ページの画像
PDF
ePub

vaulted roofs or domes at the extreme or lower end above the chancel, and sometimes also above the aisles. They had commonly in front the accessory buildings, including the baptistery and the rooms for the catechumens, or those who were preparing for admission into the church. These adjoining erections were then separated from the church by an atrium or hall, surrounded by columns which led from outside to the door of the church, which always had a porch, or narthex, as it was called. In the interior, two rows of columns divided the edifice into the nave and the aisles. The nave alone in the basilicas or churches of the primitive Christians, terminated in a semicircular arch or choir. At a later period the aisles had also their choirs; it was then that the first story or gallery which was erected upon the aisles disappeared, and the women, for whom it was reserved, began to occupy the left side of the building. The different parts of the Basilica of Parenzo will convey to the mind of the reader the arrangement of the principal parts of the churches now described.

[ocr errors][merged small]

OF PARENZO.

a. The principal nave. b. The chancel. c. The hall, or atrium, d. The baptistry. The steeple, or belfry. f.The sacristy, or vestry. h. The choir. kk. Small choirs. 1. The triclinium, or supper

room.

The Romanesque style was formed from the combination of the two former, the Latin and the Byzantine; and in these, the arcade played the most prominent part. Arches, indeed, were multiplied in endless variety, from the choirs which rose on a circular plane, to domes and arched buttresses, those appendages to buildings which were first employed in this style of architecture. The Romanesque period, however, produced edifices different from the basilicas, by characters well defined. Orientation, or building churches east and west, became the decided rule; a transverse nave, or transept, changed the arrangement of the interior of churches, and gave them the form of cross. The choir or recess, of a semicircular form, was commonly unique, and spanned the whole width of the edifice, including the nave and the aisles. Some Romanesque churches, however, have preserved the three recesses or choirs; and these are generally the oldest. The columns were replaced by square piers, ornamented on each side by a column carrying groined arches; and when stone mouldings were introduced at the edges of the domes, the number of the columns was increased to eight. The shafts of the four intermediate columns were then disproportionally lengthened, and departing from the proportions established by antiquity, lost their rational proportion to their diameter; the choir alone preserved the isolated columns. dependently of the principal altar, secondary ones were erected, of which the number was afterwards augmented by those of the chapels built round the choir. The exterior of the Romanesque churches also presented a very different aspect from that of the basilicas. The belfries, which were at first small, became then of great importance, and were raised above the porch, or above the cross aisle. These constructions were very solid, and had several storeys, partially open, except at top; and were surmounted by lofty stone spires. At a later period, the abutments, or spur-walls, became insufficient to sustain the thrust of the great domes, and were then detached from the walls and transformed into buttresses. Specimens of this kind of edifice may be seen in the church of Rosheim, in the Department of the Lower Rhine; St. Germain-des-Prés, at Paris; of L'Abbayeaux-Hommes, at Caen; of Bocherville, near Rouen; and others in France. In the most of these churches, there is a small gallery over the aisle, like that of St. Germain-des-Prés at Paris,

In

which represents the gallery of the early basilicas. The columns or pillars are united by circular arches, ornamented by archivolts in simple profile, and the whole of the edifice is covered with groined vaulting, and with stone mouldings of the same description.

SPECIMEN OF THE ARABIC OF MOORISH ARCH.

