Attend-re, 4, to await, Gens d'épée, military to expect. Bord (à), on board. Campagne, f., country. Démêl-er, 1, to settle, arrange. sera venu. men. Perd-re, 4, to lose. Rassembl-er, 1, to bring together. Reven-ir, 2,ir.,to return. 1. Avez-vous rassemblé beaucoup de monde chez vous ? 2. Il n'est venu que peu de monde. 3. À quelle heure servira-t-on le diner aujourd'hui ? 4. On le servira dès que notre monde 5. Le capitaine-a-t-il tout son équipage à bord? 6. Non, Monsieur, il a envoyé du monde à terre. 7. Vos gens se lèvent-ils de bonne heure ? 8. Il faut que tous les jours j'éveille tout mon monde. 9. Les Moscovites perdirent trois fois plus de monde que les Suédois. 10. Où est Madame votre mère? 11. Elle est dans le salon, il y a du monde avec elle (company). 12. Tout le monde peut voyager comme moi. 13. Ainsi va le monde. 14. Elle attend pour quitter le monde, que le monde l'ait quittée. 15. Vos gens sont-ils revenus de la campagne ? 16. Nous attendons nos gens aujourd'hui. 17. Y a-t-il ici une société de gens de lettres? 18. Non, Monsieur; il n'y a qu'une société de gens de robe. 19. Connaissez-vous ces braves gens? 20. Je crois que ce sont des gens d'épée. 21. Tels sont les gens aujourd'hui. 22. Telles gens, tels patrons. 23. Tous mes gens sont malades. 24. Il faut savoir s'accommoder de toutes gens. EXERCISE 184. 1. Are there many people at your brother's? 2. There are not many people there. 3. Does that young man slander everybody? 4. He slanders nobody. 5. Have you brought many people with you? 6. We have brought but few people with us. 7. Is there company with your mother? 8. There is no company with her. 9. Who has told you that? 10. Everybody says so. 11. Is the company come? 12. The company is not yet come ? 13. Has your mother discharged two servants (domestiques)? 14. She has discharged all her people. 15. Do you know those people? 16. I know them very well; they 17. When he travels, he stops always are very worthy people. with good people. 18. Are there foolish people here? 19. There are foolish people everywhere (partout). 20. Do you awake your people every morning? 21. Yes, Sir; I must awake them every day. 22. What can your brother have to settle with those people? 23. They are the best people in the world. 24. Were there many people at church this morning ? 25. There were not many people there. 26. Are your people sick? 27. Yes, Sir; all my people are sick. 28. There is here a society of learned men. 29. There are in Paris several societies of lawyers. 30. What worthy people! 31. What good people! 32. Do you expect your people to-day? KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH. 1. Donnez un livre au jeune homme. 2. Je lui en ai déjà donné un, et il ne le lit pas. 3. Prêtez-le-lui si vous ne voulez pas le lui donner. 4. Je ne veux pas le lui prêter. 5. Dépêchez-vous, Mesdemoiselles, il est dix heures. 6. Veuillez me donner une plume. 7. J'en ai donné une à M. votre frère. 8. Obéissez à votre père et parlez à votre sœur. 9. N'enverrez-vous pas chercher la lettre ? 10. Je l'enverrai chercher. 11. Envoyez-la chercher aussitôt que possible. 12. No le faites pas, mais écrivez à mon cousin. 13. Allons! mes enfants, apprenez votre leçon. 14. Donnez-lui-en ou lui en prêtez. 15. Ne vous dépêchez pas, nous avons le temps. 16. Ayez patience, mon enfant, le marchand viendra bientôt. 17. Envoyez-le-lui, si vous ne pouvez le lui donner. 18. Ecrivez-lui, sans faute, cette après-midi. 19. Je lui écrirais si j'avais le temps. 20. Prenons la première rue à gauche. 21. Prenez la deuxième rue à droite. 22. Faites attention à ce que dit votre frère. 23. Disons la vérité. 24. Lisons ce livre aujourd'hui. 25. Payez vos dettes aussitôt que possible. 26. Obéissons à notre précepteur. 27. Portez-lui la clef. 28. Rapportez-moi les livres que je vous ai prêtés. 29. Ne me les rapportez pas, lisez-les. 30. Prenons patience, nous aurons bientôt de l'argent. 31. Parlons-leur, ils sont chez mon père. 32. Dites-leur que j'ai l'intention de leur écrire demain matin. 33. Allez à l'église cette après-midi. 34. Rapportez-moi mes lettres. 35. Ne les y portez pas, mais apportez-les-moi aussitôt que possible. EXERCISE 135 (Vol. II., page 298). 1. Go and see my brother, he has something to communicate to you. 2. Run and tell them that I am waiting for them.. 3. My brother has taken good care not to tear his clothes. 4. Has your cousin taken care not to stain her dress? 5. She took care not to fall, for in falling she would have spoiled it. 6. Have those little girls gone into mourning? 7. They have just put on mourning. 