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heim, Ramillies, and Malplaquet covered the English with | model.
glory, and laid the axe to the root of the French power, while
Prince Eugene's successes in Italy and Spain well nigh com-
pleted its ruin.

France, drained of men and money, her strength poured out in foreign war, was so utterly exhausted that Louis was obliged to sue for peace. A victory obtained by Marshal Villars at Denain, enabled him to secure terms just short of the hardest, though the house of Bourbon was allowed to retain possession of the Spanish throne; and by the peace of Utrecht in 1713 quiet was once more given to Europe.

The king, who had in his younger days given his law to Europe, was in his old age compelled to receive the law from it. Magnanimous in his personal conduct, and dignified amidst misfortune, he was able to live on the memory of what he had been. Not in his days, or rather not on him, was visited the iniquity of governmental selfishness. Though misery, want, oppression, every vice of a spendthrift and extravagant government, fell heavily on his people, he heard but the far-off echo of their groans, and amid his splendid court, in his magnificent palaces and gardens, was hidden from the sight of his people's suffering. The day of reckoning was deferred, but only deferred, and it was found that when the king died and left his absolute, one-will system of rule to be administered by a corrupt regency, which delivered up its power afterwards to a weak and indolent king, the game of Richelieu and Mazarin was played out. The people got to know their strength, to call themselves the Sovereign People, and to act accordingly. Louis le Grand, the "Grand Monarque," was the last veritable king of France. Upon his successors fell the Revolution, and out of the Revolution came the Empire.

LESSONS IN LATIN.-XXXVI.
DEVIATIONS IN THE SECOND CONJUGATION.

MANY verbs of the second conjugation are without supines;
such are, horreo, I am stiff; paveo, I fear; floreo, I flourish.
1. Perfect, -UI; Supine, -TUM.

i. Arceo, arcere, arcui (no supine), to keep off, restrain. Artus or arctus, the passive participle of arceo, is used as an adjective in the sense of restrained, close, tight; connected with artus, -us, a joint. The compounds of arceo, in which the a passes into e, are formed like moneo; as, coerceo, coercere, coercui, coercitum, to hold together, hold in, keep back.

ii. Doceo, docere, docui, doctum (with 2 acc.), to teach.
iii. Miscere, misceri, miscui, mixtum or mistum (with dat.),

to mix.

iv. Teneo, tenere, tenui (tentum in compounds), to hold. v. Torreo, torrere, torrui, tostum, to dry, parch, toast. The student may here advantageously stop a moment, in order to compare his Latin with his English. Obviously in horreo horridus), we have our horrid; in floreo, our flower; in coerceo, our coerce and coercion; in moneo, our monition, monitor, and admonition; in doceo, our doctor; in misceo, our mix; in teneo, our tenet; and in torreo, our torrid and our toast: to such an extent do the Latin and the English agree. These facts lie on the surface. An acquaintance with philology would disclose other facts. Thus, our teach is the same word as the Latin docere; and the two are found in the Greek didaskein; thus, teach, doce, dasc, have a common origin and a common import.

2. Perfect in -UI; Supine in -UM.

Only one verb. Censeo, censere, censui, censum, to give an pinion, estimate, take the census, to judge.

Thus are the compounds formed: recenseo, I go over, investijate, revise, has recensitum as well as recensum; percensere, to go through, recount, has no supine.

3. Perfect in -EVI; Supine in -ETUM.

i. Deleo, delere, delevi, deletum, to destroy.

ii. Flere, to weep.

iii. Nere, to spin.

Cio, cire, civi, citum (never citum), follows the fourth conjugation. The compounds of the above follow the forms of the simple verbs, as, concieo, -ière (rare), -ivi, -ĭtum; concio, -ire, -itum; excieo, -iēre, -īvi, -ĭtum; excio, -ire, -ivi, -itum; percieo, -ière (rare), -īvi, -ĭtum; percio, -ire, -ivi, -itum; accieo, -ière, -īvi, -ĭtum; and accio, accire, accivi, accitum. Cieo means to stir up; concieo, to arouse; excieo, to call forth; percieo, to arouse thoroughly; accieo, to fetch; and accio, to call to, send for.

