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In this example, The noun son is not an agent that performs any act, but is merely addressed by another agent; hence it is independent of any verb, and acknowledges no government, nor does it hold any agreement with any other word in the sentence. Case in fact does not attach to it; yet it has been found convenient to call it the nominative case. In parsing, you will merely run over its qualities, and say nominative case independent.

Mary, has Jane left the room? James, bring me your copy. Child, your conduct is faulty. Hope, aid my efforts. Boy, shut the door.

OBS. 1. The nominative case independent, is always in the second person.

George, how old are you? Mary, hear John read. Joseph give him a book. Stand up my boy, and read with care.

OBS. 2. For the sake of brevity in speech, the prepositions, to and for, are generally omitted, but in parsing, they must be supplied, as:

Boy, give me your attention, or, boy, give your attention to me, or, boy, give to me your attention. Mary, provide me a seat, or, Mary, provide for me a seat.

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cur-ry kur re

cyn-ick sin'ik

cum-frey kum'frē

cum-in kum'min

cum-brous kum'bruscur-ship kur'ship cys-tis sis'tis

curst-ness kurst'něs cys-tick sis'tik

cur-tain kur tin

READING.-LESSON 14.

Different kinds of Fermentation.

Jane. In describing the mode of making wine', you said', Ma', it was the fermented juice of vegetables'; what is fer" mentation?

Ma. Fermentation is the state into which vegetables pass when deprived of the vital principle. The juice of gathered fruits, ferments or, if fruit is left too long on the tree, it soon becomes fermented.

Jane. I have observed in some very ripe gooseberries, a peculiar sour taste`, or an over ripe flavour. Is not that fermentation'?

Ma. The gooseberries exhibited the first stages of it probably'; for there are three distinct kinds of fermentation which generally succeed each other'. The first is the vinous', or spiritous; the second is the acetous', or acid'; and the third is the putrid fermentation'.

Jane. Let me try to explain them', Ma', if you please'. The first, I imagine, produces wine`; the second, vinegar'; and the third presents the vegetable matter', what ever it is', in a spoiled state'.

Ma. You have done well my daughter'. Moderate heat is necessary to produce fermentation'; but a high degree of it', will produce the acetous fermentation instead of the vinous`.

Mary. I now remember', Ma', that the cook', last year', complained that the warm weather had turned her raspberry wine into vinegar`.

Ma. The addition of a little yeast', which is a product of the yinous fermentation', tends to quicken the operation of fermentation'.

Mary. I thought vinous meant wine'; does it not Ma'?

Ma. That is the import generally', but in chemistry,', vinous means the first fermentation of vegetable juices; and yeast is the first of that of malt`.

ARITHMETIC.-LESSON 15.
Reduction.

Weights and Measures.-Troy Weight.

1. In lb.47 10oz. how many grains? 2. Bring 12960 grains into ounces. 3. Bring lb.3 10 7 5 into grains. 4. A. sold 7 Ingots of silver each lb.23 a grain, to what did the whole amount?

Ans. 275520 gr.

Ans. 27 oz

gr.

Ans. 22235 5-7, at 4 cents

Ans. cts.3781344=$37813.44

Avoirdupois Weight.

1. In 13 tons, how many quarters?

13X20=260X4=1040qrs.

2. Bring 36 quarters into pounds.

Ans. 1040qrs.

Ans. 1008.

3. Bring 17lbs. into onnces.

4. Bring 2002. into drams;

5. Bring 892245oz. into tons. Ans. T.24 6. Bring T.5 12 2 into quarters

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GRAMMAR.-LESSON 16.

Ans. 272oz.

Ans. 320dr.

17-3-17 - 5. Ans. 450gr.

Of the Moods and Tenses of Verbs.

MOOD. Mood implies a particular form which the verb assumes to show the manner of the action which it expresses. NOTE. 1. As the manuer of actions are various so the mode of representing them must also be various; to this end verbs must take different forms.

English verbs adopt five forms, called noods, to wit:

The Indicative mood, Subjunctive mood, Potential mood, Imperative mood, and Infinitive moods.

The Indicative mood. The indicative mood of a verb, is that form which it takes when it indicates or declares a thing, or when it denies a thing or asks a question, as: The man

walks. The man does not walk. Will the man walk?