At the commencement of the Romanesque period in the West, the Eastern style of art, the parent of so many architectural novelties, was developed anew in Asia and Africa, and the Arabs, who played so prominent a part in the history of this epoch, covered Arabia and Egypt, and penetrated the interior of Persia, with their edifices. The Moorish branch extended along the northern side of Africa to the ocean, and there all that an Eastern imagination could produce that was fantastical and marvellous, was reproduced in their architectural works. During the most ancient period of this art the semicircular arch predominated; but it soon overstepped its central point, and the arch becoming more than a semicircle, took the shape nearly of a horseshoe. At a later period, the intrados, or inner ring of the arch, was carved in the manner exhibited in the celebrated Mosque of Cordova. The second period was that of the pointed arch very ancient specimens of which are found at Cairo. These monuments or erections are purely Arabic, such as the Mekias or Nilometer, and various mosques of that city. In Persia and in India the same style is exhibited, and is always found in connection with the pointed arch, and the same principles are followed in the architecture of that country at the present day. We give in the annexed engraving a specimen of the Arabic arch. An important question has never yet been answered respecting the origin of the pointed arch, which was first, as we have seen, used by the Pelasgians, but which, abandoned until the Middle Ages, was again taken up by the Arabian and the Western architects, at an epoch when it is difficult to ascertain whether the East preceded the West in its application, or whether the reverse was the case. Whichever was the case was of little moment, until it was extended as a complete system of construction, and became the foundation of the Gothic or ogival style of architecture. It appeared in the West, in the twelfth century, in several rare edifices, in which it usually occupied the lower part of the building, as presenting more resistance in supporting its elevated portions. From this use, first originating in the demand for solidity, it was extended to all parts of the building. Thus applied, this new system of architecture was developed, took its flight, and the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries saw its rise, its full vigour, and its decay. The Gothic churches are in general larger than those of the Romanesque period, they are disposed in the same way, but their architecture becomes softer, and the forms more graceful.

[graphic]

LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC.-XXXVIII.
EQUATION OF PAYMENTS.

18. THIS is a method by which to find the time at which two or more debts, due at different times, may be equitably paid by one payment, equal to the sum of the amounts of the debts. This time is called the equated time of payment. We will first take the case of two sums.

The principle upon which the time is calculated is this-that the sum of the present values of the two debts is equal to the present value of the sum of the amounts of the debts supposed due at the equated time.

Thus, if £100 were due nine months hence, and £50 twelve months hence, at 4 per cent., we must find the present value of each, and add them together. We must then find the time in which, at the given rate of interest, the sum so formed would amount to £150.

EXAMPLE. Find the equated time of payment of £309, due

[blocks in formation]

The interest of £300 for 9 months is the same as that of £2,700 for 1 month.

The interest of £400 for 12 months is the same as that of £1,800 for 1 month.

Hence the interest on £700 (the sum of the present values) for the equated time must be equal to the interest on £2,700+ £4,800, or £7,500, for one month. Now the time in which the same interest will be produced by two different sums will be inversely proportional to the sums; hence the equated time will be, or 10 months;

Noticing that

7500
700

(9 × 390) ÷ (12 x 400).
300 + 400

we see the truth of the following

Rule for finding the Equated Time of two or more Debts due at different times, at a given rate per cent., True Discount being reckoned.

Find the true present value of each debt, multiply it by its corresponding time, and add the products. Divide the sum of the products by the sum of the present values.

2. Reckoning Mercantile Discount.

Interest of £309 for 9 months is the same as that of 9 × £309, or £2,781, for 1 month.

That on £16 for 12 months is the same as that of 12 × £416, or 24,992, for 1 month.

Hence the interest on £309 + £416, or £725, for the equated time must be the same as that on £2,781 + £4,992, or £7,773,

for one month.

Hence the equated time is 1773, or 10-72 months nearly.
We get, then, the following

Rule for finding the Equated Time of two or more Debts due at
diferent times, Mercantile Discount being reckoned:
Multiply the amount of each debt by its corresponding time,
and add the products. Divide the sum of the products by the
sum of the debts.

N.B.-When mercantile discount is reckoned (as is the case in practice), the rate per cent. does not affect the calculation. The times of both debts must of course be expressed in the same denomination, and the result will appear in that denomination.

EXERCISE 58.-EQUATION OF PAYMENTS.

1. Find the equated time of £800, payable in 3 years, and of £1,200, rayable in 4 years, at 5 per cent. simple interest, by reckoning (1)

true, (2) mercantile discount.

