ipalities, and its Defeat.-The King withdraws his
Measures. State of the Legislature at the Close
of the Session.-Conferences of the King and the
extreme Royalists.-Change of Ministry, and
Prince Polignac Premier.-Importance of the
Change.
FRANCE FROM THE ACCESSION OF THE POLIGNAC
MINISTRY TO THE FALL OF CHARLES X.
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Prince Polignac: his Biography.-His Character.
-Character of M. de la Bourdonnaye.-M. de
Bourmont.-M. de Montbel, M. de Courvoisin,
and M. de Chabrol.- Extreme Violence of the
Liberal Press at the Ministry, and Preparations
of the Liberals.-Lafayette's triumphant Journey
in the South.-Retreat of M. de la Bourdonnaye.
-M. Guizot: his Biography.-His Character
as a Writer and Statesman. -M. Berryer.-M.
Thiers.-Prince Polignac's Memoir.-Vast Influ-
ence of the Press in France. - Vehement Hos-
tility of the Press to the Polignac Ministry.—
Opening of the Chambers.-Votes on the Presi-
dency, and Address of the Chambers.-Debate
on the Address.-M. Berryer's Argument against
it. Answer of M. Guizot and the Liberals. -
Vote on the Subject.-Measures of Ministers in
consequence.-The King's Answer to the Ad-
dress. Prorogation of the Chambers, and gener-
al Agitation it excited.-Prosecutions against the
Press-Report of the Finance Minister.--Its im-
portant statistical Details.-Indirect Taxes and
general Revenue.-Public Debt.-General Pros-
perity which prevailed in the Country.-General
Prosperity and Discontent.-Expedition of Al-
giers.-Grounds of the Quarrel with Algiers, and
Negotiations with England on the Subject.-Mag.
nitude of the Expedition, and its Departure.-
Landing at Sidi-Feruch, near Algiers.-Battle of
Sidi-Feruch.-Second Victory of the French.-
Commencement of the Attack on Algiers, and
Fall of the Emperor's Fort.-Fall of Algiers.--|
Statistics of Algiers. Secret Agreement with
Russia for extending the French Frontier to the
Rhine.-Dissolution of the Chambers.- Result
of the Elections.-Resolution of the Cabinet.-
Resolution of the Cabinet on a Coup-d'état.-Re-
port on the Ordonnance by M. de Chantelauze.-
Lamartine on this Report.-The Ordonnances.-
Signing of the Ordonnances.-Reflections on the
Ordonnances.-Total Want of Preparation for the
Coup-d'état on the part of Ministers.-First Ef-
fect of the Ordonnances.-Commencement of the
Insurrection: Signing of the Protest.-The first
Disturbance.-Attitude and extraordinary Secu-
rity of the Court.-Rapid Progress of the Insur-
rection. Meeting of the Liberal Chiefs at Casi-
mir Perier's. -Marmont's Plan of Operations,
and Commencement of the Conflict.-Vehement
Contest on the 28th.-Measures of the Govern-
ment and Marshal Marmont.-Marmont's offens-
ive Measures, and their temporary Success.
Operations of the second Column.-Disaster of
the third Column.-Proceedings of the Liberal
Chiefs.-State of Affairs at St. Cloud, and firm-
ness of the King.-Feelings of the Combatants
during the Night.-Forces on the opposite Sides
on the morning of the 29th.-Mission of M. Ara-
go to Marmont.-Decisive Resolution of the Dep-
uties at M. Lafitte's.-Interview with M. de Se-
monville and M. d'Argout.-The Louvre is car-
ried by the Insurgents.-Decisive Effects of this
Success.-Marmont's first Interview with Charles
X. at St. Cloud.-Deliberation in the Council.-
The King submits, dismisses his Ministers, and
sends for M. de Montemart.-Ineffectual Attempt
to make a Ministry under M. de Montemart.-
Completion of the Revolution at Paris. -Last
Attempt at a Negotiation.-The Duke of Orleans
refuses the Lieutenancy-General of the Kingdom.
-Violent Scene between the Duke d'Angoulême
and Marmont.-Abdication of Charles X.-Revo-
lutionary Army which set out from Paris for Ram-
bouillet. Falsehoods told the King by Marshal
Maison.-Journey to Maintenon, and Farewell to
the Guard.-Journey to Cherbourg. - Adieu to
the last of the Guard at Valognes.-Last Inter-
view of the King and Prince Polignac.-His Em
barkation at Cherboug.-Reflections on the Fall
of the Restoration.-Charles's Error in the Con-
flict.-Difference between the Situation of France
and England in this respect.-Secret Objects of
the Liberal Opposition in France at this Period.
