APPENDIX. and Expenditure from 1st September, 1863, to 1st September, 1864. gratuities clothing lanterns. Rent of offices and stations Rents, taxes, and insurance 96 13 96 13 Income tax on loans' interest. 305 5 305 5 Coal, gas and water......... Printing, stationery, and advertising. II.-BOROUGH IMPROVEMENT ACCOUNT, BIRMINGHAM. General Statement III.-STREET IMPROVEMENT ACCOUNT, BIRMINGHAM. General Statement of Income and Expenditure from 1st September, 1863, to 1st September, 1864. of Income and Expenditure from 1st September, 1863, to 1st September, 1864. 714 17 95,446 16 On the VITAL STATISTICS of BIRMINGHAM and SEVEN other LARGE TOWNS. By WILLIAM LUCAS SARGANT, Author of "Social Innovators," the "Science of Social Opulence," &c. [Read before Section F, British Association, at Birmingham, September, 1865.] Introduction. I PROPOSE in this paper to give a short account of the vital statistics of Birmingham. The tables in the appendix contain, 1st, the рориlation since 1801, with the absolute increase and the rate of increase in each decennial period; 2ndly, the numbers living at the date of . the last census, at different ages; 3rdly, the density of population, the death-rates and the birth-rate; 4thly, the death-rates at different ages; 5thly, the excess of such death-rates over those of the whole country; 6thly, the numbers who die from phthisis, cholera, and other diseases; 7thly, the proportion of deaths from each cause to deaths from all causes. But since an array of figures, without any standard of comparison, is of little value, I have added the same statistics for seven other great towns, as well as for England and Wales. I have selected Wolverhampton and Sheffield as hardware towns; Manchester and Leeds as textile towns; Liverpool as a great seaport; London as the metropolis; and Bristol as having many of the characteristics of London. That part of my paper which relates to the causes of death, would have been impossible, without the use of a recent report of the Registrar-General. That volume, which is entitled "Supplement to "the Twenty-fifth Report," supplies for each district during the ten years 1851-60, the percentages of deaths at different ages and from different causes. We had the absolute numbers before; we now have the rates: an addition which will be appreciated by all who have busied themselves with this topic. Anyone may now ascertain with ease and certainty the registered mortality of any district, for all ages and for each age; and by running his eye down the columns, may pick out the healthy and unhealthy districts, so far as the register can determine the facts. He may also with the same facility find the causes of death in each district, and for each age. Population. As regards the population of the great towns, I need scarcely |