2. Find the equated time of payment of £261 5s., due 6 months beace, and of £209, due 18 months hence, at 4 per cent., reckoning (1) true, (2) mercantile discount.

3. Find the equated time of £692, payable in 60 days, and £254, payable in 96 days.

4. I owe £500, due 50 days hence, and £750, due 100 days hence;

[blocks in formation]
[merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

23. When Government stock is purchased, the transaction is effected through the agency of a broker, who charges th per cent. upon the stock bought-i.e., 2s. 6d. upon every £100 of stock purchased.

Thus, if £500 worth of stock be purchased when the funds are at 92, the actual price paid will be (5 × £92) + (5 × £), or £460 12s. 6d. And, similarly, the seller of stock pays his broker th per cent. upon the amount of stock sold for him. This charge is called Brokerage, or Commission. In the examples we give, however, it need not be reckoned unless it is expressly mentioned.

24. Exactly the same principles hold with reference to Shares of any kind. Originally they are fixed at a certain price, and then, according to the success or failure of the company, and the probable amount of dividend it will pay, etc., the value of the shares fluctuates.

par.

When a share, or £100 of stock, will sell for the original price which was paid for it, then the shares are said to be at When the price is less by a certain amount than the original price, they are said to be at so much discount; and when the price is more by a certain amount, they are said to be at so much premium.

25. EXAMPLE.-The income derived from investing a sum in the Three per Cents. at 90 differs by £1 from that derived from an equal sum invested in railway shares at 140, paying 5 per

when should I liquidate the debt equitably by paying down £1,500, cent. upon the original shares. Find the sum. interest being reckoned at 4 per cent. per annum?

STOCKS, SHARES, BROKERAGE, INSURANCE, ETC. 19. Suppose that I lend a sum of money to the Government cr to a company, on the understanding that I am to receive a certain fixed annual per-centage upon it (say 3 per cent.), and that at any time after this transaction it is found that more than 3 per cent. can be commonly got for money; it is clear that if I sell then my claim upon the Government or company to another person, he will not give me so much as I gave. The Dame given to money so lent is Stock, and the price given at any time for £100 of this stock is the price of stock at that time. The Funds are properly the money raised by the Government, by taxes, etc., to pay the interest of the debt, but the term is often applied to the debt itself. Thus, when we hear that the Funds are at 90 it means that £90 5s. must be paid for 2100 worth of stock, this entitling the purchaser to receive from the Government the sum of £3 (in the Three per Cents.) greed to be paid upon the £100 originally lent.

Different names are given to different descriptions of stock, according to the original conditions of the formation of the de't. For instance, the Three per Cent. Consols-i.e., the Three pa Cent. Consolidated Annuities, etc.

20. Given the price of Stock, to find the actual Rate per Cent. received.

In the first investment,

[ocr errors]

£90 produces annually £3;
Therefore £1
In the second investment,

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

£140 produces annually £5;
Therefore £1

LAD, or L.
Hence the difference of income produced by £1 is
35, or Lil
Hence the difference of income produced by £420 is £120, or £1.
The answer is therefore £120.
INSURANCE.

26. By the yearly payment of a certain sum called a Premium to an insurance company, a person can secure at his death the payment of a certain larger sum. The document by which the company binds itself to pay over the money at the death of the insurer is called the Policy of Insurance. Thus, a man of 30, in ordinary health, by paying about £25 a year to a company, is able to "insure his life" for £1,000.

The principles which determine the amount of premium to be paid depend upon carefully prepared tables of statistics, showing the average rate of mortality at different ages, and also upon the doctrine of chances and annuities, but they are too complicated to be introduced here.

There are various other kinds of insurance, as, for instance,

[blocks in formation]

4. Three per Cents. are offered at 901, Five per Cents. at 150;; in which should one invest?

5. Shares paying an interest of £1 0s. 6d. cost 22; what is the rate per cent. received? What is the rate per cent. received after a deduction of income tax of 7d. in the pound?