-Great Error in the King in the Ground he took
for Resistance.--Extraordinary Want of Prepara-
tion on the part of the Government.-Great Fault
of Government in not at once arresting the Lead-
ers of the Liberals. - Ruinous Effects of the
Treachery of the Troops.-Ruinous Effects of
this military Treachery on the Cause of Freedom
in France. Great Error of the military Command-
ers on this Occasion.-Cause of this in the Com-
position of the French Army.--Military Errors
committed on the Occasion.-Mode of combating
an urban Insurrection.-Dangerous Influence of
the Parti-prêtre on the Government. - Strange
Vehemence of the
Opposition which the Resto-
ration experienced in France.-Though the Con-
stitution was then as popular as the Country could
bear. Obloquy thrown on the Bourbons from
their having succeeded after the national Disas-
ters. Effect of the Continuance of Peace in
France. Which thwarted the strongest Passions
of the Revolution.-Which was the Reason why
the Expeditions to Spain and Algiers were un-
dertaken. Political Reasons on which these
Projects were founded.-Ruinous Effects of the
Destruction of the Aristocracy in France.-Gen-
eral Absence of the Restraint of Religion in the
Towns.-Number of natural Children in the
great Towns.-Effect of this in a political Point
of View.It produced 80,000 bastard Combat-
ants in Paris. Curious Circumstance which
mitigated these Evils.-Decline in the material
Comforts of the working Classes.-Causes of this
miserable State of the working Classes.-Way in
which the Division of Land affected the Industry
of the Country.-Immense Burdens on the Land
in France.-Crowding of the Inhabitants of Towns
from these Causes.-Effect of the Destruction
of commercial Capital during the Revolution.-
Excessive general Competition, and wretched
State of the working Classes.-Want of any
Representation of the working Classes.-Were
the Ordonnances illegal?-Previous Instances
of royal Ordonnances not objected to.-Reasons
why Coups d'état are necessary in France.-Con-
duct of the King.
LITERATURE OF FRANCE DURING AND AFTER THE
Great Effect of the Revolution on the Literature
of France. Its distinguishing Features. Vio-
lent Antagonism between the opposite Schools.
-Character of the romantic School.-Pernicious
Character of their Works of Imagination.-Cor-
rupt Character of their Drama.-Chateaubriand.
-Sketch of his Life.-His Character as a Writ-
er. His Beauties.-His Influence in reviving
the Spirit of Christianity.-Peculiarity of his
Style on religious Subjects, and its Apology.-
His Defects. Madame de Staël as a political
Writer. Her Character as a Novelist. - Her
Merits as a Critic.-Her Merits as a Philoso-
pher. Guizot: his early Rise. His peculiar
Style of Thought.-His Style of Writing.-His
Mode of reviewing human Affairs.-His chief
Publications. - Lamartine.- His Defects as a
Historian.-His Defects.-His Want of Authori-
ties in his Writings, and personal Vanity.-Sis-
mondi. His social and political Essays.-His
political Opinions.-Auguste and Amadée Thier-
ry.-Their opposite Principles.-Michaud-Ba-
rante-Salvandy.-Thiers: his Principles.-His
Merits and Defects.-His History of the Consul-
ate and Empire.-Lacretelle-Capefigue-Mich-
elet.-Military Histories and Memoirs.-Napole-
on Bonaparte.-His Merits and Defects.-His Dis-
regard of Truth.-General Jomini.-General Ma-
thieu Dumas.-General Pelet.-Count Segur.-
Baron Fain.-The Memoirs of France during
the Revolution.-Bourrienne.-The Duchess of
Abrantes. Chateaubriand and Lamartine as
Writers of Memoirs.-Cousin-M. Lamenais-
M. Villemain-M. Ginguené.-M. de Tocque-
ville his great Merits-his Errors.-Cuvier.-
Humboldt. His indefatigable Energy.-Poets:
their Decline in France.-The Abbé Delille-Bé-
ranger-Paul Courier.-Decline of the Drama in
France.-Causes of the Decline of the Drama in
France. Romance Writers.-Victor Hugo
Geo. Sand-Eugene Sue.-Periodical Literature
of France since the Revolution.-Different Class
of Writers in the daily Press in France and En-
gland.-Causes of this Difference: Destruction of
the Influence of Property.-Owing also to Facili-
ty of Revolution in France.-Danger of this state
of things. The Stage in France: Talma.
