The table-lands, plains, and deserts in this continent are immense and unexplored, perhaps unexplorable! Sahara, or the Great Desert, is a vast plateau, varying in elevation from 1,000 to 5,000 feet in height, with valleys and oases, or fertile tracts of land, intervening at distant intervals, to relieve the general monotony and sterility. Its length is about 3,000 miles, and its breadth in some places exceeds 1,000 miles; it stretches from the shores of the Atlantic

to the hills which border the valley of the Nile on the west. Eastward of that river, and stretching to the shores of the Red Sea, are the deserts of Egypt and Nubia, high plateaus traversed by ranges of mountains, in which are formed the torrent beds which create the annual inundations, and fertilise the valleys of those countries. In the south of Africa, between the parallels 22° and 27° S. lat., is the Kalahari Desert, a vast elevated plateau 3,500 feet above the level of the sea, from which the ground slopes on either side towards the sea.

Lakes. In Central Africa lies the great basin of Lake Tchad, several thousand square miles in surface, varying with the seasons, and receiving some small tributary streams. This lake is surrounded by the kingdoms-if kingdoms they may be called of Kanem, Bornou, Baghirmi or Begharmi, and Waday. It is the centre of a rich, fertile, and prosperous country. To the east of Lake Tchad is Lake Fittre; and near Timbuctoo, on the west, is a small sheet of water through which the main stream of the Niger runs, called Lake Debo or Dibbie. In Dahomey are the small lakes Avon and Denham. In the southern part of the continent are Lake Ngami, Lake Dilolo, Lake Nyassa, Lake Shirwa, and Lake Shuia-all discovered or explored by Livingstone. On the equator, and to the south of it on the eastern side, are Lakes Victoria Nyanza, Albert Nyanza, and Tanganyika, the first discovered by Captain Speke, Tanganyika by Captains Speke and Burton, and Albert Nyanza by Sir Samuel Baker. In Abyssinia is Lake Dembea.

Rivers. The principal river in Africa is the celebrated Nile; it consists at first of two great arms called the Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile, fed by head-streams that rise in Abyssinia, and the Bahr-el-Abiad, or White Nile, which derives its waters from Central Africa. It was thought when the Victoria Nyanza was discovered by Speke that the great reservoir that supplied the Nile had been discovered. It was, however, found by Sir Samuel Baker, a few months after, that the Nile issued from Lake Albert Nyanza, the Victoria Nyanza emptying itself into this sheet of water by a short broad stream called the Somerset. We must await the return of Livingstone from his voluntary exile in the heart of Africa to learn whether the Albert Nyanza is the fountain-head of the great river of Egypt, or whether, as able and skilful geographers have surmised, its ultimate source is to be found in Lake Tanganyika and the streams that run to swell its volume from the highlands that divide its basin from the basins of the Congo and Zambesi. The course of the Nile may be estimated at from 2,500 to 3,000 miles in length. The chief rivers of Eastern and Southern Africa, following the coast from Cape Guardafui, are the Juba, Pangany, Zambesi, Limpopo, Elephant River, Great Orange River, Coanza, Congo, and Gaboon. On the west coast of Africa are the following rivers of considerable note, and no small value in this part of the continent:-The Senegal of 1,000 miles, and the Gambia of the same length, both watering the district Senegambia, whose appellation is formed by their united names; and the Quorra, Joliba, or Niger, about 2,300 miles in length, rising in Nigritia or Soudan, and falling into the Bight of Benin.

With this lesson we give our readers a map of Egypt, a country to which the attention of the public has been lately directed by the visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to the Viceroy of Egypt in 1869. Our next lesson will be accompanied by a map of Africa, showing all the latest discoveries on record in that continent to the present time.

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East: Red Sea, Indian Ocean.
West: The Atlantic Ocean.

SUMMARY OF OCEANS, SEAS,
GULFS, ETC.
Atlantic, W. and S. of Africa.
Indian Ocean, E. of Africa.
Red Sea, E. of Africa.
Mediterranean Sea, N. of Africa.
Gulf of Sidra, Mediterranean.

Gulf of Cabes, Mediterranean.
Gulf of Guinea, S. of Guinea.

Bight of Benin, Gulf of Guinea.
Bight of Biafra, Gulf of Guinea.
St. Helena Bay, Cape Colony.
Saldanha Bay, Cape Colony.

Delagoa Bay, N. of Natal.
Sofala Bay, Sofala.

Mozambique Channel, E. of Sofala.
Gulf of Aden, S.E. of Red Sea.

SUMMARY OF STRAITS. Gibraltar, Mediterranean. Bab-el-Mandeb, Red Sea.