6. Is it better to invest in the Three per Conts. at 891; or the Three and a Half per Cents. nt 98; ?

7. When the Three per Cents, are at 86, find what the Three and a Half per Cents. should be at, so that an investment in both should produce the same income.

8. Find the income derived from investing £2,500 in the Three per Cents. at 86.

9. Find the income derived from investing £1,000 in the Three per Cents. at 873, after deducting an income tax of 7d. in the pound.

10. What must a person have invested in the Three per Cents. at 90%, if a transfer of of his capital to the Four per Cents. at 115 would

increase his income by £7 ?

11. A person invests £5,187 10s. in the Three per Cents. at 83, and when the funds have risen to 85 he transfers two-fifths of his capital to the Four per Cents. at 96; find the alteration in his income.

12. A person sells out of the Three and a Half per Cents. at 92, and realises £18,550; if he invests two-fifths of the produce in the Four per Cents. at 96, and the remainder in the Three per Cents. at 90, find the alteration in his income. Find also the alteration in the per-centage he gets.

Cents. when £10,000 will What will be the annual

13. What is the price of the Three per purchase £11,111 2s. 23d. worth of stock? income produced ? 14. When the Three per Cents. are at 871, what must the Three and & Quarter per Cents. be at in order that an investment of £1,580 in the latter may produce an income greater than the same sum invested in the former by £1 18s. 62d.?

15. A person buys £500 worth of stock at 984; what must he sell at to gain £21 5s. by the transaction ?

16. Which is the better investment, bank stock paying 10 per cent. at 319, or Three per Cent. Consols at 96?

17. A man invests £4,297 10s. in the Three per Cents. at 951; he sells out one-third of his stock when the funds have fallen to 94, £1,600 worth of stock when they have risen to 961, and the remainder ..at par. What does he gain?

18. The income derived from a sum invested in the Three per Cents. at 90 differs from that derived from an equal sum in the Five per Cents. at 150} by £1. Find the sum.

19. A person finds that if he invest a certain sum in railway shares paying £6 a share when the £100 share is at 132, he will obtain £10 168. a-year more for his money than if he invest in the Three per Cent. Consols at 93. What sum has he to invest ?

20. A person invests £10,000 in the Three per Cents. at 92, and sells out two-thirds when they have risen 1 per cent. above, and the remainder when they have fallen 1 per cent. below, the price at which he bought; he then invests the proceeds in the Four per Cents. at par. Find the change in his income.

21. The net income of an estate, after deducting 10d. in the pound for income tax and 4 per cent. on the remainder for expenses of collection, is £437. What is the gross rental ?

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors]

derrière, behind; chez, at the house of; concernant, touching; excepté, except; outre, besides; selon, according to; voici, here is; voilà, there is, etc. [§ 139 (1)].

2. Others, being rather prepositional phrases, govern their object by means of the preposition de :-hors de, out of; loin de, far from; à fleur de, even with; à force de, by dint of; à l'égard de, with regard to; à l'insu de, without the knowledge of, unknown to ; à raison de, at the rate of; au deçà de, this way of; au delà de, that way of [§ 139 (2)].

3. Others take à-quant à, as to; jusqu'à, as far as, etc. [§ 139 (3)).

4. Two or more verbs, adjectives, or prepositions may in French have a regimen in common, provided they govern in the

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

Assiette, f., plate.
Coût-er, 1, to cost.
Dedans, inside, within.
Dehors,outside,without.
Derrière, m., back.
Devant, m., front.

[blocks in formation]

6.