Madlle. Georges-Madlle. Mars-Madlle. Rachel.
-Architecture of Paris.-Modern French School
of Painting.-Le Gros-Vernet.-Conclusion.
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Gloomy Prospects of the Nation in the beginning
of 1826.Acts of Rioting in various Places.—
King's Speech on the subject, and letting out
of bonded Grain.-Real Causes of the Distress,
and its Remedy.-Argument by Ministers in Sup-
port of the Bill suppressing small Notes.-Ar-
gument against the proposed measure.--The Bill
is carried by a large Majority in both Houses.-
Vast Importance of this Decision.-Way in which
the Changes it induced were brought about.
Way in which Prices affect this Desire for polit-
ical Change.-Error in the Debates in Parliament
on both sides of this question.-Vital Points
overlooked on both sides. - What should have
been done with the Currency.-Measures of Re-
lief proposed by the Government.-Banking Sys-
tem in Scotland and Ireland.-Sir Walter Scott
prevents the Suppression of small Notes in Scot-
land and Ireland.-Commencement of the Emi-
gration Question.-Appointment of a Committee
on Emigration. - Debate on the subject in the
House of Commons.-Reflections on this sub-
ject, and its vast Importance.-Prevailing Errors
on the subject.-Finances.-Motion for the Re-
peal of the Corn Laws.-Argument for the Re-
peal of the Corn Laws.-Answer by Sir Francis
Burdett.-Division on the question, and Interim
Admission of foreign Grain.. Character of Sir
Francis Burdett.-Excessive Heat and Drought
of Great Britain in 1826.-Dissolution of Parlia-
ment, and Elections.-General Interference of
the Priests in the Irish Elections.-Opening of
the new Parliament.-Temporary Relaxation of
the Corn Laws.-King's Message regarding Port-
ugal. How this had come to pass.-Mr. Can-
ning's Speech on the subject in the House of
Commons.-Vast Effect of this Speech, and the
Expedition sets out for Lisbon.-Reflections on
this point. -Improved State of the Country in
the beginning of 1827.- Death of the Duke of
York. His Character.-Illness and Retirement
of Lord Liverpool.-His Character, and its Adapt-
ation to his Times.-Difficulty in the Choice of
his Successor, and Mr. Canning's Appointment.
-What made his Tory Colleagues resign?-Com-
position of the new Cabinet. - Importance of
these Events on England's future History. -
Manner in which the Changes were received in
Parliament.-Character of Lord Eldon, who now
retired from public Life.-His Character as a
Statesman.-The Catholic Bill is rejected.-Mr.
Peel's Speech against Catholic Emancipation.-
Ministerial Measure on the Corn Laws.-Result
of the Debate in the Commons and Lords. -
Important and curious things occurring in the
course of the Debate.-Finances of 1826-1827-
1828.-Other Proceedings in Parliament-Silk-
weavers, Ship-owners.-Penryn and East Ret-
ford are convicted of Bribery: Commencement
of the Reform Question.-Proud Position of Mr.
Canning. His susceptible Disposition and in-
creasing Illness. His last Illness and Death.-
Reflections on this Event. -Had he lived, he
would have disappointed their Expectations. -
Review of his last Acts. - His Character as a
Statesman and Orator. - Lord Goderich made
Premier, and Reconstruction of the Cabinet.-
Weakness of the new Cabinet, and its Cause.-
Impolitic Reduction of the Yeomanry.-Disso-
lution of the Goderich Cabinet.-The Duke of
Wellington appointed Premier, and his Cabinet.
-Mr. Huskisson's Resignation on the East Ret-
ford Question, and that of his Friends.-Recon-
struction of the Cabinet by Wellington. -No-
tice of the Battle of Navarino in the King's
Speech. Grant to Mr. Canning's Family.
