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the objects of the Divine regard, and that the wrath of man worketh not the righteousness of God."

Sir Richard Hill appears in his latter days to have been of a cooler mind, where he recommended "brotherly love." Had he then been called upon by any junior zealot to anathematize an Arminian, or perhaps even a wider Christian, he would most likely have declined stepping into the judgment-seat of Christ, and would even have given the gentle rebuke to those who know not what man"How shall I ner of spirit they are of. curse whom the Lord hath not cursed? How shall I defy whom the Lord hath not defied?

The memory of the just, of all parties and persuasions, is blessed! Let that of Sir Richard Hill be crowned and cherished with affectionate respect! Jan. 21, 1809,

P.

attach any discredit to your worthy Correspondent for falling into this very ve nial error: Jussieu himself, in joining the Tea to the family of Aurantia, has scarcely improved upon its former arrangement where it was found among the Malvacea; the truth, I believe is, that it belongs to no family as yet established, but most. certainly not to the myrtle.

There are two varieties of the tea cul tivated in our nurseries, known by the names of Green and Bobea; there is not, however, any probability, that the green and bohea teas of the shops are the exclusive product of these varieties. They differ very little from one another, but the green variety is the most hardy: a shrub of this sort stood in the open ground at the late Mr. Gordon's nursery, at Mile End, many years. I agree with Mr. Capel Lofft that in the warmer parts of our island, and more especially on the southern coast of the Isle of Wight, both, varieties would probably thrive, as well as

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. the common myrtle.

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and learned Correspondent, Mr. Capel Lofft, seems to have launched a little out of his latitude, when he proposes to join the Tea-tree to the Genus Myrtus, with which, beyond a little prima facie similitude, it has no natural affinity whatever.

Your's, &c.

THEIPHILUS.

For the Monthly Magazine.

THE DILLETANTI TOURIST,

Or LETTERS from an AMATEUR of art, in LONDON, to a FRIEND near MAN

I

CHESTER.

SHALL not observe much regularity or system in these tours; but pay my visits at the different stations of Art Sometimes as inclination prompts me. musing among the august sculptures of ancient Greece, sometimes among the pictorial beauties of modern Britain, sometimes among the dust of ancient lore, but oftener lounging an hour among the lighter elegancies of art, more like a dilletanti than a professional tourist.

In the flower of the myrtle the germen is inferior, while in the tea it is superior; that is, in the former the calyx, petals, and stamens are all inserted into the crown of the germen; in the latter these parts are inserted below the germen-circumstances of the first importance to be attended to in arranging plants according to their natural affinities. The fruit of the myrtle is a berry, that of the tea a dry capsule of three cells, or rather three capsules united; the former crowned with the persistent calyx, the latter hav. ing the calyx at its base. Besides these characters taken from the fructification, the myrtle has opposite, the tea alternate leaves. The myrtle belongs to a very large, and very natural and easily defined family, all of which are more or less aromatic. The tea-tree has very little affinity with any plant cultivated in our gar dens, except with the Camellia, to which it is indeed very closely allied; and both these plants are void of all aromatic quality, being in their recent state highly

nauseous.

I would not be thought, however, to

I was yesterday at the Museum of Lord Greek Sculptures belonging to Elgin, who has enriched his country with an unrivalled and invaluable collection; brought together with a princely munificence. In a few days I shall visit Mr. Thomas Hope's Collection, in which are some of the finest fictile vases, that have descended to us from the ancient world. And I am just returned from the Townley Gallery, which shall, by your desire, principally engross the subject of my letters, till I have conducted you through this great national museum of antique art.

You may by this sketch of my erratic tours, perceive how delightfully my mind is employed, and how luxuriously

I revel

I revel and indulge my mental appetite on the choicest morceaux of the plastic arts. In pacing the rooms of the Townley Gallery, oftentimes alone, and happily uninterrupted, my mind enjoys her rich repast. Abstracted from all the cares of the present moment, I am no longer an inhabitant of modern times, I am an unknown, an invisible spectator of the ancient world. I fancy myself contemporary with Phidias, with Myron, with Scopas, with Agesander, with Apelles, with Alcamenes; I fancy myself a sub. ject of Alexander the Great, orof Pericles, instead of an humble citizen of the British isles; I indulge in reveries, I join the applauding testimonies of an enlightened nation, at the first exposure to public view of the inimitable Laocoon; I am among the first in congratulating Agesander on his success; I join the illustrious Athenians in the important task of deciding the claims of Alcamenes of Athens, and Agoracritus of Paros, whose rival skill was exerted in finishing a statue of Venus; and exult as if I were really a citizen of Athens, in finding the palm of merit adjudged by the Athenians to their own citizen.