SUMMARY OF ISTHMUSES. Suez, between Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea, connecting Asia and Africa, and crossed by railway and the great Suez Canal. SUMMARY OF ISLANDS, The Azores, W. of Portugal. Madeira, W. of Marocco.

Porto Santo, N.E. of Madeira.
The Canaries, S. of Madeira,
The Cape Verd Is., W. of Cape Verd.
Ascension I., S. of Sierra Leone.
St. Helena, S.E. of Ascension.
Fernando Po, Bight of Biafra.
Prince Island, S. of Fernando Po.
St. Thomas, S. of Prince Island.
Annabon, S. of St. Thomas.
Madagascar, E. of Sofala and Mo-
zambique.

Bourbon, E. of Madagascar.
Mauritius, N.E. of Bourbon.
Bodrigues, E. of Mauritius.

The Comoro Is., N. W. of Mada-
gascar.

SUMMARY OF MOUNTAINS.
Atlas Mountains, Marocco.
Mountains of the Moon, or Blue
Mountains, Central Africa.
Kong Mountains, S. of Soudan.
Swellendam Mountains, C. Colony.
Swarte Mountains, Cape Colony.
Nieuwveld, Sneewbergen, and Dra-
kensberg Mountains, C. Colony.
SUMMARY OF DESERTS.
Sahara or Great Desert.
Libyan Desert.
Kalahari Desert.

SUMMARY OF LAKES.
Tchad, Bornou, Nigritia or Soudan.
The Amirante Is., N.E. of Mada- Fittre, Waday, Nigritia,

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Lit. Trans. "I am afraid lest bad deeds my may be discovered all."
Id. Trans. :—“ I am afraid that all my bad deeds are discovered."
With ut:-

"Omnes labores te excipere video; timeo ut sustineas."-Cicero.
Lit. Trans. :-" All labours thee to undertake I see; I fear that thou
may support."

Id. Trans. :-"I see that you undertake all labours; I fear you will not be able to support them."

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5.

1. Cæsar timebat tantæ magnitudinis flumini exercitum objicere. 2. Cæsar conandum atque experiendum judicat. 3. Cæsar, etsi timebat tantæ magnitudinis flumini exercitum objicere, conandum tamen atque experiendum judicat. 4. Neque timerent ne circumvenirentur. Non se hostem vereri dicebant. 6. Angustias itineris timere se dicebant. 7. Ut satis commode supportari res frumentaria timere dicebant. 8. Non se hostem timere, sed angustias itineris, et ut satis commode posset supportari res frumentaria timere dicebant. 9. Salva est navis, ne time. 10. De Republicà valde timeo. 11. De sno ac legionibus periculo nihil timebat. 12. Non times ne locum perdas. 13. Timuit ne non succederet.

EXERCISE 118.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. I fear that thou hast lost thy labour. 2. I am afraid the house will fall. 3. I fear corn will not be brought into the city. 4. The general feared that his army would not come. 5. They fear for their beautiful little girl. 6. Concerning thy fortune, I am not at all afraid. 7. The king and his generals are afraid of being surrounded. Cicero judges that he must make a trial. 9. I fear he will not be able to make a trial.

DEPONENT VERBS.-FOURTH CONJUGATION.
EXAMPLE.-Blandior, I flatter.

Chief Parts: Blandior, blandiri, blanditus sum.

LESSONS IN LATIN.--XXXIII. DEPONENT VERBS (continued)-CONSTRUCTION OF TIMEO. I HAVE spoken of vereor and metuo: I will say a few words on timeo. Timeo (timère, timui, 2) is given in the dictionaries as signifying I fear. Is it, then, of the same meaning with tereor and metuo? Not exactly. Timere represents a state of mind, an habitual state of mind, a state of mind habitual because natural, the state of mind which is designated timid; hence timere has for its primitive import to be timid or afraid. Accordingly timere denotes mental solicitude, to be anxious, to be afraid, to be apprehensive. Metuere points out a more active, more decided, and more formidable sentiment. There is between metuere and timere the difference that there is between the English to be afraid and to fear-we are afraid harm has come to our friends, and we fear the lightning. Hence we may understand these words, metui cupiunt, metuique Plu. Blandimur. timent, they wish to be feared, and they are afraid to be feared. When I add that the words are used of tyrants, you will see that they are very descriptive.

CONSTRUCTION OF "TIMEO."

Accusative of object. Instead of an accusative, timeo, like many other verbs, may have as its object a member of a sentence, or a dependent and imperfect sentence; ne and ut; with dative of object for which or whom you are afraid.