8. For whom do you put on mourning? 9. I wear mourning for my mother. 10. Do you take tea or coffee in the morning? 11. We take tea and coffee. 12. Do you not take chocolate sometimes ? 13. We take it only when we are ill. 14. What determination has the governor taken ? 15. He has taken the resolution to remain silent. 16. Will you take my part or your son's ? 17. I shall take yours, if I believe that you are right. 18. Why do you not take the trouble of reading his letter ? Because it is not worth reading. 20. Is not your courier gone on before ? 21. He has not been able to go on before. 22. Are you not wrong to take his part? 23. I am not wrong to take it. 24. Have you taken your tea? 25. We have not taken our tea, we have taken 19. THE apparatus in use in the public gymnasium for these exercises consists chiefly in the upright pole, the mast, and the climbing-wall. Climbing by means of the hanging-rope, which is also used, has been described in a former paper.* See Vol. II., page 32. THE CLIMBING POLE. This is usually fixed into the top and bottom of the apartment, or, if in the open air, is securely sunk in the ground in an iron socket, to prevent the bottom becoming rotten. The thickness of the pole is about two inches and a half, and it is perfectly smooth on the surface. In commencing the climb, the learner grasps the pole as high as he can reach above the head, and then places his legs round the pole, in the position shown in our illustration (Fig. 33), the heel of one foot and the instep of the other pressing firmly against it. The climbing movement is performed by raising the knees as far as possible towards the hands, again taking hold firmly with the feet, then removing the hands to a position higher up the pole, and hauling the body upward by the movement of arms and legs combined. The body should not be allowed to press against the pole, and the climbing should be accomplished by the movement of the legs and the arms alone. Coming down may be done by reversing these motions, the gymnast thus descending by movements similar to those with which he went up; or he may slide down with the grasp in the legs, the hands scarcely touching the pole; or the legs may be released, the pole sliding through the hands. The first method is the best when muscular exercise is more the object than mere amusement. In quick climbing, the learner should be careful to take very firm hold with both hands and feet, in order that he may not slip slightly downward before each movement of the body, and thus lose time in making his ascent. The climbing movement may be varied in several ways. For instance, you may go up either hand over hand, each hand leading alternately; or at each grasp you may place the hands as nearly as possible to gether. You may climb Fig. 33. by using the hands and CLIMBING THE POLE. one leg only, this leg then grasping the pole both at the hock and the instep, and being, so to speak, curled round it. Or both legs and only one hand may be used to give the propelling power. Changing the manner of ascent in this way from time to time tends to render the exercises more agreeable, and therefore more beneficial. Climbing with the head downward is sometimes practised as a feat, but we must caution take place together with the swing, the hands then alternately changing their grasp for a higher position. This change, how. ever, must take place at the moment when the body is swung Lackward. A more trying exercise than the ordinary climb by the double poles is performed in the following manner :-The poles are grasped in the hands at about the level of the gymnast's hips when he is in the standing position, and he then ascends by pressing the body upward, the weight being thrown upon the wrists. The legs may or may not be used to assist in the movement; but, in either way, a short spell at this exercise will be found sufficient to content the learner. In some gymnasia slanting poles are also used, the parallel poles stretching in a diagonal direction from the ceiling to the floor. A further interesting variety of exercises is afforded by this position; but a sufficient idea of their nature will be Fig. 35.-THE MAST AND ROPE. Fig. 36.