22, to C. Julius Primigenius; No. 23, to Lucretia; and No. 44, to Isidorus. Among the most singular of these sepulchral antiquities, are two earthen ollæ (No. 6) placed in the manner of those which contained the ashes of the slaves, and the inferior orders of the Roman people. The monumental inscription in front of these ancient relics of Roman customs, records the names of Anniolena Maxima, and Servilia Irene. No. 12, is a sepulchral vase, found near Naples. This ancient city and Pisa both had cemeteries of such magnitude and elegance of construction, that they might be taken as models of such structures. The disposition or arrangement of the great cemetery of Naples, where this vase was found, had particular reference to salubrity. It was a vast enclosure, hollowed into as many subterraneous apartments as there were days in the year, presenting three hundred and sixtyfive openings, arranged symmetrically round its superfices. Every opening was enclosed by a stone, and every catacomb only opened once in the year, on the day of which opening all the dead who were to be buried on that day were deposited; and by putting lime into coffins, the bodies were consumed, or their more putrescent parts decayed, before the annual opening of that catacomb, The cemetery of Pisa, called the Campo Santo, was a celebrated and noble edifice, of a good style of architecture, and one of the most remarkable funereal monuments in Europe. It was projected by Ubaldo, the Bishop of Pisa, in 1200, began in 1218, and finished in 1283. John of Pisa, the most celebrated architect of his time, had the care of this great work, which reflects much honour on his memory as an architect of great ability. It was nearly five hundred feet in length, and eighty in breadth. This cemetery was entirely built of white marble. No. 13, in this room, is a remarkable sarcophagus of good workmanship, representing the lamentation of a family over the dead body of a departed relative. Nos. 21 and 24, are both Etruscan cinerery urns in terra cotta. The basso rilievos on the fronts of both, represent the hero Echetles fighting with a plough share for the Greeks, at the battle of Marathon, and on each of the covers is a recumbent female figure. On the upper part of the latter urn is an Etrus. can inscription in red letters, which was recovered to the world by the zeal and generosity of the late ingenious Sir William Hamilton. According to Fabretti, the cinerarium was the name of a sepulchral edifice; in which conjecture he is supported by Monfaucon, and in the 5th Vol. Plate 4th, he describes a cinerarium of this description. But the true meaning of the word is undoubtedly as here employed by the editors of the Synopsis of the Museum; that is, an urn in which the cineres or ashes of the dead were deposited, as the ossuarium was a vessel in which the bones of the departed were enclosed. The rest of the sepulchral antiquities in this noble collection are equally valuable and interesting to the history of the arts. They serve to point out the names of illustrious men, and shew us how the Romans respected the manes of their departed relatives. One of them is peculiarly interesting; it is a sarcophagus, on the front of which various figures of Cupid and Psyche are represented, perhaps to the memory of a departed virgin on the eve of marriage. The next room is appropriated to Greek and Roman sculptures, as medallions, sarcophagi, bassorilievos, fragments, shields, altars, busts, &c. I shall mention a few of the principal, for if I were to enumerate all that are worthy of notice, I should describe every article, and never bring my letters to a close. No. 2 is part of the front of a sarcophagus, representing Achilles among the daughters of Lycomedes. Nos. 1 and 8, are two medallions, representing in profile the bust of an unknown Greek philosopher, of early workmanship and good sculpture. No. 11 is a fine fragment of a magnificent sarcophagus, representing an elderly man with a manuscript roll in his hand, which he is reading, and before him a Muse is standing holding a mask; probably to the memory of a comedian, or dramatic poet. No. 10 is a fragment of a sarcophagus representing Bacchus with a thyrsus in his left hand, and with his right arm thrown over the shoulder of a Faun. Now I am upon the subject of the thyrsus, which I alluded to in my last, I take the` opportunity of mentioning that I have enclosed you herewith an outline sketch of a bacchanal, from the collection of Lord Elgin, which I chose purposely from having the pine-apple head of the thyrsus distinctly represented. No. 12 is remarkable for its representing a bacchanalian procession, forming the front of a sarcophagus. No. 13 is an alto rilievo mas. ARTS DISSERTATION on SUSCITATING PERSONS APPARENTLY SURE to DELETERIOUS VAPOURS COLD. rilievo of the heads of Paris and Helen. basso-rilievo, and an inscription to Isias, No. 14 represents, on the front of a sar- who was a native of Laodicea, and cophagus, several genii, supporting va- daughter of Metrodorus. This valuable rious pieces of armour. On a shield in trophy was brought from Smyrna, and the centre, is an inscription to Sallustius presented to the Museum by Matthew Jasius. No. 19 is a most valuable Duane and Thomas Tyrwhitt, esqrs. Greek inscription, being an engraved I shall now conclude for the present, copy of a decree of the people of Athens, and exclaim, after viewing these august and of the Piræus, in honour of Callida- testimonies of the high perfection of No. 20 is an elegant votive Greek sculpture, with Thomson, statue of Diana triformis of excellent OH GREECE! thou sapient nurse of FINER sculpture, with a dedicatory inscription round the plinth. One very singular Which to bright Science blooming Fancy bore, relic