ASIA MINOR AND GREECE: THEIR SOCIAL, POLIT-
ICAL, AND STATISTICAL STATE-TURKEY.
Wars of Revolution in the West, and of Race in
the East.-Effect of these different Passions in
effecting the Dispersion of Mankind.—They have
produced the greatest Wars recorded in History.
-Lasting Conquests of the East over the West.
-Wars of Races in the East of Europe.-Strife
of Races peculiarly vehement in the Turkish
Empire-Variety of Races in the Turkish Do-
minions.-Division of the Christians and Mus-
sulmans. Turkish System of Government.-Di-
vision of Races in Turkey renders Government
more easy. The military Strength of the Em-
pire entirely derived from the Turks.-The whole
civil Business of the Country is conducted by
the Greeks. Great and rapid Increase of the
Christians compared to the Turks. Picture of
the Servians by Lamartine.-General Decrease of
Population in Turkey.-Statistics of Turkey.—
In what does Turkish Oppression consist ?-The
Lives and Property of all belong to the Sultan.-
Great extent of Land in Turkey held in Mort-
main.—Injury done to Turkey by Importation.—
Universal Venality in the holders of Office.-Ru-
inous Weakness of the Executive.-Venality and
Corruption of Justice.-Contrary Principles of
good in Turkey: Weakness of Power. And
Want of the Means of Communication.-Excel-
lent Qualities in the Turkish Character.
Theory of the central Government is compar-
atively mild.-Institution of Ayams.-The Vil-
lage System.-Small Revenue derived from Tur-
key. Great Population of the Towns, and De-
cline of the Country.-Multitude of idle Servants
in the Country-Variable Strength of the Tur-
kish Empire.-Great Vicissitudes in the History
of Turkey.-Independent Position of the larger
Pachas, and consequent Weakness of the central
Power.-Vast Influence of Constantinople on the
Fortunes of Mankind.-Its incomparable Situa-
tion.-Description of the City.-Description of
the City, as seen from the Sea.-Defects of its In-
terior. Population of Constantinople, and Equal-
ity of the Sexes.-Maritime Forces of Turkey
and Greece.-The Janizaries.-Turkish Cavalry.
-The Advantages of the Turks in this respect
are now lost. In what the Strength of the Turks
now consists.-Where are the Turks now stron
gest in War?-Turkish Fortifications, and Mode
of defending them.-Causes of the obstinate De-
fense of fortified Cities by the Turks.-Russian
Mode of fighting the Turks.-Triple Barrier which
defends Constantinople.-The Danube as a fron-
tier Stream.-The Balkan.-Country between
the Balkan and Constantinople.-The Command
of the Sea, or the Support of Austria, is essential
to the Success of Russia. - Schumla: its De-
scription. Asiatic Defense of Turkey: The
Caucasus.-Its Value as a military Barrier.—
Description of the Passes through the Cauca-
sus.-Description of Asia Minor.-Military Re-
sources of Asia Minor.-Mountainous Nature of
the Country, and Want of Roads.-The Cauca-
sian Tribes.-Russian Policy of Intervention.-
Examples of the Application of this Principle.
Elements remaining of Grecian Resurrection.-Re
cent favorable Circumstances in the Condition of
Greece. Recent Spread of Information, and Pas-
sion for Independence.-Formation of the Socie-
ty of the Hetairists.-Different Gradations in the
Hetairists.-Extraordinary Secrecy preserved re-
garding the Affairs of the Society. Their Eyes
are all fixed on Russia.-Cession of Parga in
1819. Consternation of the Pargiotes at their
Abandonment.-Heart-rending Scene at the Evac-
uation of the Town.-Debates on this Subject in
Parliament.-Effect of the Spanish Revolution
on Turkey and Greece.-State of Turkey at this
Period.Its Weakness in a military point of
View. Commencement of the Insurrection in
Wallachia. Ipsilanti's Insurrection in Molda-
via.-Ipsilanti's first Measures.-Reasons which
urged the Emperor Alexander to intervene in Tur-
key at this time.-Reasons which induced him to
remain neutral. - Ethusiasm of the Turks, and
Measures taken against Ipsilanti.-Commence.
ment of the Insurrection in Greece Proper and
the Islands.-The Insurrection spreads over all
Greece. Violent Excitement at Constantinople,
and Murder of the Patriarch. Succession of
Murders by the Turks.-Vigorous Measures of
Sultan Mahmoud.-Atrocious Acts of Cruelty in
Asia Minor.-Massacres in Cyprus.-Universal
Spread of the Insurrection in Greece.-Official
Declaration of Russia against Ipsilanti.-Treach-
ery and Death of Theodore.-Defeat of the Insur-
gents at Galatz.-Disasters of Ipsilanti.-His to-
tal Defeat at Dragaschan.-Naval Successes of
the Greeks. Bloody Action in Cydonia.-Suc-
cesses of the Turks in the Morea. Battle of Val-
tezza. Raising of the Siege of Athens, and De
feat of the Turks in Thermopyla.-Siege of Tri-
politza: its Description.-Progress of the Siege.