-CLIMBING THE WALL. suggested by those described in the present paper, and by that on ladder exercises which will follow. CLIMBING THE MAST. The mast is very much thicker than the ordinary climbing pole, but the ascent may be accomplished in the same manner, the legs, however, playing a more important part. They are thrown tightly round the mast, and their propelling power is used as much as possible, while the hands, which can take only an imperfect grasp, are used to aid in the ascent. Another way of ascend. ing the mast, which is practised chiefly for the sake of the ingenuity it requires, is shown in Fig. 35. The surface of the mast should in this case be roughened, to secure some holding power to the rope; the trunk of a rugged tree would do best for the purpose. For a learner, the rope should be fastened round the body; but an expert gymnast would find more pleasure in using the untied rope, or even an iron hoop. The weight of the back is thrown on the side of the rope farthest from the mast, which is very firmly pressed by the feet, and the tension thus given prevents the rope from slipping downward. Considerable skill is required to advance more than a few steps in this kind of climbing, and the exercise is by no means so beneficial or useful to the gymnast as that which is found in the use of the single Fig. 34. THE DOUBLE POLES. our readers against it as an act of folly which may be highly pole, the double pole, or the wall, which we are now going to injurious, and even be the cause of a broken neck. The usual position in climbing by the double poles is similar to that before explained, both poles being grasped in the hands, and one leg being thrown closely around each. But the manner of climbing may be varied in the same way as in the case of the single pole, going up by using the hands alternately or together, etc. As a relief to the climbing movements, you may hang between the poles, either by the hands alone, or by the hands and feet, the latter position being shown in Fig. 34. In this caso the insteps are firmly pressed against the poles, relieving the hands of a portion of the weight of the body. describe. CLIMBING THE WALL. The wall for climbing purposes is generally found at one end of the gymnasium, and is formed by inserting either grooves or ledges in the perpendicular face of the structure. Climbing up a wall with grooves for the insertion of the hands and feet is illustrated in Fig. 36. The more shallow the grooves or the edges, of course the more difficult is the ascent, as there is less holding power; but in high-class gymnasia these walls are constructed in sections, presenting more or less difficulty. Sometimes the climbing walls are made to present the appearance of a fortification, and rise tier above tier, with a mimic citadel at the top. 'Storming parties" are then formed in the course of the exercises; a rush is made at the walls, and the first who reach the summit bear off the palm in the competition. The nearer the surface of the wall is made to approach the ap Swinging between the poles may also vary the other exer- pearance of a rough stone fortification, the more dexterity and cises, and, when the learner is expert enough, the climb may amusement are elicited by these "storming" manœuvres. LESSONS IN CHEMISTRY.-XXIV. SYMBOL, Bi BISMUTH-COPPER-LEAD. BISMUTH. COMBINING WEIGHT, 210-SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 9'8. THIS metal exhibits a resemblance to arsenic and antimony, and is therefore sometimes classed with them in one group. It occurs chiefly in a native state in quartz rock, and is found in central Germany. To extract the metal from the ore, it is only necessary to raise the temperature until the bismuth fuses, and in its liquid condition it leaves its matrix and sinks to the bottom of the furnace. The metal has the appearance of lead, perhaps it exhibits a little warmer tint; it is hard and brittle; at 264° Cent. it melts. If the crust of a vessel of molten bismuth, partially cooled, be broken, and the still liquid metal poured out, the cavity will be found lined with peculiar hollow cubical crystals, which present the appearance of "the Greek pattern." The crystals are not true cubes, but rhombohedra with large angles, only being 2° 20′ from right angles. At the moment of solidification this metal expands consider ably, hence it is always used in making alloys which are em ployed in taking casts. The well-known fusible metal, which melts at a temperature a little below that of boiling water, is composed of two parts of bismuth, one of lead, and one of tin; before this alloy fuses it becomes a paste, and when in this condition if a medal be pressed into it a perfect cast is obtained. The expansion of the alloy on solidifying permits the medal to be removed with ease. It is in this manner that the cliquée moulds used in electrotyping are produced. Nitric acid readily oxidises bismuth, and dissolves the oxide it