Hectolitre,m.,100 litres. EXERCISE 153. 1. N'avez-vous pas fermé la porte de devant ? 2. Nous l'avons fermée, mais nous n'avons pas fermé la porte de derrière. 3. Qui est arrivé avant moi? 4. Le monsieur qui est assis devant la fenêtre. 5. Qui demeure derrière votre maison? Il n'y a point de maison derrière la nôtre. 7. Ne pensez-vous pas qu'à force de travailler, il s'enrichira ? 8. Je ne crois pas qu'il s'enrichisse, s'il vend ses marchandises à si bon marché. 9. Apprend-il la musique à l'insu de ses parents? 10. Il l'apprend à leur insu. 11. Vous êtes-vous marié à l'insu de votre sœur ? 12. Je me suis marié à son insu. 13. Notre ami n'est pas dans la maison, il est dehors. 14. Il n'est pas hors de la ville, il est dedans. 15. Avez-vous de l'argent sur vous ? Je n'ai pas d'argent sur moi. 17. Demeurez-vous sur le derrière ou sur le devant de la maison? 18. Nous demeurons sur le

16.

[blocks in formation]

Combl-er, 1, to over-
whelm.

1. Have you bought that house without your father's know- Blessure, f., wound. ledge? 2. I have bought it without his knowledge. 3. Have you forgotten to shut the front door? 4. I have shut the front door and the back door. 5. I have brought all my books except two or three. 6. Does your brother occupy the front of your house? 7. He occupies the back. 8. Whom have you met behind that house? 9. I met nobody behind the house. 10. Does that gentleman live behind your house? 11. Nobody lives behind our house. 12. There is no house behind yours. 13. Have you a knife about you? 14. I have no knife about me.

18.

15. Do you carry a knife about you? 16. I never carry a knife
about me. 17. Has not your brother money about him?
He has no money about him. 19. Will you put these pencils

[blocks in formation]

I know him who speaks to Mr. L.
VOCABULARY.
Connaissance, f., ac-

quaintance.
Expliqu-er,1,to explain.
Guerre, f., war.
De jour en jour, from,
day to day.
EXERCISE 155.

De temps en temps, from time to time. Numéro (or in abbreviation N°), number. Phrase, f., sentence. | Prélud-er, 1, to prelude.

2. Ce n'est pas moi qui l'ai appelé. 3. Est-ce vous, mon ami,
1. Est-ce vous, Madame, qui avez appelé votre domestique?
qui voulez à toute force aller en Espagne ? 4. Ce n'est pas
moi, c'est mon cousin. 5. N'est-ce pas lui qui a averti ce
matelot de son danger? 6. Ce n'est pas lui, c'est moi qui l'en

ai averti. 7. Est-ce nous que vous attendez de jour en jour ?
8. Ce n'est pas vous, c'est eux que j'attends.
9. Est-ce vous,
Madame, qui nous avez comblées de bienfaits? 10. Ce n'est
11. N'est-ce pas en Italie que vous avez
pas moi, Madame.
fait connaissance avec lui? 12. Ce n'est pas en Italie; c'est
en Russie. 13. Est-ce vous, Mesdames, ou vos cousines que
nous avons vues au bal? 14. C'est nous, ce n'est pas nos
15. Ne connaissez-vous pas ces
deux messieurs? 16. Je connais celui qui parle à Madame L.
17. Est-ce vous qui avez reçu une blessure à la guerre? 18.
Ce n'est pas moi, c'est mon voisiu.
19. N'est-ce pas vous qui
nous avez expliqué cette phrase? 20. Est-ce vous, Monsieur,
qui demeurez au No 18? 21. Ce n'est pas moi qui y demeure.
22. Entendez-vous ces musiciens? 23. J'entends celui qui
chante. 24. Je n'entends pas bien celui qui joue. 25. Nous
entendons ceux qui préludent.

upon the table, or under it? 20. I will put them in the
drawer (tiroir). 21. How much have you given for that
wheat? 22. I bought it at the rate of twenty-five francs per cousines que vous avez vues.
hectolitre. 23. Is that lady's house out of the city? 24. It is
not out of the city; it is within. 25. Has not your sister
placed the plates upon the table? 26. She has put the plates
upon the table, and the spoons under it. 27. Have you had
your house repaired? 28. I have had the inside repaired, but
not the outside. 29. How much does that silk cost you? 30. I
have bought it at the rate of five francs per metre. 31. Did you
marry without your father's knowledge? 32. I married without
his knowledge. 33. Have you sold my books without my know-
ledge? 34. I sold them without your knowledge. 35. I sold
them without my sister's knowledge.
SECTION LXXX.-THE

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN, CE
(§ 108).

