and was for a short time a Minister in a subordinate office, was born in Ireland in 1850 and educated at Cavan and Dublin. He started in business as a wholesale tea merchant in London. His Parliamentary career was mainly devoted to the advancement of Home Rule for Ireland and the reform of national expenditure. He founded the Home Rule Union and the London Reform Union, and published several books on the Irish question. From 1906-8 he was Parliamentary Secretary of the Board of Education, but was not a great success in office from the party standpoint. On his retirement he was made a member of the Privy Council. In 1917 he published "Parliament During the War." He married, in 1880, Edith, daughter of the Rev. John Mills, but had no children.

12. Thomas Gibson Bowles was born in 1844, and early left his position in the Inland Revenue Office to become a journalist. He started Vanity Fair, became the owner of the Lady and other like journals, and from 1892 to 1906 sat in Parliament as Conservative member for King's Lynn. He was defeated in the General Election of 1906, became a Liberal, and as such represented his old constituency in 1910, only to be defeated again in the second General Election of that year. He returned to the Conservative Party, but did not re-enter Parliament. He was known throughout his political career as a merciless critic and unwearying guardian of national finance. He started, in this connexion, in 1914, the Candid Quarterly Review. One of his daughters is the wife of Lord Redesdale.

15. Sir John Kirk, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., was born at Barry in Forfarshire in 1832, his father being the Rev. John Kirk. He studied botany and medicine and graduated as a doctor and surgeon at Edinburgh University in 1854, the date of the outbreak of the Crimean War. During that war he served as a physician in the Dardanelles. He volunteered in 1858 as physician and naturalist to Livingstone's expedition to the Zambesi, and during the five years spent in Central Africa did invaluable work as chief officer to the explorer and as a botanist. In 1866 he accepted the post of acting surgeon to the political agency at Zanzibar, and from that date his political career in East Africa began. In 1867 he became Vice-Consul of Zanzibar, in 1873 political Agent and Consul. He will be remembered for his fine diplomatic work at Zanzibar during a period of nearly twenty years, covering the critical years of Germany's entry into the colonial field and her unsuccessful designs on this island. He has also a lasting claim to memory as an ardent opponent of the slave trade, which he did much to stamp out in East Africa. He signed the Treaty of 1873 whereby the Zanzibar slave market was closed. He retired in 1887 but continued to give his services to the Foreign Office in various capacities for some years. He maintained an active interest in science throughout his life, and his name is commemorated in African fauna and flora. He had four children.

William Ramage Lawson, whose age was 81, became well known as a financial journalist and the author of various books on economic and financial subjects. Born at Kirriemuir, his journalistic career began in 1862 at Dundee, then took him to Australia. Later he became editor of the Edinburgh Courant and of the Financial Times.

Edward Hopkinson, M.P., a great electrical engineer, was born in 1859 as the son of John Hopkinson, also an engineer, and Mayor of Manchester. He was educated at Owen's College, Manchester, and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which he became a Fellow, and graduated D.Sc. in the University of London. He took up engineering and joined the firm of Mather & Platt, Salford, ultimately becoming Vice-Chairman of its Board. He was responsible for the making of the City and South London Railway, opened in 1890. He was a President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He left a widow and a son and daughter.

16. The Rev. Dr. John Brown, D.D., the biographer of Bunyan, was born at Bolton in 1830. He was educated for a clerical career, which he began at Park Chapel, Manchester, in 1855. The great work of his life began in 1864, when he became the ninth pastor of Bunyan Meeting, the historic church at Bedford of which John Bunyan was the third pastor. He maintained past tradition by retaining the post until his death, notwithstanding his advanced years. An able though not a great preacher, he will be best remembered by his exhaustive life of Bunyan, "John Bunyan: His Life, Times, and Work," which remains the standard biography, and in recognition of which Yale University conferred on him the degree of D.D. He was one of the makers of modern Congregationalism, and became Chairman of the Congregational Union in 1891. He married a daughter of the Rev. D. E. Ford of Manchester, and had three sons and three daughters. One of his daughters is the mother of Mr. J. M. Keynes, author of the famous "Economic Consequences of the Peace."