Taking up my description of the Townley Collection of Antiquities, where I concluded my last, we enter the third room, which is appropriated to Greek and Roman sculptures. The walls are embellished with basso-rilievos of larger size than in the first room. In the centre of a very fine one (No. 3) is a pilaster pedestal, supporting a vase, the handles of which are composed of griffins' heads. There are several mythological symbols represented on this monument, which are peculiarly valuable as illustrations of the ancient poets and historians.

The museum is fortunate in having several representations of that much disputed figure, the Indian Bacchus ;—No. 3, No. 14, No. 47, and No. 75, in the first room; No. 4, No. 17, No. 19, No. 27, No. 29, No. 30, in this, &c. being all representations either in basso rilievo, busts, or terminal figures, of this bearded deity. The one before me (No. 4) is

a

basso-rilievo of large dimensions, representing the Indian Bacchus received as a guest by Icarus. The Indian Bacchus is neither the fat jolly boy of Anacreon, nor the beautiful youth of the Greek sculptors, but is a colossal ve-. nerable old man, with a majestic beard, and a profusion of hair, which, as well as the beard, is very carefully and formally arranged in curls; he is clothed

from head to foot, in immense folds of drapery, which leave him but his right hand at liberty. By referring to Mr. Thomas Hope's, elegant publication of his Designs for Household Furniture, you will find se veral engravings of antique busts of this deity in his possession. In the Napoleon Museum at Paris there is a very fine statue of this god, of Pentelican marble, drest like the one in this example, which for a long time was considered to be a statue of Sardanapolus, the infamous king of Assyria, because his name was inscribed in Greek characters on the folds of his garment; but it has been discovered that the inscription is of a much later date than the statue. The sagacity of the celebrated Winckelmann, was even imposed upon before this discovery; and not finding any traits of the Assyrian Sardanapolus in the statue, he searched in vain for some other of the name. learned Abbe Visconti, who is keeper of the statues, had the honour of restoring, by this important discovery, to the god of the East, his long lost property in this statue. But I am intruding into the Napoleon Museum without a passport, and at a time I should be in the British; therefore, to return from this digression, several of these tablets have the holes through them that I alluded to in a for mer letter, which I there supposed was for the purpose of suspending them as studies for their disciples in the rooms of the ancient artists.

The

Next to this is an exquisitely designed basso-rilievo in marble (No. 5), which appears to have been a funeral monument to a father and his two sons, who are in Roman dresses. The attendant figures are the guardian divinities of the family. The inscription, which was in Greek, is unfortunately very nearly obliterated. At a small distance is a very fine one (No. 9.) which was divided by the artist into three compartments. In the upper division, the infant Jupiter is represented riding on the Amalthean goat; in the middle, a triton is seizing a bull by the horns; and in the lower, two men are carrying a hog towards an elevated spot of ground to be sacrificed.

A fine Bacchanalian groupe of three figures (No. 12) is deserving attention; the first figure is a Bacchante playing on a tambourin; the second, a Faun playing on the double pipe; and the third, an intoxicated Faun holding a thyrsus, which has been for time immemorial an attribute of Bacchus. Its origin may be dated from the conquest of India, and it is

It

in fact a lance, the steel point of which
is concealed by the cone of a pine.
was given him in memory of the stratagem
which was employed against the Indians
by his orders when he marched against
them; arming his followers with pikes
or lances, whose points were thus con-
cealed, and the stems covered with
leaves and stalks of ivy, advancing in
apparent disorder, assuming the appear-

ance of

Midnight shout and revelry,
Tipsy dance and jollity.

rather than of

of a groupe, (No 31) of two boys fighting, one of which remains entire, with part of the arm of the other grasped in both hands, which he is biting. They appear to have quarrelled at the game of the talus, described by Ovid, as appears by one of those bones called tali, remaining in the hand of the figure, which is destroyed. A singular Greek inscription upon a circular shield (No. 36), containing the names of the Ephebi of Athens, under Alcamenes, when he held the office of Milton's Comus. Cosmetes. A fine bronze head of Homer (No. 39), presented by the late Lord Exeter. But one of the most valuable documents of ancient times, is a Greek sepulchral monument (No. 41), that was presented to the museum by Sir Joseph Banks, and the Hon. A. C. Frazer. The basso-rilievo in front represents a trophy, on one side of which stands a warrior, and on the other a female figure, feeding a serpent, which is twined round the trunk of a tree, on which the trophy is erected. On the right of these figures is the fore part of a house. An inscription on the top of this monument contains a list of names, probably of those who fell in some engagement. And a statue of Acteon, attacked by his dogs, in the finest style of sculpture.

I have now presented you with a brief sketch of the contents of three of the rooms of this magnificent collection of antiquities, and shall take the earliest opportunity of continuing my description. Till then, adieu.

