t

Pompey; after by Augustus added to Herod's tetrarchy; it was wasted by the Jews, in the beginning of their rebellion; when by many massacres of their nation they were enraged against their borderers.

The next city of note, but of more ancient fame, is u Edrehi, or Edrai, wherein Og king of Basan chiefly abode when Moses and Israel invaded him; and near unto this his regal city it was that he lost the battle and his life. It stood in St. Jerome's time, and had the name of Adar, or Adara. Not far from these towns near Jordan, in this valley, stood Gerassa, or Gergessa, inhabited by the Gergesites, descended of the fifth son of Canaan. Of these Gergesites we read Matt. viii. 28. that Christ coming from the other side of the lake of Tiberias, landed in their coasts; where casting the devils out of the possessed, he permitted them to enter into the herd of hogs: in which story, for Gergesites, or Gergesins, St. Luke and St. Mark have Gadarens; not as if these were all one, (for Gergessa, or Gerassa, is a distinct town in these parts from Gadera,) but the bounds being confounded, and the cities neighbours, either might well be named in this story. This city received many changes and calamities, of which Josephus hath often mention. For besides other adventures, it was taken by L. Annius, lieutenant to Vespasian, and 1000 of the ablest young men put to the sword, and the city burnt. In the year 1120 it was rebuilt by Baldwin king of Damascus; and in the same year recovered by Baldwin de Burgo, king of Jerusalem, and by him utterly razed. Near unto Gerasa is the village of Magedan, or, after the Syriac, Magedu, or, after the Greek, Magdala, where the Pharisees and Sadducees, Matt. xv. desired of our Saviour a sign from heaven; the same place, or some adjoining to it, which y St. Mark calleth Dalmanutha. By the circumstances of which story it appears that this coast lay between the lake of Tiberias and the country of Decapolis. Brochard makes both these places to be one, Joseph. Bell. Jud. 2. c. 19.

u of another Edrehi in Nephtalim, see Josh. xix. 37. Deut. iii. 1. and 10. item Josh. xiii. 31.

x Mark v. Luke viii.
y Mark viii.

Broch. Itin. 2. Of this Phiale, see in Naph. c. 7. sect. 4. §. 3.

and finds it to be Phiale, the fountain of Jordan, according to Josephus: but this Phiale is too far from the sea of Galilee and from Bethsaida to be either Magdala or Dalmanutha. For, as it appears by the story, not far hence towards the north was the desert of Bethsaida, a where Christ filled 5000 people with the five barley loaves and two fishes.

On the north of this Bethsaida they place Julias, not that which was built by Herod, but the other by Philip, which boundeth the region Trachonitis toward the south. It was sometimes a village, and not long after the birth of Christ it was compassed with a wall by Philip the tetrarch of Ituræa and Trachonitis; and after the name of Julia, the wife of Tiberius, called Julias, as hath been further spoken in the tribe of Gad, where it was noted that b Josephus makes this Julias to be the same as Bethsaida. Upon the east side of the same lake of Tiberias stands Corozaim, or Corazim, of which Christ in Matthew, Wo be unto thee, Corazim.

But the principal city of all these in ancient time was Asteroth, sometime peopled with the giants Raphaim; and therefore the country adjoining called the land of giants, of whose race was Og, king of Basan. In Genesis xvi. 5. this city is called Asteroth of Carnaim, whence 1 Macc. v. 26. it is called simply Carnaim, as Josh. xiii. 21. it is called Asteroth without the addition of Carnaim. The word c Carnaim signifieth a pair of horns, which agree well with the name of their idol Astoreth, which was the image of a sheep, as it is elsewhere noted, that Astaroth in Deut. signifieth sheep. Others, from the ambiguity of the Hebrew, take Karnaim to have been the name of the people which inhabited this city, and expound it Heroes radientes. For of old the Raphæi, which inhabited this city, Gen. xiv. 5.

a Matt. xiv. Mark vi. Luke ix. John vi.

b Joseph. 8. Ant. 3. et alibi.

See chap. 7. sect. 3. §. 2. d Because horn when it is polished shineth; hence it is that the verb of this noun is sometimes lucere; as it

were corneum esse: whereupon the Vulgar, Exod. xxxiv. 19. reading cornutam corneam, or lucidam faciem, gave occasion to the fabulous painters to paint Moses with horns, Judith i. 8. I Cant. v.

were giant-like men, as appears by comparing the words Deut. iii. 11. Og ex residuo gigantum, with the words Josh. xiii. 12. Og ex reliquiis Raphaæorum; but if the Karnaim, or Karnaiim, were these Raphæi, the word would not have been in the dual number; neither would Moses in the place of Genesis have said the Raphæi in Asteroth of the Karnaim, but either the Raphæi in Asteroth of the Raphæi, or some other way fittest for perspicuity; for this naming of both thus in the same clause distinguisheth one from the other.

Not far from Asteroth, Adrichomius out of Brochard and Breidenbachius placeth Cedar in the way out of Syria into Galilee, four miles from Corazin. This city, saith he, is remembered in the Canticles, and in the book of Judith, and there are that of this city understand David in Psalm cxx. and here the sepulchre of Job is yet to be seen, saith Breidenbach.

