The Grammar of Science: Physical

前表紙
A.and C. Black, 1911
 

目次

The Second Claim of Science
25
The Third Claim of Science
29
Science and the Imagination
30
The Method of Science Illustrated
32
Science and the Aesthetic Judgment
34
The Fourth Claim of Science
36
Summary and Literature
37
CHAPTER II
39
SenseImpressions and Consciousness
42
The Brain as a Central Telephone Exchange
44
The Nature of Thought
46
OtherConsciousness as an Eject
48
Attitude of Science towards Ejects
51
The Scientific Validity of a Conception
53
The Scientific Validity of an Inference
55
The Limits to OtherConsciousness
57
The Canons of Legitimate Inference
59
SEC PAGE 11 The External Universe
60
Outside and Inside Myself
63
Sensations as the Ultimate Source of the Materials of Knowledge
66
Shadow and Reality
69
Individuality
71
The Futility of Thingsinthemselves
72
The Term Knowledge meaningless if applied to Unthinkable Things
74
Summary and Literature
75
CHAPTER III
77
Of the Word Law and its Meanings
79
Natural Law relative to Man
82
Man as the Maker of Natural Law
85
The Two Senses of the Words Natural Law
87
Confusion between the Two Senses of Natural Law
88
The Reason behind Nature
90
True Relation of Civil and Natural Law
93
Physical and Metaphysical Supersensuousness
95
Progress in the Formulating of Natural Law
96
The Universality of Scientific Law
100
The Mind as a SortingMachine
106
Science Natural Theology and Metaphysics
107
Conclusions
109
Summary and Literature
112
CHAPTER IV
113
Force as a Cause
116
Will as a Cause
118
Secondary Causes involve no Enforcement
120
Is Will a First Cause?
122
Will as a Secondary Cause
123
First Causes have no Existence for Science
127
Cause and Effect as the Routine of Experience
128
Width of the Term Cause
131
The Universe of SenseImpressions as a Universe of Motions
132
SEC PAGE
134
Probability as to Breaches in the Routine of Perceptions
142
The Permanency of Routine for the Future
148
The Ultimate Elements of the Inorganic as of the Organic Universe
155
The Universe as governed by Causation and as governed
165
On the Multiplicity of Causes
171
CHAPTER VI
179
The Infinite Divisibility of Space
186
Sameness and Continuity
194
Conceptual Discontinuity of Bodies The Atom
201
SEC PAGE 12 Time as a Mode of Perception
208
On Change of Form or Strain
229
Factors of Conceptual Motion
232
PointMotion Relative Character of Position and of Motion
233
Position The Map of the Path
236
The TimeChart
239
Steepness and Slope
242
Speed as a Slope Velocity
244
The Velocity Diagram or Hodograph Acceleration
246
Acceleration as a Spurt and a Shunt
249
Curvature
251
The Relation between Curvature and Normal Acceleration
255
Fundamental Propositions in the Geometry of Motion
258
The Relativity of Motion Its Synthesis from Simple Components
260
Summary
264
Literature
265
CHAPTER VIII
266
The Three Problems
269
How the Physicists define Matter 27 1
271
Does Matter occupy Space ?
275
The Commonsense View of Matter as Impenetrable and Hard
279
Individuality does not denote Sameness in Substratum
281
Hardness not Characteristic of Matter
285
Matter as nonMatter in Motion
286
THE LAWS OF MOTION
288
The Ether as Perfect Fluid and Perfect Jelly
289
The VortexRing Atom and the EtherSquirt Atom
292
A Material Loophole into the Supersensuous
294
The Difficulties of a Perceptual Ether
297
Why do Bodies move?
299
Summary and Literature
303
SEC PAGE 1 Corpuscles and their Structure
305
The Limits to Mechanism
309
The First Law of Motion
311
The Second Law of Motion or the Principle of Inertia
313
The Third Law of Motion Mutual Acceleration is determined by Relative Position
317
Velocity as an Epitome of Past History Mechanism and Materialism
322
The Fourth Law of Motion
326
The Scientific Conception of Mass
329
The Fifth Law of Motion The Definition of Force
330
Equality of Masses tested by Weighing
333
How far does the Mechanism of the Fourth and Fifth Laws of Motion extend?
337
Density as the Basis of the Kinetic Scale
339
The Influence of Aspect on the Corpuscular Dance
343
The Hypothesis of Modified Action and the Synthesis of Motion
344
Criticism of the Newtonian Laws of Motion
348
Summary and Literature
353
MODERN PHYSICAL IDEAS 1 The Present Crisis in Physical Science and its Sources
355
The Origin of the Atomic View of Electricity
358
On the Electromagnetic Constitution of the Atom
361
Electromagnetic Mass
364
A Mechanical Ether Irrational
367
On Current Definitions of Electric Charge and Intensity at a Point
370
The Possibility of a Logical Definition of the Fundamental Quantities of the Electron Theory
371
On Fluid or Space Distribution of Electricity
374
On Motion Relative to the Ether in Relation to Experience
377
Theory of Relativity
379
Electromagnetic Inertia according to the Theory of Relativity
383
The Present Value of Newtonian Dynamics
385
Summary
386
Literature
387

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348 ページ - I. — Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, except in so far as it is compelled by force to change that state.
33 ページ - ... it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work; but I was so anxious to avoid prejudice that I determined not for some time to write even the.
119 ページ - God, at whose command the winds blow, and lift up the waves of the sea, and who stillest the rage thereof; We, thy creatures, but miserable sinners, do in this our great distress cry unto thee for help : Save, Lord, or else we perish.
32 ページ - The world little knows how many of the thoughts and theories which have passed through the mind of a scientific investigator have been crushed in silence and secrecy by his own severe criticism and adverse examination ; that in the most successful instances not a tenth of the suggestions, the hopes, the wishes, the preliminary conclusions have been realized.
307 ページ - Thus molecular science sets us face to face with physiological theories. It forbids the physiologist from imagining that structural details of infinitely small dimensions can furnish an explanation of the infinite variety which exists in the properties and functions of the most minute organisms.
ii ページ - AUSTRALASIA THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 205 FLINDERS LANE, MELBOURNE CANADA . . THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD. ST. MARTIN'S HOUSE, 70 BOND STREET, TORONTO INDIA . . . MACMILLAN & COMPANY, LTD. MACMILLAN BUILDING, BOMBAY 309 Bow BAZAAR STREET, CALCUTTA ON UNFREQUENTED WATERS BY j .^l> '-. THE REV.
12 ページ - The man who classifies facts of any kind whatever, who sees their mutual relation and describes their sequences, is applying the scientific method and is a man of science.
61 ページ - We are like the clerk in the central telephone exchange who cannot get nearer to his customers than his end of the telephone wires. We are indeed worse off than the clerk, for to carry out the analogy properly we must suppose him never to have been outside the telephone exchange, never to have seen a customer or any one like a customer — in short, never, except through the telephone wire, to have come in contact with the outside universe. Of that
146 ページ - the assumption that any probability-constant about which we know nothing in particular is as likely to have one value as another, is grounded upon the rough but solid experience that such constants do as a matter of fact as often have one value as another.
75 ページ - Essay towards a New Theory of Vision (1709), A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) and Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713).

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