An host angelic, clad in burning arms. Home's Douglas. This emblem (the thyrsus) is used by the ancients in all representations of Bacchus, Ariadne, and Bacchanalian subjects. Neither must I omit the next (No. 13) a beautiful personification of Victory offering a libation to Apollo Musagetes, which was formerly in the collection of Sir William Hamilton. The Greeks in the days of Homer had not personified this goddess: she first arose from the prolific imagination of Hesiod. According to an ancient scholiast on the works of Aristophanes, the father of Bupalus, who lived in the fifty-third Olympiad, was the first who added wings to the figures both of Victory and Cupid; and according to the other writers Agla ophon of Thasus was the first who thus represented the former of these deities, whose example has been followed by every posterior artist. Among the isolated sculptures in this room most worthy of notice, if I may be allowed the judgment of selection, are a statue of the goddess For- To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. tune (No. 18), a singularly well carved votive statue of a man (No. 21), who is carrying a round leathern bucket, suspended from his left arm. The costume is excellently displayed, and is an invaluable acquisition to the antiquary and the painter. The head is covered with a conical bonnet, and a dolphin is placed behind as a support to the figure. A very beautiful statue of Venus (No. 22.) A superlatively fine unknown head (No. 23) which the Synopsis of the museum During a residence of some few years supposes to be of a Titan. It is highly in a flinty part of Buckinghamshire, it animated, and is looking upwards, apparently in great agitation. was impossible not to make some obserA Votive vations on a species of stone,which every statue (No 25,) an excellent companion where presented itself to my notice, and It is an elderly man holding a which I have at length decided within my hasket of fish in his left hand. own breast, to be a modification of calthe terminus of the bearded Bacchus careous earth. To this conclusion I have (No. 29) six feet high. The remains been led by a number of remarks, for the

M.

to 21.

An en

SIR, FEEL induced from the wide circulation of your miscellany, to communicate to the public my observations and sentiments with respect to the common flints of this country. These, though few, and perhaps erroneous, may serve the purpose of directing to this subject, the attention of men furnished with che mical apparatus, and abounding in leisure for the prosecution of such inquiries.

most

most part unconnected with chemical research; a circumstance, which, though it may invalidate my deductions, cannot render the facts less certain, or the object of my inquiry less interesting. These remarks, which I must leave to the chemist to corroborate, are as follows:

1. The common flint is never found, as

far as I can learn, but in the vicinity

of

chalk, in which it lies bedded.

2. I have always observed it running in dark horizontal veins along a deep bed of chalk, as if introduced by water and above and below it, is a tinge of a rusty red, frequently seen, as though produced by an oxidation of iron.

3. I have now in my possession a number of hollow spherical flints, more or less filled with chalk in the inside, and with a calcareous incrustation more or less hard, on the outside, but always increasing in hardness, as it approaches the coat of flint. Some of them are solid Bint, but with the same incrustation.

4. Flints are never found with angular surfaces, but have their prominences all circular, or approaching to it. There appears an irregular crystallization in them, as if effected by a portion of water, confined in a bed of chaik, and producing, like water thrown in small quantities amongst flour, a variety of forms more or less round.

5. I have a number of white opaque flints, in which the colour of chalk is retained, and in which there are cavities containing chalk, but the formation of flint is in other respects completed.

6. In some specimens may be traced the several gradations from a state of pulverulent calcareous earth, to the dark transparent substance of which gunflints are made, proceeding in distinct coatings, progressively harder, as they advance to the state of black flint.

7. I have a fossil echinus, found in a chalk-pit, which upon breaking, proved to be a complete flint, with a very slight edge of white incrustation.

From the above observations, I am led to believe, that flints of this class are formed, merely by the accession of water to a bed of chalk. Whether the union of the carbonic acid gas with the constituent gases of the water, or whether any adventitious matter may have been introduced by the water in the state of solution, or attenuation, I have not time or means to inquire. I must leave it likewise to others to ascertain the accarate results, after a volaulization of

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SIR,

Amanifests a considerable degree of Correspondent in your last number

curiosity with respect to the comparative merits of Mr. Malthus's, and Dr. Jarrold's theories on population. I cannot pretend to decide this question, not having seen Dr. Jarrold's work: but having lately read a reply to the Essay on Population, in a series of letters, and thinking it a matter of some interest to the public to have the subject of Mr. Malthus's reputation fully canvassed, I have brought together in one view the chief objections insisted on by this anonymous writer, and leave it to some friend or admirer of Mr. Malthus to answer them.-The whole controversy reduces itself to the following considerations.

1. Whether the Extract from Wallace's "Prospects of Mankind," &c. quoted by the author in second letter, is a fabrication of his own, or whether it is not to be found in the work from which it professes to be taken ?