Aboleo is in signification somewhat curious. Its root, oleo (olo), means to grow; hence, adoleo, to flourish in growth; and adolescens, a young man, age during the period of growth. By the force of the prefix ab, from, the verb aboleo denotes to be checked in growth, then to grow down, and so to perish or to destroy. I have said above that the word does not belong to the Augustan age. This is as much as to say that the word is not of the purest Latin source. Three ages may be distinguished in Roman literature, the pre-Augustan, the Augustan, the postAugustan: the first comprising the writers who lived before the age of the first Roman emperor, namely, Augustus (B.c. 63A.D. 14); the second, those who lived during that age; and the third, those who lived after that age. In the second class stand Cæsar, Cicero, Virgil, Sallust, Livy, and Horace. Undoubtedly these are very great names. But why should Lucretius be made light of, because he lived before, or Tacitus, because he lived after the days of Augustus? And is Cornelius Nepos, on the ground that he flourished in the middle of the period, preferable to Suetonius, because he wrote when the period had run out? In truth, the distinction is to some extent arbitrary, as well as indefinite, and it has been made to pass for more than it is worth. These remarks, however, are made to explain what is meant by the Augustan age, rather than to question its propriety or disparage its worth. Beyond a question, during that age lived and wrote Roman authors whose style is the model. But, because they are excellent, it by no means ensues that other good writers are not of authority. However, this classification is far better than that which it has superseded, and which divided the Roman writers into those of the iron, those of the brazen, those of the silver, and those of the golden age. Having taken a little refreshment in a topic of general interest, we must

now resume our verbal studies.

4. Perfect in -1; Supine in -TUM.

The short vowel of the stem is lengthened in the perfect:-
i. Căveo, căvére, cavi, cautum, to guard against (ab. aliquo).
ii. Făveo, făvere, fāvi, fautum (rare), to be favourable, to favour
(takes the dative).

iii. Foveo, fovere, fōvi, fötum, to warm, cherish, nurse.
iv. Moveo, mŏvere, mōvi, mōtum, to move.

v. Vŏveo, vŏvere, võvi, võtum, to vow.

The ensuing have no supine:
:-

vi. Ferveo, fervere, fervi, to be hot, boil.

vii. Paveo, pavēre, pāvi, to dread (expavescere is more common). viii. Conniveo, connivere, to close the eyes, wink.

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EXERCISE 133.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit. 2. Gravitas modestia mista maxime admirăbilis est. 3. Tot, tantisque negoliis distentus

iv. Complere (and other compounds of the obsolete plere), sum, ut mihi non liceat libère respirare. 4. Nescisne quot labores,

to fill.

V. Aboleo (from the obsolete oleo, I grow), to abolish, forms in the supine abolitum. This verb does not occur until after the Augustan age.

vi, Cieo, ciere, civi, cîtum, to arouse, slightly differs from the

quot pericula, quot miserias milites in itinere sustinuĕrint? 5. Si virtus te a malis cupiditatibus arcăerit, vita tua beāta erit. 6. Cicero per legatos cuncta doctus, prætoribus imperavit, ut in ponte Allobroges

deprehenderent. 7. Ne animi se admisceant hominum vitiis. 8. Bonis

facilis ascensus est in cœlum. 9. Quo minus animi se admiscuerint atque

implicaverint hominum vitiis atque erroribus, eo facilior illis ascensus

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EXERCISE 134.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Cicero was instructed in all arts by Minerva. 2. The citizens have vowed six temples (to be built) at the public expense. 3. They have consecrated a temple to Venus. 4. The mother cherishes her infant. 5. The mother always will cherish her children. 6. The wives cherished their husbands. 7. The slaughter of the troops raised great weeping in the city. 8. I know not what labours thou hast sustained. 9. You know not what labours I have sustained. 10. Thy father has kept thee away from vice. 11. Give thanks to thy father because he kept thee away from evil. 12. Let not your mind mix itself with (dat.) the cares of this life. 13. I have cherished great love in thy breast. 14. Great love towards thee has been cherished in my breast. 15. Who moved (caused) this war? 16. The generals of the enemy moved this war. 17. Thy excited mind will never be stilled. 18. Blot out those words. 19. He has blotted out the history of his reign. 20. Evil deeds are not easily blotted out. 21. Thy father gave it as his opinion that wickedness should be blotted out.