-Storm and Massacre of Tripolitza.-Import-
ance of the Conquest, and subsequent Measures
of the Greeks. Fresh Massacre of the Chris-
tians in Smyrna.-Operations of Chourchid Pa
cha before Janina. Fall and Recapture of Arta.
-Failure of the Greeks before Napoli di Roma.
nia and Patras.-Forcing of the Line of Cassan-
dra.-Operations in Crete.-War with Persia.-
Angry Negotiations with Russia.-Russian Ulti-
matum, and its Refusal by the Divan.-Ultima-
tum of the Turks.-Efforts of Lord Strangford,
before Schumla.-Surprise of a Russian Redoubt. I
-Attack on Prince Eugene and Eski-Stamboul.
-Retreat of the Russians from the South of
Schumla.-Operations before Varna.-Attack on
Wittgenstein-Siege of Varna.-Advance of the
Turks to raise the Siege.-Bloody Defeat of the
Russians.-The Siege is not interrupted.-Fall
of Varna.-Reflections on this Surrender.-Op-
erations before Widdin. - Abandonment of the
Siege of Silistria, and Retreat of the Russians
beyond the Danube.-Disastrous Retreat of Witt-
genstein. Commencement of the Campaign in
Asia.-Description of the Theatre of War.
Siege of Kars, and its Description.-Its Fall.-
Appearance of the Plague in the Russian Army.
-Capture of Akhalzikh.-March upon Akhal-
zikh. Paskewitch's Plan of Attack, and its
Chances.Nocturnal Attack on the Turkish
Camp. Its perilous Chances.-Desperate Con-
flict on the Heights.-Total Defeat of the Turks.
-Assault of the Town.-Frightful Assault of the
Town.- Reduction of Alskhur and Ardagan.—
Operations on the Russian Flanks, and Results
of the Campaign.-Paskewitch's Plans, and For-
mation of Mohammedan Corps. - Vigorous de-
fensive Measures of the Porte in Asia during the
Winter.-Assassination of the Russian Minister
at Teheran, and Siege of Akhalzikh by the Turks.
-Siege of the Fortress by the Turks.-Extreme
Danger of the besieged.-Their Deliverance.-
Measures of Paskewitch against the Persians.-
Opening of the Campaign with the Turks.-De-
feat of Hadgi Hassan. - Paskewitch's Disposi-
tions, and Position of the Turks.-Paskewitch's
Plan of Attack.-Subsequent Movements of Pas-
kewitch. - Advance upon Kainly, and Disposi-
tions of Attack.-Battle of Kainly.-Success of
the Russians in the Centre and on the left.-De-
feat of the Seraskier.-Storming of the intrenched
Camp at Milli-Duz.-Results of these Conflicts.
-Advance of Paskewitch against Hassan-Kale,
and its Fall.-Fall of Erzeroum.-Further Move-
ments. Submission of the Pacha of Mush, and
of Baibout.-Disaster before Khart.-Retreat of
Paskewitch to Erzeroum.-Defeat of the Turks
in Guriel, and subsequent Checks of the Rus-
sians.-Advance of Paskewitch against Baibout.
-Total Defeat of the Turks, and Termination of
the Campaign.-Conclusion of an Armistice, and
Summary of the Campaign.-Preparations of the
Turks for the Campaign in Turkey in Europe.-
Preparations of the Russians.-Operations dur-
ing the Winter. Retirement of Wittgenstein,
and Appointment of Diebitch to the Command-in-
Chief Naval Forces of the Russians and Turks.
-Russian Plan of the Campaign, and Turkish,
and Repulse of the latter at Sizepolis.-Com-
mencement of the Campaign on both Sides.-
Bloody Combats at Eski-Arnautlar.-Commence-
ment of the Siege of Silistria, and its Descrip-
tion.-First Operations of the Siege, and Red-
schid Pacha's Movement against Pravadi.-Die-
bitch throws himself on the Turkish Communi-
cations. Description of the Country, and Move-
ments of the Armies.-Turkish Movements.-Bat-
tle of Kouleftscha.-Fresh Dispositions of Die-
bitch. Victory of the Russians.-Measures of
Diebitch after the Battle.-Progress of the Siege
of Silistria, and its Fall. Description of the
Passes of the Balkan.-Diebitch's Preparations
for passing the Balkan.-Passage of the Balkan.