of antiquity, is an altar of Roman Be this thy praise, that thou, and though workmanship. (No. 21) ornamented with alone Egyptian figures, which for singularity, In these hast led the way, in these excell'd, is unequalled in the collection. There is Crown'd with the laurel of assenting Time ! also a beautiful bead of a female Bac Your's, &c. M. chante of early workmanship, and a Greek sepulchral monument of no less For the Monthly Magazine. beauty, with an exquisite basso-rilievo, BEST MEANS of REand an inscription to Mousis, who was a native of Miletus, and daughter of Ar DROWNED, or SUFFOCATED by EXPOgæus. This was also generously given to The Museum, by Thomas Hollis, esq. GASES, und on the EFFECTS of EXTREME No. 32 is a very fine basso-rilievo, representing Priam in the act of supplica " Miseris succurrere disco." ting Achilles to deliver to him the body I labour still to lend the wretched aid." of his son Hector. There are two frag « Latet scintillula forsan." ments of a colossal foot and hand. The statues to which they belonged must THAT season of the year is fast ap. have been of an immense size, and are striking monuments to the skill and enter- place, and every commodious hamlet prise of the ancient artists. Nos. 28 and in the vicinity of the sea, will have its 39 are two singularly elegant figures of visitors. Into the utility of bathing we Victory, with wings, sacrificing a bull. have no design to'enter; but we shall be No. 41 is a triangular base of a small rendering some service to humanity, by candelabruns, which has been the stand pointing out a ready method of applying, for a lamp or other light for burning per- in particular cases of suspended aniniafumes, to scent their apartments, and tion, an agent, as novel as it is efficasometimes, as in this and other examples cious. From ignorance of the means in this noble colleetion (which Homer recomiended by the Humane Society, particularly corroborates) as a species of we may calculate upon a number of unaltar, on which they burned bituminous fortunates,who have been snatched from woods and offered small sacrifices. the bosom of their families, and the No. 42 is a sepulchral cippus, with an circle in which they had usefully inscription to the memory of Viria Pric moved. mitiva. The cippus was a kind of mo- After a person has remained twenty numental grave-stone, or sometimes a minutes under water, there can be no small column to the memory of some par- considerable hope of recovery; yet we ticular event or departed friend. The should never resign the unhappy object form and ornamenting of the sepulchral to his fate, before we have exhausted cippus often imitated the ancient altar, every means of relief. The numbers atand were then consecrated to the infernal tested by the best evidence to have been deities or manes. We olten meet with revived, is so considerable, even in hope representations of Sippi, on coins, me- less cases, that we are eminently cheared dals, and engraved gems. No. 43 is a by it, in executing that amiable task swan in red marble, the plumage and en- which humanity, and the solace of suctire form of which is delicately carved. cess, so urgently press upon our atten The last article that I shall enumerate tion. in my present communication is a beau- The first principle to be attended to tiful Greek sepulchral monument, witb a is, the restoration of natural warmth. TS W on. able pneumatic apparatus, or, what is still better, the nitrous oxide, might be used with still greater advantage; if we calculate upon their effects on the human body being analogous to those they usually produce upon animals that have been drowned, or suffocated, by the deleterious effects consequent to the inhalation of hydrogen gus, carbonic acid, carburetted hydrogen, sulphureous acid guş, nitrous air, or the compounder gases, constituting the chouk and fire damps, with other deleterious vapours. But it is to be lamented, that, however impor tant these means are, and however effi cacious they promise to be, still they are seldom used in aid of other means pro This (though it have not been hereto fore recommended) is best and most speedily accomplished by a tepid bath (of 989 Fahrenheit); for without this temperature, the vital functions cannot go Stimulants have, with this view, been generally applied to the skin and lungs, and even to the intestines. In the last case it is usual to strip the pasient of all his wet clothes, rub him perfectly dry, whilst several assistants are warming blankets; and when dry, he is directed to be laid upon a table, with two blankets under him; a third is wrapt Bound his body, and should be removed, when it loses to any considerable degree its original warmth. This operation is to be repeated, until signs of recovery be-bably at hand, and usually recommended come apparent. While this process goes on, at least four assistants are employed in rubbing the legs and arms. Neutral saline bodies, and especially common salt has been used at the time, and in aid of friction; but if, in a chemical point of view, we are at a loss to see how it operates, most probably warin ashes, or any similar substance, by its mere mechanical power, and tempenature, may answer every purpose. Whilst this is going forward, a dilute sølution of ammonia is applied to his wrists and ancles (for a strong solution of the Aq. ummon. pur. would have a bendency actually to dissolve the epidermis, and even the vera cutis itself, in many cases. The ordinary spirit of hartshorn is consequently often employed; and a feather steeped in it is to be applied every ten minutes to the nos wils; bladders of hot water, in this case, to the feet and armpits have an important value. Others have found much advantage by dipping a blanket into boiling