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"Pejor magister te ista docuit, non ego."-Plautus.

Lit. Trans. :-"Worse master thee those things taught, not I. Id. Trans.:-"A worse master taught thee those things, not I." "Is reliqua frustra docetur."-Quintilian.

Lit. Trans. :-"He the rest in vain is taught."

Id. Trans:-" He is taught (attempted to be taught) the rest in vain." Docere may have an ablative with de; for example"Præmittit ad Boios, qui de suo adventu doceant."-Casar.

Lit. Trans. :-"He sends before him to the Boii, who of his coming should teach."

Id. Trans. :-"He sends before him to the Boii persons to inform them of his approach."

The instrument or object on which a person receives instruction is put in the ablative case.

VOCABULARY.
Grammatica, -æ., f., Latina lingua, -æ, the
Latin.

grammar.

Causa, -æ, f., a cause.
Græca lingua, -æ, f.,
the Greek language. Judex, -icis, a judge.
EXERCISE 135.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

Musica, e, f., music.

1. Doce me quo modo ea effugere possim. 2. Non literas accepi quæ me docerent quid ageres. 3. Fratris causam te docui. 4. Causam rei docendus est judex. 5. De injuriis Augusti docet judices pater ejus. 6. Docebit avunculus de itinere tuo. 7. Studiosos discendi docere est æquum et jucundum. 8. Invideo magistro tuo qui te tantâ mercede nihil sapere docuit. 9. Multos discipulos linguam Latinam doceo. 10. Græce loqui docendus sum. 11. Filiam meam docuit fidibus. 12. Doceant eum equo, armisque. 13. Mene docebis Græcam linguam ? 14. Musicam doce hos meos filios. 15. Literas te libens docebo.

EXERCISE 136.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Teach me how I may do you good. 2. They will teach thy daughter grammar. 3. I have taught my wife to speak Latin. 4. They teach me (to play) on the lyre. 5. He has been taught Latin. 6. Teach them to speak Greek. 7. I have been taught many things by my father. 8. They are taught music by my sister. 9. I know not what I shall teach you concerning the event of the war. 10. The boys must be taught Latin. 11. I have been taught to speak Greek (Græce loqui). 12. Many pupils have been taught Latin by me.

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plagis, liberaret. Quo facto, milvius liberatus murem arripuit et devoravit. Hæc fabula ostendit, quam gratiam mali pro beneficiis 7 reddere soleant.

8

This is another of Esop's fables, which will afford you some practice in translating Latin into English as well as in parsing.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN.-XXXV. EXERCISE 129.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Who comes? 2. The door creaked. 3. The lender violently abused the soldiers. 4. The whole city resounded with the voices of citizens exulting on account of the victory gained over the enemies. 5. Come, let us go to lie down. 6. The Romans by their arms com pletely subdued many tribes and nations. 7. We are taught by the authority and command of the laws to possess regulated desires, and to restrain all passions. 8. Great springs of water gushed forth from the fountain. 9. The wise men of the Indians devote themselves to the flames. 10. The wise men of the Indians are burnt without a groan. 11. The wise men of the Indians, when they have devoted themselves to the flames, are burned without a groan. 12. Cicero applied himself to (studied under) Molon the philosopher. 13. The wise man endeavours to unfold the involved idea of his mind. 14. When you have laid open the history of the times, you will find many examples both of virtues and vices. 15. When the city was taken, every place on all sides sounded with the lamentations of women and children. 16. We are frightened when it has thundered in calm weather. We strive after what is forbidden. 18. Augustus forbad the poems of Virgil to be burned. 19. Augustus forbad the poems of Virgil to be burned in opposition to the modesty of his (Virgil's) will,

EXERCISE 130.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

17.