17. Sir Charles A. Hanson, Bart., M.P., Lord Mayor of London in 1917-18, was the eldest son of Mr. Joseph M. A. Hanson, of Fowey, and was born in 1846. He was for a time a Wesleyan minister in Canada, but, having associated himself with financial concerns, he returned to England in 1890 and joined a firm of Stock Exchange brokers. In 1909 he was elected Alderman of Broad Street Ward in the City, in 1911-12 was a Sheriff of the City of London. In 1916 he became the Conservative representative in Parliament of the Bodmin Division of Cornwall, retaining his seat until his death. His mayoralty, the last of the Great War, gave him ample opportunity to display his culture and efficiency. He was made a baronet in 1918. His wife was a Canadian, and he had one son and one daughter.

19. Canon Frederick Langbridge, who was in his 73rd year, was born at Birmingham and educated there and at Merton College, Oxford. He was ordained in 1876, and after filling various livings in the Church of Ireland was appointed rector of St. John's, Limerick, in 1883, and stayed there for the rest of his life. In 1906 he was made a Canon in Limerick Cathedral.

He will be best remembered as a poet, playwright, and novelist. The degree of D.Litt. was conferred on him in 1907 by Trinity College, Dublin, as the result of a long and prolific literary output. His poems in particular gained him a considerable reputation.

21. John Kendrick Bangs was born at Yonkers, near New York City in 1862. Abandoning the Bar for literature, he became one of the editors of Life, the American Punch, then joined the staff of Harper's Magazine. He produced some fifty novels and several plays and was one of the best-known literary men in New York. One of his most charming and witty works, "A House Boat on the Styx," is well known in England.

22. James Bryce, Viscount Bryce, who was born in Belfast in 1838, was the son of James Bryce, headmaster of the Glasgow High School. He was educated under his father and at the University, and had a brilliant career in classics, law, and history at Trinity College, Oxford. In 1867 he was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn, and in 1870 was appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford, and became a leading personage among the Oxford Academic Liberals. Entering political life, he was, in 1880, elected as the Liberal representative of the Tower Hamlets Division, changing his constituency for that of Aberdeen at the General Election of 1885. Soon after entering the House he ceased to practise at the Bar, but retained his Oxford Professorship until 1893. Dividing his time between politics and literature, he did not come into further prominence until 1892, when he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy under Mr. Gladstone, with a seat in the Cabinet. In 1894 he became President of the Board of Trade; from 1905 to 1907 was Chief

Secretary for Ireland. From that date until 1913 he filled with conspicuous success the position of Ambassador to the United States, and did much to promote good feeling between that country and Great Britain. After his return home he was created, in 1914, Viscount Bryce of Dechmont, Co. Lanark. His name became prominent during the war as Chairman of the Committee appointed to report on "Alleged German Outrages," his report being the first judicial presentment of the conduct of the German Army in Belgium. Few men have had so long a record of intellectual productivity. A college prize essay on the Holy Roman Empire" was published as a book in 1864, became a classical work, went through many editions, and was translated into several languages. His work on "The American Commonwealth" (1888 and 1910) gained him the highest esteem of American academic circles. Among other works may be mentioned "South America,” recording the impressions of a trip to that country, and "Modern Democracies," the fruit of many years' experience, published in 1921 (see ANNUAL REGISTER, 1921, p. 28). He was married, but left no children.

22. Giacomo Della Chiesa, Pope Benedict XV., was born at Pegli, in the diocese of Genoa, in 1854. On leaving school at Genoa he passed to the Ateneo, where he gained his doctorate in civil and canon law. His family removed to Rome, and he then abandoned a legal career for the Church, and in 1878 he was ordained. When only 28 he was made one of the Camerieri Segreti Sopranumerari, and became Secretary to the Papal Embassy at the Spanish Court. In 1887 he joined the household of Cardinal Rampolla, then Secretary of State to Pope Leo XIII., becoming the Cardinal's Sostituto in 1901, and continuing to hold office after the latter's retirement on the death of the Pope. In 1907 he was appointed Archbishop of Bologna, and in May, 1914, was admitted to the Sacred College. On September 3 of that year he was elected Pope, shortly before completing his 60th year.