water, wringing the same as dry as possible, and wrapping the patient closely up in it, when undressed. This is recommended to be repeated eveten minutes, for two ΟΙ three ry hours. But whilst these external applications of restoring heat to the body are going forward, internal means of rousing the heart and arterial system to action, must not be neglected This is material, Both with a view to the maintenance of a fit degree of animal heat, and to the support of the nervous system itself. The smoke of tobacco, or other stimulants, applied by way of clyster, and air passed through the nostrils into the lungs, are employed with success occasionally. But oxygenous gas, from a suit in cases of suspended animation. It is desirable, that in every situation where there is a life-boat kept, such an apparatus as would at once yield these valuable gases, should be its companion. It is usual in the injection of the fumes of tobacco, to have a common clyster. bag, and at the other end have a common tobacco-pipe, firmly attached to it. The bowl of the pipe is to be filled with tobacco, and well lighted; then by applying a playing-card, formed in the shape of a funnet, round the bowl of the tobacco-pipe, and blowing with the mouth at the other end, the bag may be filled with smoak; and this may be injected into the intestines, by simply filling and compressing the bag or containing bladder. For throwing air into the lungs, the stem of a common tobaccopipe may answer. This should be introduced into one of the nostrils, and at the same time the other is to be closed by a finger, as well as the mouth. Blow pretty strongly. When the lungs are full, by pressure on the breast the air may be forced from the lungs again. This process should be continued for at least half an hour. It is usual to administer the tobacco-fumes, and the infla tion of the lungs alternately, but there is no good reason, why the operations should not proceed together. And it is recommended, that these processes be persevered in, even for hours, although no signs of life appear. At the same time that we do not deny to these methods their respective portions of merit, we cannot help adverting to the general value of electricity in cases of this nature. But it has been too frequently a subject of regret, that the objection to its employment depends upon the incompatibility of its excita tion, near enough to the spot where the accident may have occurred. We allude to cases of drowning. This has been matter of very sincere regret to the humane, and scientific portion of the community. And it is this circumstance, which has induced us to point out a very ready means of immediately, and in any place, or at any season, presenting effica ciously this powerful and penetrating agent. For as muscular motion is dependent on nervous excitement, in the first instance, and as the heart, and not the brain, is possibly the primum moriens, so the nervous system must be stimulated; and to no stimulus is it so obedient as to the energy of electricity. We would recommend therefore, a Galvanic battery, of at least two hundred series, (any portion, or the whole of which, according to its effects, should be employed.) This apparatus (as the discs of the battery need not be more than two inches square, may be brought to the water's edge in case of drowning. The party should, if dressed, be as soon as possible got into a slipper bath, of the temperature named above: and having put a shilling, to which a brass or other metallic wire is attached, into the mouth, and another to any of the intercostal muscles, or under the armpits, or to the soles of the feet,or indeed any of the more sensible parts of the surface of the body, the other points of the wire being at the same time brought into contact with the two poles, or zinc and copper terminations, of the battery; an action of the whole body is perceptible on contact; and this is to be repeated, which is done after every successive interruption of contact, by the wires. It is to be observed, that, as the diaphragm consents with the olfactory membrane from the sympathy between the nerves distributed upon either, it may be found advisable to present one of the wires to the interior part of the nostril, rather than to the mouth. The energy is increased considerably in consequence; and this is valuable in particular when life has been suspended bythe inhalation of deleterious vapour. Indeed, the system of sympathy, or consent in medicine seems too little attended to, though with Dr. Whytt, we agree, that it is often of the utmost consequence to success in the art of healing. It will frequently be found desirable to apply the influence through the body, by bringing a conducting wire from the copper end of the battery, MGNTHLY MAG. No. 185. to the water under the region of the head, while the patient is in the bath, and another wire from the zinc termination of the battery, to the liquid surrounding the feet, or to touch, if the patient be in a slipper bath, the external part of the bath (it being metallic and hence a conductor of electricity) opposite to where the feet are within. Thus the whole force of the apparatus will be passed through the patient; the animal body being a better conductor than water, of the electrical influences thus excited by the arrangement of Volta. Sneezing is a good symptom, and is often produced immediately by this gal vanic application, to the expulsion of the azotic elastic fluid, which must be got rid of before circulation can be reproduced, and consequently before we are to hope for perfect restoration of the energies of vitality. Indeed the galvanic influence, or this peculiar modification of electricity, produces effects so analogous to those furnished at the instance of the