1. Forium cardines crepuerunt. 2. Mater filium innocentem increpuit. 3. Milites per totam noctem excubuere. 4. Nauta hostium classem domabunt. 5. Ad Ciceronem me applicabo. 6. Veto te ad Aristotelem te applicare. 7. Nitêmur in vetitum. 8. Tota domus hominum gemitibus ægrorum sonuit. 9. Urbs armis sonat. 10. Jupiter nutu cæteros Deos domat. 11. Passim gemitus ploratusque sonant. 12. Leonem perdomui.

EXERCISE 131.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. I fear that I have revived your regret and grief by my letter. 2. You are about to revive the past misfortunes of the republic by your wicked deeds. 3. There is no doubt that you will revive the past misfortunes of the republic by your wicked deeds. 4. Tantalus, touching the top of the water, is represented by the poets as tortured by thirst. 5. Do you not know how much that talkative man has tortured me by chattering? 6. Caius Marius, when he was flogged, at the first forbad that he should be bound, and no one before Marius is said to have been flogged unbound. 7. Husbandmen carry the corn, when cut down, into barns. 8. Unless you have restrained your desires, in vain will you endeavour to live happily. 9. Who knows not how much Cicero aided his country? 10. Not only fortune but your industry also has assisted you in your undertaking. 11. If fortune lends our soldiers any aid, we do not doubt that we shall gain a splendid victory over the enemies. 12. The army advanced by long marches to assist the blockaded citizens. 13. Do not sup before you have washed your hands. 14. As you are about to wash your body, fetch pure water from the running stream.

EXERCISE 132.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Pueri, expergiscimini, lavate, et quum lavissetis ad negotium se applicate. 2. Hæ mulieres me garriendo enecuerunt. 3. Non dulito quin hæ mulieres te garriendo enecuerint. 4. Hæ puellæ garrulæ me garrulitate enecabunt. 5. Vetabo filium garrire. 6. Lavistine manus? 7. Age! bene manus prius lava quam accumbes. 8. Nolunt pedes lavare. 9. Patris verbum filium adjuvat. 10. Naves veniunt urbem obsidione cinctam adjūtum. 11. Non est dubium quin ducis exercitus nostri brevi urbem adjuvaturus sit. 12. Secuistine pollicem? 1 Crus secui. 14. Dolorem meum refricuisti. 15. Nolens refricui dolo rem tuum. 16. Fortuna fortem juvat. 17. Servus alligatur. 18. Pater vetat filium alligari.

READINGS IN FRENCH.-XIII.
JACOPO.
SECTION V.

Au plus fort de la mêlée un Russe parvient(a) à quelques pas de Napoléon; il l'ajuste, le coup part (b); mais un soldat s'est précipité devant l'Empereur. Il tombe frappé de la balle qui devait atteindre le grand capitaine. Napoléon a tout vu (c), il donne l'ordre d'enlever le soldat' et de le porter

Na

aux ambulances. Après la bataille, il courut s'informer lui-
mème de ce qu'il était devenu. Le soldat n'était que blessé.
Lorsque l'Empereur parut(d), il sembla avoir oublié sa blessure;7
il leva sur lui des yeux brillant d'un éclat extraordinaire.
poléon l'examine plus attentivement; un souvenir confus lui
rappelle les traits de cet homme. Tout à coup il remarque
dans la main du soldat les débris d'une boîte d'ébène que la
balle, en le frappant, a fracassée(e). Nul doute, c'est Jacopo !
c'est le fils du pêcheur.10 C'était lui, en effet, lui qui n'avait
osé, jusqu'à ce jour," pénétrer jusqu'auprès de celui qui, enfant,
avait été son bienfaiteur; lui qui, ayant pris du service(f) dans
l'armée française, avait au moins voulu 12 combattre pour ce
Napoléon qu'il aimait tant. Toujours il portait sur son cœur13
la boîte que Napoléon lui avait donnée; c'est elle qui avait
amorti1 le coup du soldat russe; c'est elle qui lui avait sauvé
la vie. Napoléon, comme vous le pensez bien, n'en resta (9) pas
là avec Jacopo. Il le plaça dans sa garde 15 et pourvut(h) à son
avancement. Ses bienfaits s'étendirent sur toute la famille,"
et le nom de l'Empereur fut béni.