Of small stature, delicate in his youth, Benedict XV. was a man of great bodily and mental activity. His reputation as an expert diplomatist was severely tested during the war. He made frequent attempts to procure peace, but, possibly on account of his attitude of strict neutrality, an attitude which prevented him from making any direct protest against the wrongs perpetrated by Germany until it was too late, none of his attempts bore fruit. His intercessions with the French and German Governments for an exchange of certain prisoners of war and his rebuke of the Carlist-Catholic-Germanophile Press campaign in Spain were, however, noteworthy. During his papacy official relations between France and the Vatican, which had been suspended for seventeen years, were resumed. He will also be remembered for the fact that early in the war the British Government reversed a policy of centuries and accredited a diplomatic representative to the Papal Court.

Sir William Henry Mahoney Christie, K. C.B., F.R.S., Astronomer Royal from 1881 to 1910, was born in 1845, and was the youngest son of Samuel Hunter Christie, Professor of Mathematics in the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He was educated at King's College School, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was fourth wrangler in 1868. In 1870 he became chief assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and was elected Astronomer Royal in 1881. The improvements made under his direction were noteworthy. Greenwich owes to him its largest extensions in buildings and instruments, many of which were designed by him. He went to various parts of the world in order personally to observe and photograph the total solar eclipses of 1896, 1900, and 1905. He served on the Council of the Royal Astronomical Society for over forty years. He was awarded the C.B. in 1897 and the K.C.B. in 1904. He married Violette, daughter of Sir Alfred Hickman, and had two sons, the younger of whom died in childhood.

23. Stefan Sinding, who died at the age of 75, was a distinguished Norwegian sculptor, who came of a gifted family, his brother being Christian Sinding, the composer. He studied abroad, especially in Paris, and settled in Copenhagen, where he found an influential patron in Jacobsen, the well-known brewer. His figures are noted for their beauty and strength of execution. He died in Paris, where he had been living of late years.

Arthur Nikisch, the famous conductor, was a Hungarian by birth, and was born in 1855. He received his musical education chiefly in Vienna, but throughout the greater part of his career he was closely associated with Leipzig, where he died. He started life as a violinist, and composed a prize quartette for string instruments, but he was early marked out as a conductor of unusual talent, and in 1877 was appointed deputy-conductor to the Leipzig Opera, soon becoming first conductor. From 1889 he spent four years in America, conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and in 1895, after an interval in Budapest, returned to Leipzig as conductor of the famous Gewandhaus concerts, and maintained this connexion until his death. He also undertook the direction of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. He conducted frequently in England before the war. He was especially successful with the works of Wagner, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, and Liszt.

25. Ernest Newton, R.A., a great domestic architect, was born in 1856 and educated at Uppingham. He trained under the famous architect, Norman Shaw, whose artistic tradition he most successfully carried on. He excelled in the planning of moderate-sized houses, in which he displayed an entirely personal charm and refinement of taste. His designs included some ecclesiastical buildings. He published

several books on his own work. He was elected A.R.A. in 1911 and R.A. in 1919. He served as President of the Royal Institute of British Architects from 1914 to 1917. He married, in 1881, Antoinette Johanna Hoyack, of Rotterdam, and had three sons.

26. Luigi Denza, composer and professor of music, was born in Italy in 1846. Although his opera, "Wallenstein," was produced at Naples in 1876, his compositions were almost entirely confined to songs, the most famous being "Funiculi, Funicula," composed in 1880 on the opening of the railway up Mount Vesuvius. He settled in London in 1893, and became professor of singing at the Royal Academy of Music and a director of the London Academy of Music. He had one son.

27. Frau Luise Zietz, the well-known Independent Socialist member of the German Reichstag, who was born in 1865, was a kindergarten teacher in early life. She had been a prominent worker of the SocialDemocratic Party since 1893. A bitter opponent of the war, she was one of the chief organisers of the Independent Socialist Party, was elected to the National Assembly in 1919, and subsequently to the Reichstag.

