Wilson As I Know Him, by the ex-President's secretary, Mr. Joseph P. Tumulty, although marred by both egotism and adulation, did something to assist the recapture of American popular favour for Mr. Wilson's personality and ideals. A general and sincere expression of this country's gratitude towards the late American Ambassador greeted the publication of Mr. Burton I. Hendrick's Life and Letters of Walter H. Page, whose correspondence with his Government during the war period showed the keenest sympathy with this country's aims and efforts and the loftiest understanding of its people.

Opinions of some interest on personalities, by no means all of the first importance, were also expressed from the American angle in General C. H. Sherrill's Prime Ministers and Presidents, and Eugene S. Bagger's Eminent Europeans. Dr. Lyman Abbott's more appealing Silhouettes of My Contemporaries, limited to the American scene, portrayed greater men of the far past of an unusually long lifetime. Among anonymous works in this field the most conspicuous was The Pomp of Power, extremely Francophile in outlook, and treating the events and men of recent years with a boldness that might more convincingly have gone the length of backing highly controversial statements with a declared identity. "The Gentleman with a Duster" did not excel himself in his Painted Windows, which was devoted to a study of distinguished ecclesiastics.

The great lawyer who spent himself in his extraordinary task as Director-General of Explosive Supplies during the war was worthily commemorated in the Life of Lord Moulton by H. Fletcher Moulton, his son. Mr. Max Pemberton's Lord Northcliffe, though obviously not planned on the scale due to its subject, was an interesting record of an astonishing career, Mr. Sidney Dark supplying a kind of companionpiece with the Life of Sir Arthur Pearson, Bt., G. B.E., divided between his activities as a journalistic power and the work by which he won a nobler fame. Of many works on Churchmen, scholars, and scientists, Mr. J. H. Fowler edited the Life and Letters of Edward Lee Hicks (Bishop of Lincoln, 1910-19), and Sir Henry Jones and Mr. J. H. Muirhead the Life and Philosophy of Edward Caird; Hugo Münsterberg: His Life and Work was written by the psychologist's daughter; Mrs. Birkbeck edited the Life and Letters of W. J. Birkbeck; and M. Descour's Pasteur and His Work was translated by A. F. and B. H. Wedd, M.D. Colonel H. G. Prout was responsible for George Westinghouse, an account of the renowned American engineer, and Mrs. Hawker told the inspiring story of her husband's brief and crowded life in H. G. Hawker, Airman. Mr. C. T. Atkinson issued the first volume of Marlborough and the Rise of the British Army, while elsewhere Professor Hans Delbrùck pursued in Ludendorffs Selbstporträt the congenial task of proving who was responsible for the downfall of the German Army. Their contribution to the history of illustrious English families perhaps justifies the inclusion here of two much-applauded works, as remarkable for their literary merit as for their matter, both chronicles of great houses, Knole and the Sackvilles, by Miss V. Sackville-West, and Earlham, the seat of the Gurneys, by Mr. Percy Lubbock.

Biographical studies of authors were exceptionally abundant. In

Piero Aretino, the Scourge of Princes, Mr. Edward Hutton found behind the worst of reputations a human being worthy of admiration in many respects, and Mr. John Rivers an unexpectedly substantial character in Figaro The Life of Beaumarchais. The solidity of the figure revealed, thanks to American good fortune in the matter of Boswelliana, in Mr. Chauncy Brewster Tinker's Young Boswell, and the disclosures of William Wordsworth and Annette Vallon, by Professor Emile Legouis, provided further surprises of the same order. Dr. McNaught's The Truth About Burns was an essay in rehabilitation, perhaps hardly necessary. Mr. P. P. Howe filled a gap in literary history with his excellent Life of William Hazlitt, that man of storms. Mr. Raymond M. Weaver's Herman Melville : Mariner and Mystic came in upon a wave of enthusiasm for Moby Dick and its author. In I Can Remember Robert Louis Stevenson Miss Rosaline Masson harvested from a number of people, distinguished or obscure, their memories of glimpses of R. L. S., whose moral character as a young man was the theme of much controversy during the year. The Ordeal of Mark Twain, the result of the application of the psycho-analytic method of criticism by Mr. Van Wyck Brooks, presented him as a great serious author manqué, consciously suffering from the repression of his proper impulses by the influences dominant in his household and in his country. Mrs. Watts-Dunton's trivial gossip in The Home Life of Swinburne did the poet's fame no service. Mr. Henry Savage commemorated a dead friend in Richard Middleton: the Man and his Work, but J. E. Flecker, by Mr. Douglas Goldring, had a more interesting central figure and showed more balance. The long lives, rich friendships, and achievements of the pair in several arts gave Mrs. A. M. W. Stirling a wealth of material for her William and Evelyn de Morgan. Two new studies of German poets should be mentioned: Goethe, by Georg Brandes, and Kleist, by Friedrich Gundolf.