Le voilà maintenant âne, et non plus ânon ..
Quel bonheur d'être grand! Tout devient(g) jouissance; 5
On est quelqu'un, on peut hausser le ton;
Ce qu'on dit a de l'importance,

Et l'on n'est plus traité comme un petit garçon."?
Ainsi dans sa pauvre cervelle,
Raisonnait un jeune grison,8
Tout en broutant l'herbe nouvelle."
Le jour qu'il désirait à la fin arriva.
Il devint grand, mais il trouva
Qu'il n'avait pas bien fait son compte.10
Lorsqu'il sentit les paniers sur son dos:
"Oh! oh," dit-il, "voici de lourds fardeaux : 11
Mon allure avec eux ne sera pas très-prompte."
À peine achevait-il ce mot,

Qu'un coup de fouet le force 13 à partir au grand trot.
Il vit bien qu'il fallait1 renoncer à l'espoir
De n'agir qu'à son gré du matin jusqu'au soir,
De se complaire(h) en son allure,
Et de dire Je veux à toute la nature.
Grands, petits, pensa-t-il ont chacun leur devoir.15
J'en ai douté dans 16 mon enfance,
Mais je vois trop, que tout de bon (i)
Le courage et la patience

Sont-utiles

à l'âne, encore plus qu'à l'ânon. Moi, mes amis, je crois en somme(j)

Que ce baudet avait raison,(k)

Plus tard, nous retrouverons encore Jacopo. Quand la fortune
se lassa 17 enfin des faveurs qu'elle avait accumulées sur la tête
da conquérant, que, précipité du haut de son trône, elle l'eut
jeté sur le rocher de Sainte-Hélène, 18 une barque cotoya long-
temps les rivages de cette île,19 tandis qu'un vaisseau 20 station-
nait en pleine (i) mer à quelque distance. C'était Jacopo qui
avait résolu de délivrer le prisonnier. Tous ses efforts échoué-
rent contre la surveillance des Anglais. Désespéré, Jacopo
alla s'établir à Sainte-Hélène; 22 il parvint(j) à obtenir l'au-
torisation de servir l'illustre captif. Il assista à son agonie, à Et que ce qu'il pensait peut 18 s'appliquer à l'homme.
sa mort, et jusqu'en 1840, il n'a pas quitté son tombeau.
Lorsque enfin est arrivée l'éclatante réparation faite aux mânes
du grand homme, Jacopo a pu accompagner ses cendres; 23 il
faisait partie du cortège. Aujourd'hui, vous pouvez voir dans
la chapelle des Invalides un vieillard 24 qui, chaque jour, vient
s'agenouiller au pied du tombeau qui contient les dépouilles
mortelles de l'Empereur. C'est Jacopo.

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COLLOQUIAL EXERCISES.

1. L'ânon désirait-il être grand ?
2. Que pensait-il faire?

aller au marché?

3. De quelle manière espérait-il
4. Que croyait-il qu'on dirait de

lui ?

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24. Que voit-on aujourd'hui dans
la chapelle des Invalides ?

NOTES.

(g) N'en resta pas là, did not confine
his gratitude to this.

(h) From pourvoir.

(i) Pleine, open.

(j) From parvenir.

L'ANON.

OH! quand je serai(a) grand(b), que je m'amuserai !'
Quel plaisir d'être libre et d'agir à sa tête!

J'irai, je viendrai, je (c)courrai;2

Je veux voir du pays et je voyagerai;
Tous mes jours seront jours de fête
Au lieu de rester là, tristement attaché
Et réduit à brouter dans cette étroite sphère.

Ainsi que mon père et ma mère,3
J'irai fièrement au marché ;

Mes paniers sur mon dos, agitant ma sonnette:
Chacun m'admirera.-" Voyez-vous?" (d) dira-t-on,

"Comme il a l'oreille bien(e) faite !^
Quel jarret ferme(ƒ), et quel air de raison!
C'est une créature, en vérité, parfaite;

(e) Bien faite, well-shaped.

lui

"12

JUSSIEU.

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12. Que dit-il aussi de son allure?