Finance Committee and Catholic Question.·
-Reflections on this subject.-Rapid Increase
of Disturbances in Ireland. - Facilities which
the Forty-shilling Freeholders gave to their De-
signs. The Catholic Association gets the com- /
plete Command of the Forty-shilling Freehold-
ers. Mr. O'Connell elected for the County
of Clare.-Immense Results of this Triumph.-
Mr. Lawless's Progress to the North. Mr.
Sheil's Description of Ireland at this period.-
The Catholic Association interferes to moderate
the Transports. - Proclamation of Government
against the Meetings. Meeting on Penenden
Heath. The King in vain urges more vigorous
Measures against the Catholics. Difficulties
with which the question was beset.--Commence-
ment of yielding in the Cabinet.-Mr. Dawson's
Speech at Londonderry.-Ambiguous Letter of
the Duke of Wellington, and explicit one of the
Lord-Lieutenant. Increased Violence of the
Catholic Leaders.-Difficulties which Ministers
had with the King on the subject. - King's
Speech.-Immense Sensation which this Speech
excited in the Country.-Argument of Mr. Peel
in favor of the Catholics.-Answer of the Anti-
Catholics.. Division on the question, and vio-
lent Resistance to the Bill in the Country.-
Speech of the Duke of Wellington in the Lords
on the subject.-The Bill is carried in the Peers,
and by a large Majority.-Great Reluctance of
the King to the Bill.Bill for disfranchising
the Forty-shilling Freeholders.-Mr. O'Connell's
Claim for a Seat before the Bill is rejected.-The
second Clare Election. His violent language
and Ingratitude.-Character of Mr. O'Connell.-
Explanations of his Inconsistencies in the Catho-
lic Faith.-His good Qualities.-Catholic Eman-
cipation a Victory gained by the highly-educated
Classes over the People.-Aided by the Contrac-
tion of the Currency, and the Power of the Catho-
lic Clergy. Great Difference between the Re-
sults of Emancipation and what was predicted by
all Parties.-Emancipation was a wise and great
Measure. Religious Differences unavoidable,
when Religion is thought of at all.-Unworthy
Spirit in which Emancipation was received by
the Roman Catholics.-How it was that Catholic
Emancipation failed.-Its beneficial Effects on
the English Government.-Emancipation would
have equally failed if granted earlier, or if it had
been more complete.-Emancipation has brought
a righteous Retribution to both Parties.-First Ef-
fect of Emancipation in inducing Reform.-Ef-
fects of Reform in inducing Free Trade.-Effects
of these Changes on the Population and Catho-
lics of Ireland.-Beneficial Effect of these Chan-
ges on the United Empire. Reaction against
Catholicism in Great Britain and in America.
ers.-The Budget of 1829.-Statement of Mr. Att-
wood as to the Causes of Irish Distress and Agi-
tation. - Mr. Waithman's Exposition of the Ef-
fect of the monetary System on Manufactures.-
Relations with Portugal, and Refusal of the En-
glish Government to interfere in its Concerns.-
The Expedition to Terceira; and is beat off by
the British Squadron.-Great Distress in Great
Britain and Ireland during the whole of 1829.-
Serious Riots in many Places; and in Ireland,
where the Agitation for the Repeal of the Union
commenced.-Serious Riots between Protestants
and Catholics in Ireland. - Meeting of Parlia-
ment. Interesting Debate on the public Distress
in the House of Lords.-Duke of Wellington's
Reply.-Narrow Division, and declared Changes
in Parliament.-Critical and painful Position of
the Duke of Wellington.- Reflections on the
Duke's Explanation.-Sir James Graham's Mo-
tion for a Reduction of the Salaries of public
Officers. Mr. Hume's Motion for a Reduction
of the Army and Navy lost. - Mr. Thomson's
Motion for a Revision of the System of Taxation.
-Ministers beat on a minor Question.-Motion
of Mr. Attwood on the Currency. Financial
Measures, and great Reductions of Government.
-Taxes remitted on Beer, Leather, and Cider.-
Great Satisfaction at the Budget, and its entire
Failure to relieve the general Distress.-Mr. Bar-
ing's Speech on the Abandonment of the Sinking
Fund. Reflections on the Abandonment of the
Sinking Fund. Which arose from the Repeal of
so many indirect Taxes.-Which was occasioned
by the Contraction of the Currency. Which
also produced the cry for Reform.-Disinclina-
tion of the Whigs generally to parliamentary Re-
form. Various Motions on parliamentary Reform
made in Parliament during the Session of 1830.