forms. Hydrochloric and sulphuric acids likewise dissolve the bismuthous oxide; but upon adding water to these solutions the water displaces a portion of the acid from the salt, and the double salt thus formed falls as a precipitate. Bismuthous Oxide (Bi03) is a yellow powder produced when the metal is roasted in the air. Bismuthic Oxide, or the Peroxide of Bismuth (Bi,O,), is procured by acting on the former oxide by potash. On passing chlorine, a red precipitate falls; this is washed with nitric acid, to remove any traces of the lower oxide. This red powder is the hydrated peroxide; when heated it gives up its water and becomes brown. As in the case of antimony and arsenic, there seems to be an intermediate oxide which may be considered a compound of the two. Bismuthic Sulphide (Bi,S,) occurs native as Bismuth Glance. It may be artificially produced by melting sulphur and the metal together, and it falls as a black powder when a current of sulphuretted hydrogen is passed through a solution of a bismuth salt. Bismuthic Chloride (BiCl,) is produced when bismuth is heated in an atmosphere of chlorine. It resembles antimonio chloride, is very deliquescent, and capable of being distilled. A large quantity of water decomposes it into hydrochloric acid and an oxy-chloride of bismuth, known as pearl white, thus 3BiC1, + 4H,0 = Bi,O,C1,,2H,0 + 6HCl. The salts of bismuth present no marked characters; they become milky when diluted with water. Iron, zinc, copper, and tin throw down bismuth in a metallic state from its solution. The metal is easily reduced from its salts on charcoal before the blow-pipe. It appears as a brittle metallic bead surrounded by the yellow bismuthous oxide. COPPER. SYMBOL, Cu- COMBINING WEIGHT, 635-SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 8'9. This useful metal occurs native in many localities, as dendritic copper, resembling a mass of rootlets; but in the neighbourhood of Lake Superior native copper is found in large masses. The ores of copper are numerous. That which is chiefly worked in this country is copper pyrites (Cu,S+ Fe,S,). Its chief deposit is in Cornwall. Extraction of the Metal.-This is effected by exposing the ore heated on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace to the action of the air. The copper becomes a sulphide, whilst the iron becomes an oxide. This oxide is removed with the quartz, as a fusible slag. During this process the furnaces emit a dense cloud, known as copper smoke. It contains fumes of arsenious, sulphurous, sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, and is consequently extremely VOL. III. deleterious. After the ore has been submitted to this calcining process for some time the heat is raised, and the fusion of the ore determined. The copper sulphide-mixed with some iron sulphide-sinks to the bottom of the furnace, forming the matt, which is then drawn off into water, by which means it is granulated. This coarse metal is again roasted, and the remaining iron thus oxidised; ore rich in silica is added, and the whole fused. The oxide of iron and the silica form a slag; and the copper in the form of a subsulphide-fine metal-(Cu,S) is drawn off and cast into pigs. It only remains to free the metal from the sulphur; this is accomplished by submitting the pigs to a heat in a reverberatory furnace just insufficient to fuse them. The metal at the surface thus becomes oxidised, and when fusion takes place this action occurs Cu,S+2CuO = SO1 + 4Cu. Thus the copper is obtained. It still requires to be refined. For this end it is again fused, in order to oxidate the last traces of foreign metals, which are removed as slags; and to reduce the molten mass, the gasos liberated from it deprive the oxide any oxide of copper, the trunk of a young tree is thrust into of copper of its oxygen, and thus the metal is procured in its pure state; this last process is termed poling. The appearance of copper is well known, but when pure, as produced by the electrotyping process, it possesses a beautiful pink colour. It is very tenacious, ductile, and malleable. It melts at about 1090° Cent., and is capable of some volatilisation, imparting a green tint to the flame. At ordinary temperatures air has no action upon copper, but if heated a cupric oxide is formed, which, as it contracts more slowly than the metal beneath, comes off in scales. If ignited, finely-divided copper will burn like tinder into the black oxide. Leaves of this metal, as we have seen, will burn in a jar of chlorine. All the alloys in which copper is a constituent have been