2. Whether that extract does not com pletely overturn every pretension in Mr. Malthus to the discovery of a new principle in hunian nature, incompatible with any great degree of improvement in gos vernment or morals? Or whether Wallace has not both stated the principle of the disproportion, between the power of increase in population, and the power of increase in the means of subsistence, which is the basis of Mr. M.'s system, and whether he has not drawn the very same inference from it that Mr. Malthas has done, viz. that vice and misery are necessary to keep population down to the level of the means of subsistence?

3. Whether the idea of a geometrical and arithmetical series, by which Mr. M. is supposed to have furnished the precise rule, or calculus, of the disproportion between food and population, is not strictly inapplicable to the subject; inasmuch as in all new and unpeopled countries cultivation may go on increasing in a geometrical ratio, while there is an opportunity of occupying fresh tracts of soil, according to the increased demands of population; and, on the other hand, in all old and fully peopled countries must

be

be stationary, or nearly so, as it is in possible that the same spot of ground should produce more and more every year, by additions of the same equal quantity? Whether the finding out a rate of increase for a thing, by which it never does increase, but always in a ratio either greater or less, is to be considered as philosophical discovery; and whether the laying down an arbitrary and fanciful illustration, as a fundamental theorem, must not rather tend to perplex and confound, than to explain the subject?

4. Whether the citing of parish registers and bills of mortality, merely to illustrate a general principle, without adding any thing to it, even though a man should fill a folio volume with them, entitles him to the character of an original discoverer in philosophy?

5. Whether, if Mr. Malthus has not arrogated to himself more originality than he possessed, his admirers have not done so for him, and rendered it necessary that his pretensions in this respect should be strictly inquired into?

6. Whether the whole tenor and scope of Mr. Malthus's first edition, which was to overturn all schemes of human perfectibility from the sole principle of population, does not involve a direct con

Food, as well as population, that is to say, all vegetables and all animals, as well as man, increase in a geometrical ratio, and most of them in one much higher than man. It is not the want of power in the principle of production, but the want of room that confines the means of subsistence within such

narrow limits. As long as it has room to increase and multiply, a seed of corn will propagate its species much faster than man.This circumstance, though noticed by Frank lin, seems to have been overlooked by the author of the Essay. The principle which determines the quantity of the means of subsistence, therefore depends on the room they have to grow in, and thus keep pace with the progress of human life. And hence it follows, that the fundamental difference, between the power of increase in the principle of population and the means of subsistence, cannot be expressed by a geometri£al and arithmetical series, unless we suppose the space assigned for the production of food, and the spread of vegetation, that is, the size of the whole earth itself, to have been originally no larger than to supply the immediate wants of the first inhabitants, and that this space had been gradually enlarging itself ever since, and would continue to do so, by perpetual additions of a certain arithmetical quantity yearly.

tradiction? For was it not the object of Mr. M.'s Essay to shew, that if ever it should so happen, that mankind were to become superior to every gross and selfish motive, and to regulate their whole con duct by the dictates of wisdom and virtue, so that the checks to population from vice and misery should cease, they would immediately lose all power of/ control over this principle; and, from the most perfect order, virtue, and happiness nothing but famine, confusion, and unexampled vice and misery could ensue? Is not this to say, that, if mankind were governed entirely by rational metives, they would have no effect on them at all; that in proportion as we have more command over our passions, we shall have less; and that whenever it shall come to pass, that the community in general are actuated solely by a regard to the consequences of their actions, that then they will immediately and infallibly rush headlong to destruction?

7. Whether a writer, who can betray such a want of logic as to have composed a work on this confusion of ideas, can be implicitly relied on in other matters, particularly of an abstruse and metaphysical nature? Or whether Mr. Malthus may plead in his own defence, that he was led hastily to adopt this error by his too great admiration of the speculations of Wallace, being but the dupe of another man's sophistry?

8. Whether the two following points are not fully and repeatedly established, though in a loose and desultory manner, and mixed up with a good deal of levityand some digressions, in the reply to the Essay on Population, and whether they do not go to the foundation of Mr. M.'s system namely,

First, That if we admit (as Mr. Malthus formerly contended), that vice and misery are the only checks to population, that then very new and impor tant consequences will undoubtedly follow from his theory, but that the position, from which these extraordinary consequences are to follow, viz. that vice and misery are the only checks Malthus's own acknowledgement) utterly to population, is in itself (by Mr. false, unfounded, and paradoxical.-Se condly, that if we adopt the improved doctrine of the later editions, and say, that not vice and misery alone, but vice, misery, and moral restraint, or pradential motives, taken together, are the only checks to population, that this indeed is true, but that, with this qualification, none

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