-Rise of the political Unions, and their great
Influence.-Illness and Death of George IV. —
Character of George IV. variously given by op-
posite Parties.-Great Events of his Reign.-His
remarkable Talents.-His Failings and Vices.-
William IV.: his Character and Failings.-His
personal Character, and Queen. - Precarious
Condition of Ministers after the Accession of
William IV.-Debate on the question of a Re-
gency in the event of the King's Death.-Prose-
cution of the Press, and West India Question.—
Prorogation and Dissolution of Parliament, and
French Revolution.-Result of the Elections fa-
vorable to the Liberals.-Distracted State of Ire-
land, and entire Failure of the Emancipation to
pacify it. Successive Efforts of the Agitators,
and their Influence on the Elections.-Opening
of the Manchester and Liverpool Railway, and
Death of Mr. Huskisson. Reflections on the
Railway System, and its rapid Growth.-Its vast
and lasting monetary Effects, and moral and po-
litical Effects.-Political Effects of the Railway
System.Its Evils and Dangers in the undue
sway of the Capital.-Its political Effects.-Mil-
itary Results of the Railway System.
- On the
whole, it augments the Means of defending Na-
tions. Disturbances and Incendiarism in the
Southern Counties. King's Speech. - Lord
Grey's Declaration on Reform.-Duke of Wel-
lington's famous Speech against the Reform.-
Immense Effect produced by this Declaration.-
Mr. Brougham's Plan of Reform.-Postponement
of the King's Visit to the City.-General Con-
sternation on the occasion. - Speech of Mr.
Brougham on the occasion.-Division on the
Civil List leaves Ministers in a Minority.
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-What had set these Causes in Motion.-What
made the Duke's Declaration against Reform so
important.The Difficulty in forming the new
Ministry fixes Mr. Brougham's Claims. - Char-
acter of Earl Grey.-His Character as an Orator,
and in private.-His Defects and Errors, but no-
ble Use of Power when acquired.-He was mis-
led by others as to the Effect of the Reform Bill.
-Character of Lord Brougham.-His Merits as
a Judge. His Character as a Statesman.-His
Style of Oratory.-Lord Palmerston: his Euro-
pean Reputation. His versatile Talents and
Character. His Character as a Diplomatist and
Orator. His Errors. - Lord John Russell.-
His Intrepidity and Self-confidence.-Lord Mel-
bourne. Sir James Graham: his administrative
Powers. His Inconsistencies.-Earl Grey's An-
nouncement of his Principles of Government.-
Distracted State of England during the Winter.
-Agitation and increased Misery in Ireland.--
Agitation for the Repeal of the Union, and Prose-
cution of Mr. O'Connell, who is allowed to Es-
cape. The Budget, which is defeated.-Descrip-
tion of Taxes to be taken off and put on.-Com-
mittee on the Reform Bill.-Feeling, and Peti-
tions of the Country.-Introduction of the Re-
form Bill by Lord John Russell.-Argument of
the Ministers in favor of the Bill.-Ministerial
Plan of Reform.-Qualification of Voters: The
£10 Clause.-Plan as to Scotland and Ireland.
-Astonishment in the House at the Bill.-
Argument against the Bill.-Clear Division of
Conservatives and Reformers which ensued
in the Country. - Agitation in the Country.-
Courageous Petition from the Merchants and
Bankers of London against the Bill.- - Second
Reading of the Bill carried by a Majority of one.
-General Gascoigne's Motion is carried against
Government by eight.-Dangers on both sides in
ulterior Measures.- Liberal Settlement on the
Royal Family.-Efforts made to win the King by
his Vanity-Means by which the King was in-
duced to dissolve Parliament.-How the King's
Resistance is overcome.-Violent Scene in the
House of Commons. Scene in the House of
Peers when the King dissolved Parliament.