1. The pronoun ce answers to the English pronoun it, used before the verb to be, in such sentences as, it is I, it is thou, etc. The latter pronouns (I, thou, etc.) are rendered by moi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, m., elles, f. The verb remains in the singular, except when the pronoun following it is in the third person plural; in which case it may be put in the plural or in the singular [§ 116 (2)]. If the pronoun is followed by qui, the verb is better in the plural, and if followed by que, in the singular.

[blocks in formation]

C'est nous qui avons déchiré cette It is we who have torn that silk. soie,

3. Ce also renders the English pronoun it, used absolutely, but not unipersonally, before the verb to be [§ 108 (5)].

Ce fut en Allemagne qu'il trouva It was in Germany that he found his
son ami,
friend.

4. Celui qui, celle qui; ceux qui, m., celles qui, f., are equivalent to the English pronouns he who, she who, they who-celui que, celle que, ceux que, celles que, render he whom, etc.

[blocks in formation]

EXERCISE 156.

9.

1. Is it you, my friend, who have warned me of my danger f 2. It is not I who have warned you of it. 3. Is it they whom you expect from day to day? 4. It is not they whom we expect. 5. Is it you who have done this ? 6. It is not we; it is you who have done it. 7. Was it in England that you bought this hat? 8. It was not in England; it was in Germany. Was it not in Russia that you became acquainted with him? 10. It was not in Russia; it was in Italy. 11. Was it you who were calling us? 12. It was not we; it was he. 13. Are you not acquainted with the two Poles who are reading? 14. I know the one who is near you. 15. Is that (est-ce là) the lady whom you expected? 16. It is not (she). 17. Is it you, gentlemen, who have loaded my brother with kindness ? 18. It is not (we), sir; we have not the pleasure of knowing him. 19. Is it you who have been wounded in the (au) arm? 20. It is not (I). 21. Do you not hear those two ladies ? 22. I do not hear the who came to our house this morning? one who sings. 23. I hear the one who plays. 24. Was it you 25. It was not I; I was

in London then (alors). 26. Was it you, sir, who did us that favour? 27. It was not (I); it was my sister. 28. Was it your son who wished by all means to go to London? 29. It was not he; he is now in Germany. 30. Is it you who wrote that letter? 31. We have written no letter. 32. Who lives

at (au) No. 20? 33. I live there (c'est moi). 34. Is it we whom you have seen? 85. It was not you whom I saw.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH.
EXERCISE 73 (Vol. I., page 356).

1. Are you soon going away? 2. I am going away next week. 3. Why do you go away? 4. Because I do not like being here. 5. Do you like being with your aunt better than being here ? 6. I like it better. 7. Are you not wrong to go away so soon? 8. I am right to go away. 9. Do you not rejoice at the misfortunes of others? 10. We do not at all rejoice at them. 11. Does that man become angry with the gardener? 12. He becomes angry with him, because he will not make haste. 13. Does he get angry very often? 14. He gets angry every moment, he gets angry at nothing. 15. Do you never make haste? 16. I always make haste when I have something to do. 17. Do you not delight in running and playing? 18. I delight in playing, and my brother delights in reading. 19. Do you rejoice at the arrival of the Turkish ambassador? 20. I rejoice at it. 21. Do you not like being in America? 22. I like being here much better than being in France. 23. Does not your scholar like being at your house? 24. He likes being with me, but he wishes to return to his father's. 25. Make haste, it is already noon.

EXERCISE 74 (Vol. I., page 356).