Autobiography represented all the stages between emperor and clown, ranging from the ex-Kaiser to "Whimsical Walker." The expectations that might have been raised by the announcement of Wilhelm II.'s My Memoirs, 1878-1918, were disappointed on their appearance. The quality in which they were richest was a boundless power of self-deception; upon such subjects as Bismarck they were anything but enlightening, and the absurdities of the history of Anglo-German relations and the proofs of Great Britain's responsibility for the war could only be explained by the credulity they revealed. The ex-Kaiser also put his name to Comparative History, 1878-1914, a set of arid tables of dates and events over the period given (with conspicuous omissions), presented without commentary and evidently intended to lie for themselves. The Memoirs of the Crown Prince, while faulty as apologia, deserved much more respect as regards style, contents, and the personality revealed, even allowing for some doubt as to the actual authorship. Colonel Repington's further extracts from the notes of his post-war travels through most European countries, and talks with their high personages, in After the War did not repeat his earlier success, despite their unquestionable interest. Signor Giolitti's Memoirs appeared in Italy and were by no means sensational, though the account of Tripoli and of the Balkan troubles of 1913 was richly documented and threw fresh light upon Italy's actions at the be

ginning of the World War. Two volumes of the reminiscences of the Chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff, Field-Marshal Conrad von Hötzendorf, Aus meiner Dienstzeit, 1906-18, were published abroad, reaching the time of preparation for the outbreak of 1914. The documents and records forming the greater part of the text, and the recognised personal qualities of the author, made the work deserve unusual consideration. Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913-19, by Ahmed Djemal Pasha, gave an interesting account of the doings and personalities of the Committee of Union and Progress, and the making of the alliance between Germany and Turkey. Among works dealing with remoter and less tragic days were the Private Diaries of the Rt. Hon. Sir Algernon West, edited by Mr. Horace G. Hutchinson, which took the reader behind the scenes of Victorian politics, greatly to his disillusionment, and furnished many new details of the long struggle between Gladstone and the Queen; the second volume of Lord George Hamilton's Parliamentary Reminiscences and Reflections, covering the period between 1886 and 1906; and Sir H. W. Lucy's vivacious Diary of a Journalist: Later Entries, from 1890-1910. Sir James Rennell Rodd chronicled his early Pre-Raphaelite days and his official career in Berlin and Athens from 1884-93 in the first volume of his Social and Diplomatic Memories, special importance attaching to his chapters on Germany under the rule of Bismarck. The famous American politician and speaker, Mr. Chauncey Depew, used the gifts that made him popular on both sides of the Atlantic to write an entertaining book of My Memories of Eighty Years. Baron Rosen's Forty Years of Diplomacy was painful reading, being the story of a long life spent in carrying out in many capitals a policy the Ambassador knew to mean ruin to Russia, and closing with the cataclysm of the Revolution. Service memoirs included Admiral the Rt. Hon. Guy Fleetwood Wilson's vigorous and sprightly Letters to Somebody, and the Indian reminiscences and reflections of Major-General Nigel Woodyatt, Under Ten Viceroys. Sport and adventure, soldiering, big-game hunting, and yachting, in Past Times and Pastimes by the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Dunraven, won pre-eminence over politics and serious subjects generally, as they did in the author's own inclinations. A Cricketer's Book, by Neville Cardus ("Cricketer" of the Manchester Guardian) had a very encouraging reception, and a great batsman, Gilbert L. Jessop, refought his many fields in A Cricketer's Log. Mr. William Allison pleased followers of another sport with a further volume, Memories of Men and Horses. A fortunate discovery during the year, that of the diary of Joseph Farington, R. A. (1747-1821), was hailed in some quarters as having revealed a diarist in the succession of Pepys and Evelyn. Vol. I. of The Farington Diary, edited by Mr. James Greig, containing the entries from July, 1793, to August, 1802, hardly justified this claim, rather by reason of its occasional baldness than any lack of distinction and variety in the pageant of famous figures moving through its pages. Among living authors Lady Battersea scored a striking success with her Reminiscences, valuable for its pictures of Gladstone and Disraeli, its records of the great Rothschild family to which she belongs, and its notes on famous English houses and households. It was admirably supplemented by Lady Jersey's Fifty-one Years of Victorian Life. The second volume of the Autobiography of Margot Asquith had, in addition to