Violence at the Elections. - Dreadful Riots in
Scotland.-Results of the Election. - Prepara-
tions for Insurrection by the political Unions.-
Universal Delusions which prevailed among the
People. Rare Examples of Resistance to the
general Cry.-King's Speech on opening Parlia-
ment.-The Reform Bill is carried by a Majority
of 136. Discussion on particular Boroughs-
Appleby.-Motion to give Members to the Colo-
nies negatived without a Division.-Marquis of
Chandos's Motion on £50 Tenants carried.-Bill
read a third time, and passed.-Efforts to intim-
idate the Peers. Lord Grey's Speech in the
House of Lords.-Bill thrown out by a Majority
of forty-one.-Vote of Confidence in the Com-
mons carried by 131.-Disorders in London and
in the Country. Great Meeting of political
Unions at Birmingham. - Riots at Derby_and
Nottingham.-Commencement of Riots at Bris-
tol.-Frightful Disorders.-Immense Destruction
of Property.-The Riots are at once suppressed
when the Military are ordered to act.-Good Ef-
fects of these dreadful Scenes.-Disturbances in
other Quarters.-Proclamation against political
Unions.-The new Reform Bill introduced.-In-
creased democratic Character of the new Bill.-
Division on the Bill, and Sir R. Peel's Speech
against it. Third Reading carried in the Com-
mons by 116, and Lord J. Russell's closing Dec-
laration.-General Distress in the Country, and
Mr. Hunt's Motion regarding it. Declining
State of the public Revenue.-State of Ireland.
-Dreadful Tithe outrages in Wexford and New-
tonberry.-Resolution of the Cabinet to create
Peers. The King is violently agitated, and re-
luctantly consents. Secret Negotiations with
the Waverers.-Revolutionary Meetings to coerce
the Peers.-Second Reading of the Bill carried
by a Majority of nine.-Lord Lyndhurst's Amend-
ment carried by thirty-five.-Ministers resign, and
their Resignation is accepted.-The King sends
for the Duke of Wellington to form a Ministry.-
Vehement Excitement in the Country.--The Duke
fails in forming an Administration.-Lord Eb-
rington's Motion in the House of Commons car-
ried by eighty.-The King submits, and gives Au-
thority to create Peers.-The King's Circular to
the Opposition Peers to leave the House of Peers.
-Reflections on this Event, and on the Act.-
The Bill passes both Houses, and receives the
royal Assent.-The Scotch and Irish Bills passed.
-Vast Effects of the Reform in Scotland and Ire-
land. Its lasting and important Effects.-Gen-
eral Results of the Reform Bill on the Imperial
Parliament.-Reflections on this Change in the
Constitution of England as affecting our extern-
al Relations, and as affecting our internal and
social State.-The vast Emigration is chiefly ow-
ing to the Changes produced by the Reform Bill.
-Principle of the old Constitution.-Which is
proved by the Acts of the House of Commons.
- Equal Distribution of the public Burdens.
Causes of the Difficulties of the representative
System. What first broke up the old Constitu-
tion.-The Reform Bill was an Effect, in the first
instance, of the Increase of realized Wealth, and
of the Fall of Prices occasioned by the Contrac-
tion of the Currency.-How this fall engender-
ed the Passion for Reform.-Which explains the
universal Hostility at the close Boroughs.-And
which was only rendered worse by the Talent
which got in by the close Boroughs.-Which ex-
plains the Changes of general Opinion during the
Reform Movement. The new Constituencies
were some time of discovering their own Power.
-Great Mistake in the Estimate of the Effect of
the Reform Bill. Command of the House of
Commons gained by the Shop-keepers.-Errors
on both sides during the Contest. Great and
early Fault of the Conservatives.- What they
should have done. - Error of the Conservatives
in throwing out the Duke of Wellington's Ad-
ministration.--The Duke of Wellington's Decla-
ration against Reform.-Faults of the Liberals,
first in forcing on Reform at all at this time.
Great Error in the uniform Representation in the
Boroughs.-Mistake of the Whigs as to the In-
fluence in the Boroughs.-Which led to the prac-
tical Disfranchisement of the Colonies and ship-
ping Interests.-And they were subjected to the
Government of adverse Interests. The urban
Constituencies have got for themselves an entire
Exemption from direct Taxation. - Prospective
Abandonment of our colonial Empire.-Which is
defended by the Government and Free-Traders.-
Labor was unrepresented.-Want of the Repre-
sentation of Intelligence and Education.-Dan-
gers arising from this circumstance.-Talent has
taken Refuge in the Press: its Danger.-Vast
Increase of Corruption under the Reform Bill.-
Which Evil would not be removed, but increased,
by the Ballot and lowering the Suffrage.-Great
Fault of the Liberals in the Way the Reform Bill
was carried.-Danger of coercing the House of
Peers. Wisdom of the Duke of Wellington's
Advice to the Majority in the Peers to withdraw.