28. Dr. Amaro Cavalcanti, who died in his 71st year, was a Brazilian educator, author, jurist, and statesman. The son of a primary school teacher, he rose from being the secondary school director of Ceará to the positions of Minister of Justice and of the Interior, a justice of the Supreme Court, and a member of The Hague Tribunal. He was one of the most efficient pioneers of Pan-Americanism.

FEBRUARY.

1. Prince Aritomo Yamagata, a Japanese statesman and soldier, was born in 1838, became an officer in the Army, and gained rapid promotion. In 1867 he was already Chief of Staff, in 1872 he was a LieutenantGeneral and Minister of War. After the Satsuma insurrection he turned

his attention to domestic politics. Although he never openly professed any political principles, he soon became known as the leader of the Conservatives, and was, to the end of his days, an opponent of party government. He was Minister of Home Affairs in three consecutive Cabinets from 1885 to 1891 (Prime Minister in 1889), and Minister of Justice in 1892. Ill-health compelled him to resign the active leadership of the Army early in the war against China of 1894-95, but he was promoted to Field-Marshal in 1898, and in that year again became Prime Minister. He was Chief of the General Staff at Tokio in the war with Russia of 1903. As the one of Japan's elder statesmen who most fully embodied the martial spirit of old Japan, he remained a great power behind the Throne. He was created Count in 1881, Marquis in 1891, and Prince after the Russo-Japanese War. He received the British Order of Merit in 1906.

2. Sir Edward Tootal Broadhurst, Bart., one of Lancashire's greatest manufacturers and foremost public men, was born in 1858, near Manchester. Under his guidance the Tootal Broadhurst Lee Company became one of the greatest cotton-spinning concerns in the country. A publicspirited man, his benefactions, especially to Manchester University, were considerable. He was a Unionist until 1910, then became a Liberal and sat in the House of Commons for North-West Manchester. He was created a baronet in 1918. He was married but had no children, and the baronetcy expired.

3. General Christian de Wet, the renowned Boer leader, was born at Vredeport, in the Orange Free State, in 1854, his father, Jacobus de Wet, being one of the founders of the State. He made his mark as a military leader in the Boer War of 1881, and during the later stages of the South African War won universal admiration and respect for his conduct of guerilla warfare. After the war he returned to his farm, and visited England, where he was well received. In 1907 he became Minister of Agriculture to the Orange River Colony. Shortly after the outbreak of the Great War he went into rebellion, but was captured by General Botha's forces, convicted of sedition, and imprisoned. On undertaking to abstain from political agitation he was released. He died at his farm at Dewetsdorp.

4. Sir Henry Jones, Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University since 1894, who was born in Argyllshire in 1852, was a son of the people. He left the shoemaker's bench to enter Glasgow University with a bursary at the age of 22, took first-class honours in Philosophy, and became assistant to the famous Professor Caird and an unswerving disciple of his doctrine of philosophical idealism. He was for seven years Professor of Logic and Philosophy at the University College of North Wales at Bangor, and in 1891 was appointed to the Chair of Logic, Rhetoric, and Metaphysics at St. Andrews. Three years later he succeeded Professor Caird in the Glasgow Chair, and filled it with conspicuous success for twenty-seven years. His name first became widely known through his volume on Browning as a Philosophical and Religious Teacher." Of his other works "The Philosophy of Lotze" and "Idealism as a Practical Creed" are the most important. He was an LL.D. of St. Andrews, a D.Litt. of the University of Wales, and a Fellow of the British Academy. He was knighted in 1912.

5. Algernon Graves, F.S.A., described as the historian of English art, was the son of Henry Graves, the well-known print publisher, of Pall Mall, and came of a family, members of which had been engaged in fine art for four generations. Born in 1845, he was educated in London and entered his father's business, eventually becoming head of the firm. His great work, a " Dictionary of Artists who have Exhibited Works in the Principal London Exhibitions," first published in 1884, amplified in 1895 and 1901, was the outcome of various volumes dealing with separate