the wit, vividness, and courage of its predecessor, some of the virtues of reticence and charitableness the first volume lacked. Besides the interest of its pictures of public men and affairs, the days of King Edward, the War, and the Armistice, it showed Mrs. Asquith as wife and mother in a light that should have disarmed some of the hostility roused by Volume I. Lady Susan Townley chose the title of her book, Indiscretions of Lady Susan, with reference to what seems the harsh judgment of the Foreign Office upon her, and its interruption of her husband's diplomatic career. In Forty Years On Lord Ernest Hamilton ranged from the Dublin of the 'sixties as far abroad as Klondyke and Peru. Mr. Maurice Baring's many talents, friendships, and wanderings enabled him to write a bulky volume of recollections while still comparatively young. In The Puppet Show of Memory the delightful account of a childhood one cannot but envy had an appeal that even the story of pleasant diplomatic posts abroad and adventures in the Russo-Japanese and Balkan wars could not equal. Sir Henry Jones's Old Memories had no such gracious setting for its early chapters, but narrated the long struggle for learning of the young Welsh shoemaker who made his way to a Chair of Moral Philosophy. Mr. John St. Loe Strachey, editor of the Spectator, began life fortunately and made his reputation early. The Adventure of Living: A Subjective Autobiography showed him happy in his lot with much to tell of the literary discoveries, distinguished friendships, and—with a little pardonable exaggerationthe political influence, his editorship had brought him. Mr. Douglas Ainslie's cheerful, if rather desultory, Adventures, Social and Literary took him from Eton and Oxford to the diplomatic service in France, Greece, and Holland, but stopped for the time being on the threshold of richer experience in Italy. With A New Melody of Memories the Rt. Rev. Sir David Hunter-Blair, Abbot of Fort Augustus, gave the harvest of another ten years of his life, from 1903 onwards; Canon Bonney's Memoirs of a Long Life were instinct with modesty, kindliness, and humour; and the former Mistress of Girton, Miss E. E. Constance Jones, left unfinished her quiet reminiscences As I Remember: An Autobiographical Ramble, which were issued as a fragment with a preface by Dean Inge. A strange book of a strange time was that in which Mr. W. B. Yeats wrote his memories of the 'nineties, The Trembling of the Veil, and his interpretations of the men and tendencies of that period could have been the work of no other writer and no lesser seer. Much wise and witty comment was to be found in the latest recollections of his countrywoman, Miss Katharine Tynan, The Wandering Years. Mr. Arthur Machen's Far-off Things was another distinguished volume. Mr. Melville E. Stone, of the Associated Press, won his fame in America, and had it confirmed by interviews with European potentates, and Fifty Years a Journalist was quite a modest title for the activities his book described. The darker possibilities of some States of America were disclosed by Mr A. L. Jennings in Through the Shadows with O. Henry; the prison life he shared with the latter author beggars any description but his own. Mrs. Patrick Campbell wrote the most notable of the year's stage autobiographies in My Life and Some Letters, her correspondence from Mr. G. B. Shaw and Sir J. M. Barrie being a conspicuous asset. Mr. Henry A. Lytton disclosed the agreeable Secrets of a Savoyard, and "Whimsical Walker's" Sawdust to Windsor Castle

treated with just pride the struggles and triumphs of the popular clown.

Several important collections of correspondence were issued: Lord Byron's Correspondence, chiefly with Lady Melbourne, John Cam Hobhouse, the Hon. Douglas Kinnaird, and Shelley, edited by Mr. John Murray; the first volume made rather wearisome by the affairs with Lady Caroline Lamb and Miss Milbanke, the second extremely valuable for the hitherto unpublished letters from Shelley; the George Sand-Flaubert and NietzscheWagner correspondence; and the Letters of Lord and Lady Wolseley, 1870-1911, edited by Sir George Arthur, containing much that is of intrinsic interest and revealing a wonderful relationship between the soldier and the wife. An anthology of letters compiled by Professor Saintsbury, A Letter Book, was one of the successes of 1922.

The first volume of the official History of the Great War appeared during the year. Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1914, compiled by Brigadier-General J. E. Edmonds, C.B., C.M.G., treated the opening of the campaign in such detail that its 500 pages did not carry the reader beyond the middle of October, 1914. The dispositions of allied and enemy forces were well handled in relation to the British operations, and the story of the battles of Mons, Le Cateau, and the Marne was clear enough to decide much of the controversy which has gathered about that period. Mr. John Buchan's fourth volume completed his revised History of the Great War, beginning with Caporetto and ending with the Armistice. The question of the unity of command and the 1918 campaign of Sir Douglas Haig were dealt with fully by the authors of Sir Douglas Haig's Command, 1915-18, Mr. G. A. B. Dewar and Lieut.Colonel Boraston. These two volumes attempted to reverse the familiar process of belittling Haig to the aggrandisement of the reputation of Foch, but a certain excess of partisanship aroused a deal of opposition to a thesis by no means wholly unacceptable. The first volume of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-18, issued by the Australian Government under the general editorship of Mr. C. E. W. Bean, and The New Zealanders at Gallipoli, by Major F. Waite, D.S.O., also the first volume of a Government publication, told the immortal story of the raising of the Dominion forces and their heroism at the Dardanelles. In Volume I. of The War in the Air, the last unfinished work of Sir Walter Raleigh, only the early period of hostilities was reached, the preliminary chapters being devoted to the discoveries and exploits by which the air was conquered, and the beginnings of the history of the Royal Flying Corps. The gentlemen adventurers whose combats already read as legends could have found no finer historian. Deutschlands Krieg in der Luft, by General von Hoeppner, gave the records of the enemy they had to overcome. General von Bernhardi showed himself unchastened by experience in his Deutschlands Heldenkampf 1914 bis 1918, reaffirming the lawfulness of the German plan of campaign and placing the responsibility for Germany's defeat upon Falkenhayn and BethmannHollweg at home, and her allies as a whole outside.

Following his famous Outline of History, Mr. H. G. Wells published A Short History of the World, remarkable for a scheme of selection and arrangement likely to prove of permanent value. *The Cambridge History