1. A quelle heure votre ami s'en va-t-il ? 2. Il s'en va tous les matins à neuf heures. 3. Vous en allez-vous avec lui? 4. Je m'en vais avec

lui, quand j'ai le temps. 5. Voulez-vous vous dépêcher de finir votre lettre? 6. Je me dépêche de la finir. 7. Le jardinier se fâche-t-il contre son frère ? 8. Il se fâche contre lui, quand il ne se dépêche pas. 9. Dépêchez-vous, mon ami, il est dix heures. 10. Pourquoi ne vous dépêchez-vous pas ? 11. Je me plais à jouer, mais je ne me plais pas à étudier. 12. Vous plaisez-vous chez moi ? 13. Je m'y plais. 14. Vous réjouissez-vous de l'arrivée de votre mère ? 15. Je m'en réjouis. 16. Votre frère n'a-t-il pas tort de s'en aller si tôt ? 17. Il a raison de s'en aller, il a beaucoup à faire à la maison. 18. Vous réjouissez-vous des malheurs d'autrui ? 19. Je ne m'en réjouis pas. 20. Je me réjouis de votre succès. 21. M. votre frère ne s'approchet-il pas du feu? 22. Il s'éloigne du feu, il a trop chaud. 23. Cette demoiselle se fâche-t-elle contre vous ? 24. Elle se fâche d'un rien. 25. Vous plaisez-vous à Paris ? 26. Je m'y plais. 27. Pouvez-vous vous passer de moi aujourd'hui ? 28. Nous ne pouvons nous passer de vous; dépêchez-vous de finir votre ouvrage. 29. Avez-vous besoin de votre canif? 30. J'ai besoin de m'en servir. 31. Dépêchez-vous de vous lever, il est six heures. 32. Fait-il beau temps? 33. Non, Mon

votre bourse? 13. Nous l'avons laissée chez le marchand. 14. Avezvous acheté les belles gravures que j'ai vues chez votre libraire? 15. Je ne les ai pas vues. 16. Votre mère les a-t-elle achetées? 17. Elle petite fille a-t-elle cassé mes tasses? a acheté des livres, mais elle n'a pas acheté de gravures. 18. Cette 19. Elle les a cassées exprès.

tous les six mois. 20. Cette dame reçoit-elle ses revenus tous les mois? 21. Elle les reçoit 22. La maison que vous avez achetée est-elle grande? de M. votre père? 23. Je n'ai pas acheté de maison. 24. Avez-vous reçu hier une lettre 25. J'ai reçu une lettre de lui, il y a quatre jours. 26. Avez-vous parlé à ces dames? 27. Je leur ai parlé. 28. Leur avez-vous donné des fleurs? 29. Je leur en ai donné. 30. Les livres que vous avez achetés, sont-ils reliés? 31. Non, Monsieur, ils sont brochés. 32. Avez-vous examiné cette maison? 33. Je ne l'ai pas examinée. 34. Votre frère en a examiné plusieurs.

LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.-XXVIII. TABLE OF LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF PLACES IN EUROPE.

sieur, il pleut. 34. M. votre père se porte-t-il bien ce matin? 35. Oui, IN the present lesson we continue and bring to a conclusion our Monsieur, il se porte bien. table of the latitudes and longitudes of places in the Continent of Europe.

EXERCISE 75 (Vol. I., page 356).

1. Who has told you that? 2. The barrister has told it to me. 4. I have not yet spoken 3. Have you spoken to him of this affair ? to him about it. 5. Have you seen him lately? 6. I saw him a few days ago. 7, Did you not write yesterday? 8. We read and wrote the whole day. 9. Have you not taken off your gloves and shoes? 10. I have not taken off my gloves, but I have taken off my hat. 11. Has not the tailor put on his hat? 12. Yes, Sir, he has put on his hat. 13. What have you done to that little boy? 14. I have done nothing to him. 15. Have you not told him that I am here? 16. I have not yet told him of it. 17. What have you studied this morning? 18. We have studied our lessons, and we have read our books. Has the minister's gardener planted the pear-tree? 20. He planted it more than eight days ago. 21. Have you bought a black cloth coat? 22. I have bought one. 23. Have you worn it to-day? 24. I have not worn it yet. 25. We have put on our shoes and stockings this morning.