noticed. Cuprous Oxide (Cu,O), or the subexide, occurs native as "octohedral copper ore." Its colour is red. It may be artificially prepared in several ways; the most ready is, perhaps, by boiling a solution of copper sulphate, sugar, and caustic potash, in excess; the oxide falls as a red powder. It forms with acids cuprous salts, which readily take oxygen from the air, and become cupric salts. It is chiefly used to stain glass a deep red. When in a hydrated state it forms with ammonia a colourless solution, which offers a delicate test for oxygen, for it absorbs that gas and turns blue. Cupric Oxide, the Black Oxide (CuO), is formed when heated copper is exposed to the action of the air. It falls as a light blue powder in a hydrated state, when potash is added to the solution of a cupric salt; this powder, when heated to 100°, loses its water and becomes dark brown. It is of great service in analysis to furnish oxygen in a known quantity, to complete the combustion of organic bodies. The cupric salts which this oxide forms with acids are usually green or blue, and colourless without water. Cupric oxide stains glass a beautiful green. With ammonia it forms a blue solution, with which the characteristic bottles of a chemist's shop window are filled. It Copper Sulphate, or Blue Vitriol (CuSO, +5H2O), has the greatest commercial importance of all the cupric salts. crystallises in large blue crystals; when heated it parts with its five molecules of water of crystallisation, and becomes a white powder. This powder is useful in discovering the presence of moisture, as it turns blue when combined with water. This salt is formed by the action of sulphuric acid on copper; it is largely used by the calico-printer, and is the source of all the copper pigments. When ammonia is added to its solution, a greenish basic sulphate of copper falls-which is readily dissolved in an excess of the alkali-from the formation of a salt of a fine blue colour, which may be got in crystals, and has this compositionCuSO,,H,O,4NH. This salt imparts the mauve tint to pyrotechnic fires. Cupric Nitrate (Cu,2NO,) crystallises with six molecules of water in blue rhomboidal prisms, which are deliquescent. It is easily procured by acting on copper with nitric acid; in this action nitric oxide is liberated, thus 3Cu + 8HNO, = 3 (Cu,2NO,) + 2NO + 4H,O. Cupric Carbonate is found mixed with various quantities of 73 hydrated oxide in "malachite," "chessylite," and other copper ores. Cupric Sulphide (CuS) may be prepared artificially either by heating copper and sulphur together, or by precipitation from a salt of copper in solution. With iron it appears native as copper pyrites. Peacock ore contains less iron. Tennantite, dark grey copper ore, and silver fahlerz all contain cupric sulphide. There are other cupric salts of less interest. LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-XXXIV. Copper forms with chlorine two compounds, Cuprous Chloride (Cu,Cl) and Cupric Chloride (CuCl). A solution of the former IT is curious to observe what a controlling influence the subjectsalt possesses the property of absorbing carbonic oxide gas. The matter has in the metaphors employed and the derivations that latter salt is formed when copper-leaf is burnt in chlorine, and are brought into play. We lay down railways; we set up an inn; with two molecules of water crystallises in acicular prisms. so we set up a carriage after we have made our fortune in that Sulphides of Copper.-The Cuprous Sulphide, or Subsulphide shop which we set up when we were poor. As we may set up (Cu,S), is the result of the last process but one in the reduc- a shop, so may we open a shop; but we must begin business, or tion of copper from its ore. Native cuprous sulphide is occa- we may set up in business. Having built or rented, we may open sionally found. a warehouse, as we may open a shop. So in professions-parsons occupy a pulpit, and solicitors take to the desk, while barristers hold briefs, and judges fill the bench. We draw with a pencil and paint with a brush. Pictures as well as books are composed, and both must be sketched before they are begun; but the one ends in a painting, the other in a treatise; the one is the canvas, the other is the volume. If we are charitably inclined and abound in wealth, we build a church, or found a hospital; but if we expend our money for our own pleasure or convenience. we erect a mansion and lay out pleasure-grounds. Probably we may begin to travel, and then we make a voyage by sea and take a journey by land. A young man entering one of the univer