13. Qu'arriva-t-il lorsqu'il achevait ce mot ?

14. Que vit-il alors ?

15. Quelles furent ses pensées ?
16. Que dit-il de ses doutes d'an-
trefois ?

17. Que dit-il à l'égard du courage
et de la patience?

18. Quelle morale l'auteur tire-t-il de cette fable ?

NOTES.

(g) From derenir.

(h) Se complaire, to admire himself.

(i) Tout de bon, in good earnest. (j) En somme, finally.

(ƒ) Quel jarret ferme, what a firm (k) Avait raison, was right.
step.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH.
EXERCISE 148 (Vol. II., page 387).

12.

1. Avez-vous défendu à mon cousin de parler au jardinier? 2. Je ne lui ai pas défendu de lui parler. 3. Mme, votre mère a-t-elle commandé au jardinier d'arroser ses roses? 4. Elle lui a commandé de les arroser. 5. A-t-il oublié de le faire ? 6. Il a négligé de le faire; il ne l'a pas oublié. 7. Quelle voie prendrez-vous pour aller à Paris ? 8. Je vous conseille de prendre la voie du chemin de fer. 9. Avezvous dit à M. votre fils de prendre la voie du bateau à vapeur ? 10. Non, Monsieur, je lui ai dit de prendre la diligence. 11. Votre frère n'a-t-il pas tort de négliger de faire une visite à son beau-frère? Il a tort de le négliger. 13. Ce jeune Allemand ne brûle-t-il pas de lire cette lettre ? 14. Il brûle de continuer ses études. 15. Vous proposezvous de lui confier cet argent? 16. Je me propose de le lui confier. 17. Négligez-vous de lui reprocher ses fautes ? 18. J'évite de les lui reprocher. 19. Avez-vous menacé de punir votre fils? 20. J'ai menacé de le frapper. 21. Ne manquez pas de présenter mes compli ments aux amies de ma sœur. 22. Je n'y manquerai pas. 23. Avezvous refusé de lui vendre des marchandises? 24. J'ai refusé de lui vendre des marchandises à crédit. 25. Quello voie me conseillez-vous de prendre? 26. Je vous conseille de prendre la voie du chemin de fer. 27. Lui défendez-vous de venir ? 28. Je lui ai défendu d'écrire. 29. Avez-vous manqué de payer votre jardinier? 30. Je n'ai pas manqué de le payer. 31. J'ai oublié de vous payer. 32. Ne négligez pas de m'écrire. 33. Dites-lui d'aller trouver mon père. 34. Ne cessez pas de travailler. 35. Dites-lui de venir la veille de Noël. 36. Je lui ai dit de venir le lendemain.

LESSONS IN BOOKKEEPING.-XIII.

THE JOURNAL.

BEFORE entering on this lesson it will be advisable for the student to refer to, and read over carefully, Lesson V. (Vol. II., page 276), in which the nature and purport of the Journal and the points in which it differs from the Day Book are fully described. It may be as well to state, for facilitating reference, that in the same lesson will be found a description of all the subsidiary books that are generally used in the merchant's counting-house, etc.

The Journal, as we have before remarked, is no longer what its name denotes, a Day Book; but is now used, in Double Entry, as a book for collecting all the transactions of business for a given period into a focus, previous to their being entered in the Ledger. In an ordinary business, where the transactions are neither too numerous nor too complicated, the formation of this book from the various subsidiary books of the concern, may

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take place only once a month; and then with reference to time, as we formerly observed, it might be called the Month-Book; and in the same way, according to the regular intervals when this collective book is made up, it might be called Weck-Book, or even Day-Book. The best name, however, which could be given to it, would be one indicative of its actual use, without reference to time; we have already suggested the name SubLedger, and we may now propose a name which would, perhaps, be more accurate and distinct, as regards the method in which it is made up, and the connection which it has with the Ledgerwe mean the GENERAL POSTING BOOK. Some of our students who are, no doubt, keen business-men, and are on the alert to discover any improvements that can be made in Bookkeeping, in order to shorten their labour and produce more accurate re sults, or rather to effect less frequent liability to error, will, i they have gone with us thus far, propose some shorter or mữê pointed name than the preceding; for once, therefore, we leave this subject in their hands.

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JOURNAL.

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