EXERCISE 76 (Vol. I., page 356).

19.

1. Avez-vous étudié aujourd'hui ? 2. Nous n'avons pas le temps d'étudier, nous avons lu une page. 3. N'avez-vous pas écrit à mon frère ? 4. Je ne lui ai pas encore écrit. 5. L'Allemand n'a-t-il pas écrit à ma mère? 6. Il ne lui a pas encore écrit. 7. Avez-vous dit à ma mère que j'ai pris ce livre? 8. Je n'ai pas encore vu votre mère. 9. Qu'avez-vous fait ce matin? 10. Nous n'avons rien fait. 11. Avezvous ôté votre habit? 12. Je n'ai pas ôté mon habit, il fait trop froid. 13. Le libraire a-t-il écrit à votre frère ? 14. Il lui a ecrit il y a longtemps. 15. Lui a-t-il écrit il y a un mois? 16. Il lui a écrit il y a plus d'un an. 17. Avez-vous planté un poirier? 18. Nous en avons planté plusieurs. 19. Fait-il trop froid pour planter des arbres? 20. Il fait trop chand. 21. Le jardinier, qu'a-t-il fait à votre petit garçon? 22. Il ne lui a rien fait. 23. Quelqu'un lui a-t-il fait quelque chose? 24. On ne lui a rien fait. 25. A-t-il quelque chose? 26. Il n'a rien. 27. M. votre père a-t-il mis son chapeau noir? 28. Non, Monsieur, il n'a pas mis son chapeau noir. 29. M. votre frère, qu'a-t-il dit? Il n'a rien dit.

EXERCISE 77 (Vol. I., page 371).

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

30.

[blocks in formation]

12 E.

52 55

36

7 E.

52

6

1

32 E.

47 54

1 55 E.

43 47

7

53W.

52

17

8

3 E.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

1. Have you brought us our clothes? 2. We have not yet brought them. 3. Have you forgotten them? 4. We have not forgotten them, but we have not had time to bring them. 5. Why have you not called the merchants? 6. I have called them, but they have not heard me. 7. Have you heard that music? 8. I have heard it. 9. Have you not seen the pretty flowers which I have brought? 10. I have seen them; to whom have you given them? 11. I have given them to no person, I have kept them for you. 12. Have you examined those engravings well? 13. I have examined them well. 14. Have you bought them? 15. I have not bought them. 16. Have you not received your income? 17. I have not yet received it. 18. Has the servant broken these cups? 19. She has broken them. 20. Has she broken cups on purpose? 21. She has broken none on purpose. 22. Have you bought bound or sewed books? 23. I have bought bound books. 24. Have you said those words to us? 25. We have said them to you, but you have forgotten them. 26. I have not forgotten your errand.

EXERCISE 78 (Vol. I., page 371).

1. Avez-vous vu mes tasses? 2. Je ne les ai pas encore vues. M'avez-vous apporté mes livres? 4. Je ne les ai pas oubliés, je les ai laissés chez mon frère. 5. Votre mère a-t-elle appelé vos sœurs? 6. Elle ne les a pas encore appelées. 7. La domestique vous a-t-elle dit cette nouvelle? 8. Elle m'a dit cette nouvelle. 9. Elle me l'a dite. 10. Avez-vous oublié ma commission? 11. Nous ne l'avons pas oubliée, nous avons oublié votre argent. 12. Où avez-vous laissé

Orford Lighthouse.
Orleans

Ortegal (Cape)
Osnaburg
Ostend
Otranto.
Oxford
Paderborn

Paris
Parma

Paros (I.)

Pavia

Peterborough. Petersburg, St. Piacenza.

Prussia Belgium. Italy England. Prussia

« 前へ次へ »