Tense. Tense means time. Verbs refer to six divisions of it or, they have six tenses, to wit: The Present tense, Imperfect tense, Perfect tense, Pluperfect tense, and First and Second Future tenses, as: The man walks. The man walked. The man has walked. The man had walked. The man will walk.

The man will have walked.

NOTE. 2. The verb expresses the act, with the person and number of the agent or subject. Mood expresses the manner of the act, and Tense shows the time of it.

Now, when you parse a verb, you can give its mood and tense, and you will soon be able to inflect it; that is, tell its changes of person and number through all the moods and tenses; and also distinguish the participles which are derived from them. This will fit you to enter upon the rules of syntax.

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READING.LESSON 18.

Beer, Porter, Cider, Perry, Mead and Vinegar. Jane. But', Ma', does not sugar prevent fermentation'? Ma. I apprehend it does not`; for the presence of sweet Juice is absolutely necessary to induce it`.

Jane. Why then do we put sugar with sweetmeats and fruits when preserved'?

Ma. Not so much for the purpose of keeping the fruit,, as for that of giving it a pleasant flavour. It is the boiling of the fruit that preserves it from fermentation'; and if fruit could be sufficiently boild in its own juice', it would keep perfectly well. The difficulty is', the juice cannot be easily extracted without the aid of sugar`.

Jane. I now remember', Ma', that you covered the pealed apricots last year, with sugar, and the next day they were swiming in liquid'.

Mary. And when the current jelly is likely to spoil, the cook boils it over again`; but I wish to hear Ma tell of what beer, cider, &c. are made'.

Ma. Beer or ale is made from a mixture of hops' and malt`. Porter is a liquor made also of hops' and malt', worked with yeast'. Cider is the expressed juice of apples'; it is first sweet'; but, it soon ferments', and a clear vnous spirit is obtained'. Perry is the expressed juice of pears, prepared in a similar way. Mead is a liquor made of honey' and water', fermented by yeast; and vinegar can be procured from almost all the above vinous preparations'. Wine makes the best', and cider is considered second best. But vinegar is the production of acetous fermentation'; which may be hastened by the presence of sugar or other sweet ingredients`.

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3. Bring 6972 grains into pounds. Ans. Ib12 - 1 - 2 - 0 - 1

4. Bring 10lbs. into grains.

Ans. 57600gr.

5. Bring lbs. 15 9 4 2

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Cloth Measure.

1. In 24yds. how many nails? Ans. 24X4
2. Bring 36yds. into qrs.

96X4=384n, Ans. 144qrs.

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5. In 10 bales of cloth, each 10 pieces, and each piece 12 yds.; how many yards? Ans. 1200.

GRAMMAR.- LESSON 20.

Of Moods and Tenses of Verbs.

It seems natural to class the divisions of time under three heads only; the Past, the Present, and the Future. But to mark the time of actions under these general divisions, with more accuracy, some of them have been subdivided, that is, Past time, has three distinct tenses; the Impefect, Perfect, and Pluperfect; and Future time, has two tenses; First future and Second future.

NOTE 1. All the moods, however, do not embrace all the tenses. The indicative and subjunctive moods only, extend to six tenses; the potential mood has four; the infinitive mood, two; and the imperitive mood but one.

When verbs, in their imperfect tenses, and past participles, end in d or ed, they are called regular verbs; while those that adopt any other termination, in that tense and participle, are called irregular verbs. To mark this distinction, it is common, in the act of parsing verbs, to conjugate them, that is; tell their present tense, their imperfect tense, and their past participle. Thus: the verb love; present tense love, imperfect tense, loved, past participle, loved; hence, the verb love is regular. And the verb, buy; present, buy, imperfect, bought, past participle, bought; therefore, the verb buy is irregular.

NOTE 2. The imperfect tense of the verb, and the past participle, appear to be the same, yet there is a distinction. The imperfect tense of a verb has at all times a subject or nominative case with which it agrees; but the past participle never has a subject, nor has it any agreement.

NOTE 3. Now, when you parse a verb, say, a regular transitive, or intransitive verb; or an irregular transitive, or intransitive verb, as the case may be, and to determine whether it is regular or not, you must conjugate it.

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