Now concerning the texts which he citeth, it is so, that the Greek hath Galaad instead of the word Cedar, which the Vulgar doth use in that place of Judith, and joineth Carmel and Galilee. The Canticles, and the 120th Psalm, do rather prove that Kedar was not hereabout, than any way help Adrichomius. For that they speak of Scenitæ Cedareni, it is apparent, and as evident by the place in the Canticles that they were decolores, much more than any under the climates of the land of Canaan; whence Junius out of Lampridius and Pliny placeth them in Arabia Petræa, far from these parts. Touching the sepulchre of Job, it is certain that the Arabians and Saracens (holding those places) feign many things to abuse the Christians, and to get money. Further, it may well be affirmed, that many, if not all the historical circumstances of Job are so obscure, that we should rather by finding his country seek to get some knowledge of him, than by any presumptions founded upon him infer what his country was, and build unto him a city by conjecture.

Of Job himself, whether he were the same Jobab remembered in Genesis xxxvi. descended from Esau, and king also

of Idumæa, though Rupertus, Lyranus, Oleaster, and Bellarmine are of another opinion, yet St. Ambrose, Augustine, Chrysostome, and Gregory, with Athanasius, Hippolytus, Irenæus, Eusebius Emissenus, Apollinaris, Eustachius, and others, cited by St. Jerome in his 126th epistle to Evagrius, take him for the same.

The land of Huts, or Hus, wherein Job dwelt, is from the Greek fous, which the Septuagint use for the word Huts, translated by the Vulgar sometimes Hus, as Job i. 1. sometimes Ausitis, as Jer. xxv. 20. This land is placed by Junius between Palestina and Colesyria, beside Chamatha, or Hamath, under Palmyrene in the country called by Ptolomy Trachonitis, or Bathanæa, the bounds of which countries are confounded with Basan in this half tribe of Manasseh. And that this land of Hus was thus seated, it may in part be gathered out of the place of Jeremiah xxv. 20. where he reckons the Hushites among the promiscuous borderers of the Israelites, whom he therefore calleth promiscuous, or miscellaneam turbam, because their bounds were not only joined, but confounded, and their seigniories mingled one with the other; but of this place the words of Jeremiah, Lam. iv. 21. speaking of the same prophecy, of which he speaketh in the five and twentieth chapter, must needs be expounded; as Junius reads them, distinguishing the land of Hus from Edom: O filia Edomi, ô quæ habitas in terra Hutzi; “O "daughter of Edom, O thou which dwellest in the land of "Hus." Now because the Vulgar doth not so distinguish, but readeth, Filia Edom quæ habitas in terra Hus; "Daughter of Edom which dwelleth in the land of Hus:" hence, as it seems, some of the learned have thought that Job was an Edomite, as we have said, and king of Edom; which if they understand by it Idumæa or Edom, so called in Moses's time, they are greatly mistaken, making this

Rup. Lyran. Oleast. in Gen.Bell. in Com. lib. 1. de Verb. Dei S. Amb. sup: Ep. ad Rom. Aug. de Civit. Dei, 1. 18. c. 4. Chrys. Hom. 2. De patientia Job. Greg. Com. in Job.

f For ou and av are often changed

one into the other: whence thy used Ausitis for Ousitis, &c. Hence also by Junius and others it is called Ausanitis, and so as it seems they read it in the Septuagint. Jun. in Gen. x.

23.

land of Hus to be in Idumæa, Deut. iii. 9. For it is very probable that Esau, when he first parted from Jacob, did not seat himself in Edom, or Seir, which lieth on the south border of Judæa, but inhabited Seir far to the east of Jordan, and held a part of those mountains otherwise called Galaad and Hermon, which by corruption the Sidonians call Shirion, and the Amorites Shenir for Seir, and from this his habitation did Esau encounter Jacob, when he returned out of Mesopotamia, who passed by the very border of Esau's abiding. It is true, that at such time as Moses wandered in the deserts, that the posterity of Esau inhabited Seir to the south of Judæa. For it is like that the Amorites, who had beaten both Ammon and Moab, did also drive the Edomites out of those parts, who thenceforward seated themselves to the south of Judæa, bordering the desert Paran, and stretched their habitations over the desert as far as Hor, where Aaron died.

Now for this Hus, which gave the name to a part of the land of Trachonitis, whether it were Hus the son of Aram, as Junius thinks in his note upon Gen. x. 23. or rather Hus the son of Nachor, Abraham's brother, the question is doubtful. For my part I rather incline to think that it was Hus the son of Nachor; partly because these families of Aram seem long before to have been lost, and partly because in Job xxxii. 2. Elihu, the fourth of Job's friends, which seems to be of Job's own country, is called a 8 Buzite, of Buz, the brother of Hus, the son of Nachor; as also Jer. xxv. in the same continuation (though some other nations named between) where Hus is spoken of, there Buz is also named. Neither doth it hinder our conjecture, that in the place of Job xxxii. Elihu the Buzite is said to be of the family of Ram; (which Junius expounds to be as much as of the family of Aram ;) for that by this Aram we are not to understand Aram the son of Sem, Junius himself maketh it plain, both in his annotation upon the beginning of his book, where he saith that one of Job's friends (which must needs be this

Whence the Septuagint call him ex regione Ausitide.