sities reads for honour, and studies for the church. If your son is a clergyman, he does duty on a Sunday; but if he is a dissenting minister, he preaches. A Methodist minister travels, a minister of the Establishment is an incumbent; the latter has a living, the former is on a circuit. Lawyers advise, physicians prescribe, clergymen admonish, and confessors direct. A ship impelled by a steam-engine sails, a train drawn by a steamengine runs. Handicraftsmen receive their remuneration in wages, clerks in salaries, lawyers in fees, and ministers of religion in stipends. The salts of copper are poisonous; their antidote is albumen, the white of eggs, with which they form insoluble compounds. With potash and soda a pale blue precipitate is given. This is the case also with ammonia, but with this alkali the characteristic blue appears when it is added in excess. If iron be dipped into a cupric solution it becomes covered with copper. Since iron deprives the cupric salt of its acid, its surface being covered with a layer of the corresponding ferric salt, and a coat of metallic copper overlaying it, on account of the presence of the salt between the two metals, the coat of copper shells off. Zinc precipitates copper as a fine black powder, which exhibits metallic lustre when burnished. LEAD. SYMBOL, Pb-COMBINING WEight, 207 SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 11:36. Galena, the chief ore of lead, is a sulphide of the metal. It occurs in a cubic crystallisation, and possesses a marked metallic lustre. In Cornwall it is found in the clay slates, and in Derbyshire in the mountain limestone. There are mines also at Laney, in the Isle of Man. It is usually associated with more or less sulphide of silver. The more imperfect the crystallisation of the galena, the more sulphide of silver is present. The extraction of lead from galena is not difficult; the ore is separated from the gangue (the earthy matters in which it is embedded) by washing, and then spread on the bed of a reverberatory furnace. Some of the sulphur burns off, the lead becoming an oxide; some of the sulphide imbibes oxygen and becomes sulphate, whilst the large portion of the ore remains unchanged. When this process is sufficiently advanced, the furnace doors are closed, and the heat raised to determine the fusion of the ore. The lead oxide and sulphate react on the galena, as shown in these equations 2PbO+PbS= 3Pb + SO, In each case the metal is liberated, and the sulphur escapes as sulphurous acid gas. If there be much quartz present, which is generally the matrix of the galena, lime is added to facilitate the liberation of the metal, by causing the silica to form with the lime a fusible slag. Extraction of Silver from Lead by Pattinson's Process. This operation is based upon the fact that pure lead solidifies sooner than argentiferous lead. The lead is melted in an iron Emolument, a term always applied to the receipts of the higher classes, reminds one of the time when there was in each manor or vicinity one mill, the lord or owner of which received as his pay either a portion of the flour there ground or its equivalent in money. Hence emolument, properly that which comes out of the mill-stone, came to denote gain from office or high employment. This fact leads to the observation that words to a full mind are singularly suggestive; they are also singularly conservative, keeping and tacitly transmitting from age to age facts and history which relate to their origin, and have something to teach respecting ancient manners and customs. Gray has said "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." It is equally true that the word curfew (French, couvrefu, put out the fire, or fire-extinguisher) preserves a recollection of a day long since passed and gone, when the Norinan, being sovereign lord of England, published his behest that at a fixed moment the fires of the Saxon peasantry should be extinguished. Stipulation (Latin, stipula, a straw) preserves an indirect record of the legal custom once prevalent of presenting a straw as a token of the delivery of possession to one who had pur chased an estate; and who keeping that straw as a token of his proprietorship, regarded it as the condition on which he held the land. In the phrase "signing a deed," you have a trace of the times the cross in attestation of the part which they took in the when men unable to write their name, made instead the sign of matter. custom of employing pebbles (like the little balls in the abacus) pan set in brickwork, on each side of which are four or five Sentio FOTE Sequor Properties.