will, that many physiologists have in. dulged themselves in theorizing on this, as synonymous with the supposed nervous fluid itself; and therefore, as, of all other powers, most essential to vitality. If after this, and any other auxiliary means judiciously applied, the party begin to breathe, if his pulse manifest a perceptible return of arterial action, or if the spark of latent vitality otherwise discovers itself, and more especially if the power of deglutition, or swallowing, return, a few table-spoons-full of diluted brandy should be taken. If the breathing be very hard, and the face swelled and livid, six or eight ounces of blood may be taken with advantage. During bleeding, a horizontal position is to be preferred, lest deliquium come on. When matters take this favourable turn, and the patient is in degree recovered, he should be put to bed in warm blankets, his feet kept warm by flannels, with the occasional adhibition of diluted but cordial stimulants. Before we conclude this important topic, we may be permitted, without impropriety, to mention the effect of the warm bath and the galvanic energy, not only in cases of apparent death from hanging or suffocation, from what ever cause, (we mean, however, that these effects are never to be expected to be applied with advantage, in cases of organic lesion,) but also in cases of exposure to extreme cold. For in our own 3 P temperate temperate climate the seasons are often so intensely cold, as to be fatal to those who are unfortunately exposed to their direct severity. In those cases, in lieu of the warin bath, the body is to be rubbed with snow, or surrounded by sheets dipped in ice cold water, and the galvanic process is to be used in addition, until signs of life appear. Hence its importance in cases of paralysis, when derived from exposure to extreme cold. On the reappearance of life, the method adopted in the cases above alluded to, should be employed. In cases of chilblains, or of a single member being frost-bitten, it is to be treated precisely after the same manner. Carpue, in his Treatise, has pointed out the importance of electricity in the very disagreeable affection of chill-blain. We shall farther observe, that if the limb still remain benumbed, after a continuance of these means for some hours, a warm cataplasm of bran and water may be ap the most plied, and the patient should take as much bark in powder, as will lie on a shilling, every two or three hours. His beverage should be, in this case, generous port-wine to be had; or, in lieu of it, brandy and water. After all, should mortification come on, as will be obvious by the livid appearance of the parts, and their deficiency in feeling; give the bark, and dress the part with basilicon, made warm in a spoon, and apply pledgets hot, thrice a day, giving an opiate at night. The method which has been above recommended, it is hoped will not be the less acceptable, because its importance is as obvious, as its application is easy. We need not add that a portable galvanic battery, such as is alluded to, and which is quite competent to all the purposes described, should be within reach on such lamentable occasions, and it may be obtained at a comparatively moderate expence. MEMOIRS AND REMAINS OF EMINENT PERSONS. Some ACCOUNT of the late Right Reverend and Right Honourable BEILBY PORTEUS, D. D. LORD BISHOP of LONDON, DEAN of the CHAPEL ROYAL, vt SITOR of SION COLLEGE, PROVINCIAL DEAN of CANTERBURY, &c. &c. TH HE primitive Christians exhibited great simplicity of life and manners. Consisting at first of men in a humble sphere, their minds were neither debauched by wealth, nor led astray by worldly enjoyments; their morals were accordingly pure, and their characters in general unspotted. Replete with integrity and zeal, they bore public testimony to their faith; and from converts becoming martyrs, they spilt their blood on the Scaffold without a murmur, and even gloried amidst all the terrors attendant on relentless injustice. In process of time, the Pagan deities were trampled under foot, and the Cross was finally triumphant. That gentle and dove-like religion, which had uniformly inculcated charity and moderation, and, at first, aimed at no more than simple toleration, in its turn became the established faith. It was then that all the disorderly passions of ambition, avarice, and tyranny, which had been carefully stifled and repressed during a long period of sufferance, burst forth like a deluge, and carried all be fore them. The once persecuted Christians became in their turn persecutors; and, not content with treating the believers in the old exploded faith with cruelty and contempt, they began to punish each other in the most rigorous and vindictive manner, on account of petty differences in their respective creeds. No sooner had religion become the vehicle of grandeur, and ecclesiastical appointments the means of gratification, than men of all descriptions aspired to dignities, that were calculated to confer in many instances exemption from punishment, and, in most, the means of enjoyment.-In Italy, the successor of the humble fisherman, decked out in a purple robe, and adorned with the tiara, soon boasted, as well as exercised, the power of taking away and conferring crowns. In Germany Sovereigns arose, who united secular with ecclesiastical authority; and in, the motley character of Prince-Bishop, ruled alike over the consciences, and the fortunes, and the persons of their subjects. Britain, following the fate of the whole Christian world, was long governed, in respect to its faith by a foreign sovereign, who resided on the banks of the Tiber, but whose iron sceptre ruled both the Thames and the Tweed, and who indeed held the crown of England itself as lord paramount |