Accusative:

"Si coactus esset respicere ac timere oppidanos."-The Gallic War. Lit. Trans. "If he had been compelled to regard and fear the town's people."

Id. Trans. :-"If he were compelled to regard and fear the town's people."

Here you see the literal translation and the idiomatic are very nearly the same-showing you that the Latin and the English may exactly correspond in both word and order.

With a dependent member :

"Hæc quo sint eruptura timeo."-Cicero.

Lit. Trans. "These things where they may break out I am afraid."
Id. Trans. "I fear what may be the issue of these things."
With ne :-

"Timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia."-Plautus,

Indicative.

Sing. Blandior, I

flatter, etc.

Blandiris.

Blanditur.

Blandimini.
Blandiuntur.

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8.

Infinitive. Participles. Blandiri, Blandiens, to flatter. flattering.

Blandire,or blan-
ditor, flatter
thou, etc.

Blandiatur. Blanditor.
Blandiamur.

[diminor.

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Blandiebamur. Blandiremur.
Blandiebamini. Blandiremini.
Blandiebantur. Blandirentur.

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jugation oreris, oritur, orimur; also the compounds, except adorior, I seize, attempt, which fol

lows the4th through. out).

Persæpe, very often. Potior, potiri, potitus sum, 4 (with abl.), to get master (or possession) of. Præloquor, præloqui, prælocutus sum, 3, I speak before. Tandem, at length. Tergum, -i, n., a back. Vero (after the first word of a sentence), but.

EXERCISE 119.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Frons, oculi, vultus persæpo mentiuntur, oratio vero sæpissime. 2. Quicquid oritur causam habet a naturâ. 3. Sol universis eandem lucem, eundemque calorem largitur. 4. Quam multi indigni luce sunt: et tamen dies oritur. 5. Unde tandem tam repento nobis exorĕris ? 6. O milites, si feroci impetu in hostem coorĭmur, victoria in manibus nostris est! 7. Dum urbem oppugnare adorimur, hostes a tergo nos aggressi sunt. 8. Suo quisque metu pericula metitur. 9. Sapiens et præterita grate recordatur, et præsentibus ita potitur, ut animadvertat quanta sint ea, quamque jucunda. 10. Cave ne honores eblandiare. 11. Oratores prius quam exordiantur, quædam præloquuntur. 12. In omnibus negotiis, prius quam ordiamur, adhibenda nobis est præparatio diligens. 13. Omnes cives domos suas floribus et coronis ornaverant et vestiverant, quia regem opperiebantur. 14. Dum exercitus hostilis urbis domos privatas publicasque demoliebatur, cives maximo moerore opplebantur. 15. Quum hostes prædam inter se partiebantur, nos vehementissimo impetu eos adoriebamur. 16. Dux milites cohortatus est, ut omnia experirentur, quibus urbem obsidione liberarent.

EXERCISE 120.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

3.

1. A fierce tempest has arisen. 2. A fierce tempest will arise. A fierce tempest is arising. 4. Fierce tempests were rising. 5. A 6. The cailors have experienced many fierce tempest was arising. labours. 7. The enemies will demolish thy house. 8. I will wait for my sister. 9. My mother waited for me yesterday. 10. They obtained honours by flattery. 11. Wilt thou obtain honours by flattery? 12. I do not wish to obtain honours by flattery. 13. Before you begin, you should apply industry. 14. He obtains possession of the land. 15. He has obtained possession of all the city. 16. I shall obtain possession of my father's books. 17. Never lie, my child. 18. Only the bad lie. 19. To lie is wicked. 20. Never will I lie, O father. 21. They lied and were punished. 22. It is disgraceful to lie. 23. The sun rises on (dat.) the good and on the bad: so great is God's goodness. 24. The king bestows honours on his brave soldiers. 25. He divided his goods between his two sons. 26. Whatever rises from the earth (tellus, -ûris, f.) comes from God's hand.

Advolo, 1, I fly to. Commoditas, -ätis, f.,

convenience. Conservo, 1, I preserve. Consulto, advisedly. 3, I fy

VOCABULARY.

Emetior, emetiri, e-Molior, 4, to attempt,

mensus sum, 4, to undertake.

measure out, pass Proficiscor, proficisci, through.

Expergiscor, experrec

Effugio,
away.
Ementior, 4, to lie Gigno, 3, I beget.
openly, invent.

tus, 3, I awake, arise.
Fortuito, by chance.

profectus sum, 3, I set out. Specto, 1, I behold. Tenebræ, -arum, ƒ, darkness.