-Subsequent Movements of the Turks and Rus-
sians.-Successful Attack on the Turks at Sliw-
no.-Advance upon Adrianople and its Capture.
-Extended Positions of the Russians. - Un-
bounded Alarm at Constantinople, London, and
Vienna. Treaty of Adrianople.-Convention re-
garding Wallachia and Moldavia.-Irruption of
the Pacha of Scodra.-Affairs of Greece in 1828.
-Progress of the Greeks in 1829.-Convention
of March 22, 1829, regarding the Limits of Greece.
-Reflections on this Convention.-Remarkable
Words of the Emperor Nicholas on this Subject.
-What of the alleged Regeneration of Turkey.
-Astute Policy of Russia in the Treaty of Adri-
anople. Difficulty of the Conquest of Turkey
evinced in this War.-Great Strength of Russia
in Force, and of Turkey in Situation.-Cause
of the Strength of Russia in defensive, and its
Weakness in offensive War. - Dangers of the
Russian Position in regard to Turkey.-The final
Triumph of Christianity in Turkey is secure.
FRANCE FROM THE DEATH OF LOUIS XVIII. TO THE
ACCESSION OF THE POLIGNAC ADMINISTRATION.
Great Advantages of Charles X. on his Accession
to the Throne.-Character of Charles X.-His
Defects. The Duke d'Angoulême is declared
Dauphin.-The Secret Camarilla of Ecclesias-
tics.-Entry of the King into Paris.-Abolition
of the Censorship of the Press. Dangers of this
Step.--Increase of the Jesuits' Influence at the
Court, and their Efforts in the Country.-Strength
of the Jesuit Party in the Legislature and the
Administration.-Their Opponents in the Cham-
bers and the Press. General Prosperity in
France. Injudicious Measure regarding the
Army. Opening of the Chambers: comparative
Strength of Parties.-Flourishing State of the
Finances.-Restoration of the Estates of the Or-
leans Family.-Law of Indemnity to the Sufferers
by the Revolution.--Argument of M. de Martig.
nac in favor of the Measure.-Embarrassment of
the Government from other Claims.-Argument
against the Project by the Liberals.-Beneficial
Results of this Measure.-Distribution of the In-
demnity large Share which fell to the Duke of
Orleans and other Liberals.-Law against Sacri-
lege.-Law regarding religious Societies of Wo-
men. Measure of M. de Villèle for the Reduc-
tion of the Debt.- Coronation of the King at
Rheims.-Prosecutions against the Liberal Press.
-Death and Character of General Foy.-Death
and Character of M. de Serres.-Recognition of
the Independence of St. Domingo.-Negotiations
for the Independence of the Spanish Colonies.-
Legislative Measures regarding St. Domingo.-
Law of Entail: its Necessity.-Argument against
the Law by M. Pasquier.-Answer of the Gov.
ernment.-Result of the Debate.-Reflections on
this Subject.-Statistics of Finances of 1826 and
1827.--Measures of the Jesuits. Preceptor to
the Duke of Bordeaux.-Denunciation of the Jes-
uits by Count Montlouis.-Answer of the Jes-
uits.-Law against the Liberty of the Press.-Its
Provisions.-Universal Indignation which it ex-
cites.--Passing of the Law in a mitigated Form.
-Riot at the Funeral of the Duke de la Rouche-
foucauld.-Review of the National Guard.-Dis-
banding of the National Guard.-Its immediate
Success, and ultimate Effects.-Reflections on
this Event.-Treaty of 6th July on Greece, and
Convention regarding the Slave-Trade.--Finan-
cial Projects and Embarrassment of the Govern-
ment.-A Dissolution resolved on.-New Crea-
tion of Peers, and Dissolution of the Chambers.-
Formation of the Parties, and Preparations for a
moral Struggle on both Sides.-Elections and
Riots in Paris.-Mutual Recriminations of Min-
isters and the Jesuits.-Dissolution of the Villèle
Administration.-Reproaches addressed to him
from both Parties.-Character of M. de Martig.
nac. The new Ministry had not the Confidence
of the King. Answer of the King to the Address.
-Legislative Measures of the Session.-It pass-
es the Peers.-New Law regarding the Press.-
Law against the Jesuits. Indignation excited
among the Jesuits; but the Pope approves the
Measure.-Preparations for a Change of Minis-
try. Opening of the Chambers.-Remarkable
Speech of Prince Polignac.-State of Parties in
the Assembly.-Law for the departmental Munic-