-Summary of the Faults on both sides.-The
producing Classes were still the Majority in Num-
ber and Value.-The Reform Bill has strength-
ened Government by enlarging its Basis.-Where
the Risk now lies.-Way in which the moneyed
Classes had got the Command of the producing.
of a general Law of Nature? - Great political
Truth evolved by the Reform Bill. Its Ex-
emplification in France and England. - Great
Law of Nature on the subject.—Which is in-
tended to limit Population in the later Stages of
Society.
FRANCE AND EUROPE FROM THE ACCESSION OF
LOUIS PHILIPPE IN 1830, TO THE OVERTHROW
OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS IN THE
SAME YEAR.
Objects to which great popular Movements have
been directed. The real Evils of Society are
not so certainly removed by these Convulsions.
-Prosperity of the Bourgeois Class.-The In-
terests of the Bourgeoisie were adverse to those
of Labor. Effect of the Spread of Machinery,
Steam, and Railways. -Increased Strength of
the Government.-Dangers to which this led.-
The Republicans: their Chances of Success.-
The Napoleonists: their Chances.-The Orlean-
ists their Chances.-The Duke of Orleans re-
mains in Retirement.-Important Conversation
between the Baron de Glandevès and Lafitte.—
Arguments for and against the Duke's being called
to the Crown.- Project of giving the Lieuten-
ancy-General to the Duke of Orleans, and the
Crown to the Duke of Bordeaux.-First Placards
in the Orleans interest.-Situation of the Duke
of Orleans.-Interview between M. Thiers and
the Duchess of Orleans.-Irresolute Conduct of
the Duke of Orleans.-Meetings of the Deputies
and Peers.-Meeting at the Chamber of Peers.-
Reunion of the Republicans at Lointier's.-Scene
at the Hôtel de Ville.- Continued Indecision
at the Hôtel de Ville.-Easy Defeat of the Na-
poleonists.-Panic of the Orleanists at Lafitte's.-
Arrival of the Duke of Orleans at Paris, and his
Interview with M. de Mortemart.-The Duke
accepts the Lieutenancy-General of the King-
dom.-M. Guizot's Proclamation of the Princi-
ples of the Government.-Visit of the Duke of
Orleans to the Hôtel de Ville.-His Reception
there.-Reflections on this Interview.-Efforts of
the Orleanists to popularize the new Dynasty.-
Conversation between the Duke of Orleans and
the Republicans.-Noble Speech of Chateaubri-
and.-Chateaubriand refuses the Port-folio of for-
eign Affairs.-Acceptance of the Crown by Louis
Philippe.-Speeches on the Occasion of his ac-
cepting the Constitution.-Changes in the Con-
stitution of the Revolution.-Peers who resigned,
and Ministers who were appointed. - Grievous
Distress in Paris.-Reception of the Revolution
at Lyons, Bordeaux, and in the Provinces.-Rec-
ognition of Louis Philippe by the English Gov-
ernment. Manner in which he is received by the
continental Sovereigns. His Recognition by the
Cabinet of Vienna, and by Prussia.-Character
of Louis Philippe opposite Views of it.-Ex-
planation of its seeming Contradictions.-Feat-
ures, good and bad, of his Character. - Vicissi-
tudes of his Life, and Impress they had affixed to
his Character.-Extreme Difficulties with which
he had to contend.-Dissensions in the Council,
and Violence of the National Guard Deputation.-
Suspicious Death and Testament of the Duke de
Bourbon.- Injurious Reports spread abroad by
the Bequest of the Duke's Property to the Duke
d'Aumale. Attitude of M. de Lafayette, and its
Dangers. Disturbances in Paris.-First legis-
lative Measures of the new Government.-Dis-
cussions on the Electoral Law.-First financial
Measures of the new Government.-Proceedings
against the popular Societies. - Speech of the
Minister of the Interior on the subject.-Attempt
to revolutionize Spain from Paris. Which is
secretly favored by Louis Philippe and his Min-
isters.-The Enterprise is undertaken, and fails.
-State of Belgium and its Dispositions.-Causes
of Discord among the Inhabitants.-Revolution-
ary Party in Belgium, and its great Increase by
the Events in Paris in July.-Commencement of
the Revolution.-Progress of the Insurrection.