-Lead is a bluish-white metal, very soft. It may Silva be rolled into sheets, or drawn into pipes or wire, but its tena- Similis city is low. It melts at 334° Cent. Simul I follow a star like sens, sent sequ secut sider silv simil at the same time simul sensation, dissent. similar, similitude. Subsequent properly denotes that which follows immediately. The force of immediately is given by the sub. This word reminds me of a defect in the English language; we have no adjective equivalent to the adverb after, no adjective which denotes the relation of afterwards simply, apart, that is from the question whether the sequence is near or remote. Commonly, subsequent is so used. Simulation and dissimulation, both from simulo, I feign, or put on a character, differ thus: simulation signifies pretending to be what you are not; and dissimulation concealing what you They have both the same purpose-namely, to produce a false impression, to mislead; and so are both wrong. are. "Hide thee, thou bloody hand, Thou perjured, and thou simular of virtue; The way in which a metaphor may cloak a moral misdemeanour is exemplified in the following quotation, where dissimulation is made to seem almost a virtue by reference to the propriety of keeping your own hand unseen while playing at cards: "Simulation and dissimulation are the chief arts of cunning; the f.st will be esteemed always by a wise man unworthy of him, and will be therefore avoided by him in every possible case; for to resume my Lord Bacon's comparison, simulation is put on that we may look into the cards of another; whereas dissimulation intends nothing more than to hide our own."- Bolingbroke. Our word sort comes to us from the Latin sors, through the French sorte, which means kind or species with special reference to quality, as is exemplified in the phrase "of what sort? From this idea of quality is derived the application of the word as found in "to sort," "to assort." "And when my careful eye I cast upon my sheep, I sort them in my pens, and sorted so I keep."-Drayton. "There are doubtless many such soils sparsedly through the nation." -Evelyn. Contiguous differs from both adjacent and near. Near conveys the common idea of proximity. But that which is near does not touch, whereas the idea of touching is essential in contiguity. But contiguity implies not merely that A touches B, but also that B touches A; but a thing is adjacent when it lies up to another thing, whether it touches that other thing or not. As in many cases the differences here are very much differences of conception, you may conceive and so speak of that which is adjacent as being also contiguous, though things so lying can scarcely be thought of as being near; yet may proximity be predicated of them, inasmuch as proximus means next, that is nearest, the one thing of a series which comes next or nearest to another. It may happen that the next is also contiguous, or actually touching. Two parishes are near each other; two districts of those two parishes are adjacent; two limits of those two districts are actually contiguous. EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION. The Cer On the 13th of September the little army of Charles crossed the Forth, and, animated by every fear, the terrified men of Edinburgh made a show of standing to their colours. But this parade was not fated to last long. On the 16th, the Prince's advanced guard were at Kirkliston, within a few miles of the city, where the consternation increased every moment, until the volunteers began to bribe with sixpences every soldier they met, to take their arms to the castle. arrival of the Prince was awaited by the Whigs with doubt and dismay, and by the Jacobites (at the head of whom was the Provost) with an exultation which they took very little pains to conceal. tain commissjoners were sent to Gray's Mill, to treat with the Highland chiefs for delivering the keys of the city on the best terms. Of what passed at the conference nothing is known, but, by a preconcerted arrangement (it is supposed) between them and the Prince, the city was surprised next morning at four o'clock. A soldier of the city guard, sentinel at the Netherbow, stopped a hackney coach that approached his post. "Open the Port!" cried the driver, " for I be"without an hove to get out." "You cannot," replied the sentinel, order from Provost Stuart." "Provost Coutts hath ordered me to be let out," replied the driver, whipping up his horses. The soldier still remonstrated, when James Gillespie, under-keeper of the Port, said |