Id agit, aims at, makes Ubertas, -ātis, f., rich-
it its object.
ness, productiveness,

EXERCISE 121.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Ridiculi sunt qui, quod ipsi experti non sunt, id docent cæteros. 2. Omne animal se ipsum diligit ac, simulatque ortum est, id agit ut se conservet. 3. Ad hominum commoditates et usus tantam rerum ubertatem natura largita est, ut, ea quæ gignuntur, donata consulto nobis, non fortuito nata videantur. 4. Herodotus multas terras emensus, multas quidem res prodigiosas narravit, sed eas non ipse ementitus est, sed alii ex quibus audivit. 5. Jam per tres menses opperti eramus amicum, quum nobis ejus mors nuntiata est. 6. Re. pente Romanis Sulla exortus, et atrocissimum bellum civile exorsus est. 7. Sapiens nunquam malis hominibus blandietur, nunquam aliquid falsi ementietur, nunquam aliis calamitatem molietur. 8. Si celeriter hostem adoriemur, non est dubium quin brevi tempore urbe potituri simus. 9. Simulatque sol ortus est, proficiscemur. 10. Cave ne blandiare malis hominibus. 11. Hostes advolaverunt urbe potitum. 12. Numerus æqualis facilis est partitu. 13. Sole oriente, profecti sumus. 14. Coortâ sævå tempestate, omnes nautas ingens pavor occupavit. 15. Solem oriturum maximâ cum voluptate spectamus.

Observe that sole oriente is in the ablative case. You see the words are not, in construction, connected with any other words. Words thus disconnected are said to be in the absolute (absolutus, free, disconnected) case; and the absolute case in Latin is the ablative. This case is commonly called "the ablative absolute." The ablative absolute construction com. prises a noun and a participle, as in the instance sole oriente. Coorta tempestate offers another ablative absolute. kind of construction the Roman writers were partial.

EXERCISE 122.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

To this

1. The sun rising, darkness flies away. 2. With great pleasure do I behold the sun when about to rise (fut. part.). 3. A tempest having arisen, our ships were scattered. 4. I will devise (molior) evil to no one, not even to the bad. 5. Has the sun risen ? 6. The sun will rise at eight o'clock. 7. He fell on the enemy suddenly. 8. I will begin my oration. 9. The orator was beginning his oration when the judge entered. 10. There is no doubt but you will obtain possession of your own. 11. As soon as we are born, we move. 12. All human beings love themselves, and as soon as they have obtained goods, ought to divide them among each other. 13. He divided his goods among the needy. 14. Many having passed over Britain, are ignorant how happy and powerful it is. 15. I hope that thou wilt never lie. 16. A storm will arise. 17. All think that a storm is about to arise. EXERCISES ON ALL THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS OF DEPONENT VERBS.

EXERCISE 123.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

Artes se ipsa tuentur. 2. Semper miserorum hominum miserebimur. 3. Quum ægrotus es, obsequi debes præceptis medici. 4. Stulti aliorum vitia cernunt, obliviscuntur suorum. 5. Prima pueri commendatio proficiscitur a modestià. 6. Veremini, O pueri, senec tutem. 7. Fateor, O puer, verum. 8. Miseremini inopum. 9. Discipuli verentor præceptores. 10. Non dubito quin tuum præsidium mihi polliciturus sis. 11. Cum magnâ voluptate intuemur præclara virtutis exempla, quæ in historia consignata sunt. 12. Quis rescit quam multi eloquentià abutantur? 13. Per multos annos par fruiti sumus. 14. Omnes cives metuunt ne hostes urbem aggrediantur. 15. Simulatque experrecti sumus, ad negotia nostra accedimus. 16. Cives, libertatem adepti, summâ lætitiâ fruentur. 17. Succurre lapsis. 18. Tam audacter cum amico loquere quam tecum. 19. Ne irascimini iis quos amare debetis. 20. Si virtutis viam semper sequimur, aditus in cœlum aliquando nobis patebit. 21. Munere tuo bene fungere! 22. Concordia res parvæ crescunt, discordiâ maximæ dilabuntur. 23. Gloria virtutem tanquam umbra sequitur.

EXERCISE 124.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

6.

7. How long

1. My friend died yesterday. 2. I fear thy friend is about to die. 3. Do not bestow favours on bad boys. 4. God will bestow favours on the pious. 5. Access to heaven always lies open to good men. I fear access to heaven will not lie open to Alexander. did thy country enjoy peace? 8. We shall enjoy peace as long as the king's army is in our country. 9. Hast thou discharged thy duty? 10. Do not abuse thy father's favour. 11. I will speak with thee, but I will not flatter thee. 12. He flattered the king and obtained praise. 13. Will thy son obtain glory? 14. My son has obtained very great

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