a further check to their zeal, and should induce them to count well the cost before they begin to build. We advert to this point because we well know that it is among the anticipations and purposes of some persons who have thought of the subject, to provide by such means for the equal eligibility of Dissenters to the honours and offices of the State.

We have Mr. Walker's Annotations before us, and must therefore attend to our proper business as Reviewers. Before, however, we dismiss the present topic, we would express our hope, that the restrictions which exclude professed Dissenters from the English Universities will in time be removed. They ought to be the Universities of the nation, not of the Church. They are no more the property, on the original tenures of their endowment, of the Protestant Church of England, than they are of the Protestant Dissenters. Many of the Statutes of their founders are a dead letter: the conditions of the grant by which much of their wealth has been conveyed, are not being fulfilled. There can, therefore, be no irresistible force in the arguments which are so pertinaciously urged in support of the restrictive system, derived from the design of the founders of those ancient Institutions, and asserting the principle of justice as opposed to innovation. The progress of knowledge will effect, we are persuaded, changes in the state of society equally great with the object to which we have alluded, when the obligations of religion shall be exhibited apart from the means and the rewards of learning. Then, the classic groves on the banks of the Isis and the Cam will no longer be interdicted ground; and the invitations which encourage the aspirants after literary honour to press forward to those venerable shades, will be addressed to them without the restriction which at present qualifies them. Cuncti adsint, meritaeq. expectent Præmia, Palmæ.

An edition of Livy in seven volumes octavo, intended to combine the advantges of Crevier's and Drakenborch's editions of the Roman Historian, with original notes, was published several years ago by Mr. Walker, under the sanction of the University of Dublin. The knowledge and use of this edition seem to be nearly confined to the sister kingdom, as the Author complains in his preface, that he was unable, with the assistance of his friends, to introduce it to the notice of the scholars of this country. That edition we never had an opportunity of seeing; but if the notes before us afford a tolerably fair means of estimating the value of Mr. Walker's former editorial labours, we should say, that they are not less worthy of being patronised, than those of some other editors which have become better known. He may perhaps be right in his conjecture, that the

booksellers of this country would not be very forward to sup port the copy-right publications of the University of Dublin; but he is, we should hope, mistaken, when he attributes the unpopularity of his Livy to the control of the trade over Reviewers. Our own Journal, we assure him, is under no such control; nor are booksellers, any more than authors, able to influence our proceedings. The success of a publication is often the consequence of adventitious circumstances, which even those Lords of Literature, the booksellers, cannot prevent, and which the whole fraternity of Reviewers are unable to direct. Mr. Walker's edition of Livy may be a very meritorious publication, though it is little known, and still less used, on this side of the Irish channel..

Of Mr. Walker's qualifications for the office which he has undertaken, the volume now before us contains most respectable proofs. Livy never came into the hands of a scholar who felt more forcibly or more warmly the impression of his excellencies, or was prepared to accompany him through his narra tive with greater animation and delight. The Roman Histo→ rian never had a more zealous guardian of his fame. He has hot, indeed, entered into any formal discussion of the merits of his author, compared with other writers on the Roman affairs; he has not endeavoured to establish the credibility of particu lar events which have been considered as of doubtful charac ter; nor have we any critical dissertations on the merits of the History as a composition; but the occasions are not few in which we find, in addition to matter purely critical and emendatory, observations discriminative of the varied excellencies of Livy's writing, and distinguishing its beauties. The office which Mr. Walker has undertaken, is simply that of an Annotator; and much of the labour which he has employed, is directed to the determination of the value of readings sanctioned by preceding commentators, or neglected by them, and partieularly to those in respect to which the editions of Draken borch and Crevier differ from each other; his opinion being generally in favour of the superiority of the French critica Mr. Walker shews himself to be well versed in the niceties of construction, and in the knowledge of the power of verbal expressions; his penetration is acute and accurate, seldom misleading his judgement; and the emendations which he proposes, are frequently improvements; and always entitled to consideration. We shall copy some of these Annotations as a sample of the collection, In the following observations, we think the Author is wrong: they relate to the description of the combat between the Horatii and Curiatii, Livy lib. 1. 0.25.

There is an expression, at the close of the narrative, which İ think calls for some remark; though from the silence of the commentators it seems to have presented to them no difficulty. Romani ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt ; eò majore cum gaudio, quò prope metum res fuerat. What might seem at first view the most obvious interpretation of these words, is certainly inconsistent with the preceding narrative. The matter had been more than prope metum ; for, at one period of the combat, we are told that-Romanas legionės jam spes tota, nondum tamen cura, deseruerat, examines vice unius, &c. Assuredly therefore Livy does not mean to tell us, that the Romans had been almost afraid of the issue. I conceive his meaning to be, that the success of their champion had followed close upon their apprehension for his safety-that their joy at his triumph was the greater, from the suddenness with which it succeeded their fear of his defeat.'

But Livy makes no reference to the suddenness of the champion's success, and prope metum has evidently no other meaning than as it denotes the perilous state of the combat as against the Romans. Nor is the phrase prope metum, as Mr. Walker supposes, at all inconsistent with the spes tota deseruerat of a preceding sentence; the expressions referring clearly to different times and states of the combat, and the former being limited to the case of the surviving Horatius, The Ro mans had given up every expectation of victory when they saw two of their champions fall, spes tota deseruerat; but when they beheld Horatius uninjured in fight, separating by stratagem the three Curiatii, all of whom were wounded, the probability of success immediately dawned upon them; and when the first of the Curiatii was slain, the Romans cheered their champion, clamore, qualis ex insperato faventium solet, in the manner cus tomary with those who receive unlooked for advantages. The issue of the combat, however, was still doubtful; as depending on their surviving champion, it was to the Romans prope metum And as the issue was to determine their sovereignty or their subjection, the Historian referring, at the close of the description, to this state and period of the combat, describes the apprehension of the Romans as being that of fear or doubt, prope metum res fuerat. The Romans received the victor Horatius with joy so much the greater as the case with respect to him, and depending upon him, had been exceedingly perilous.

'Lib. I. c. 27. Ubi satis subisse sese ratus est, erigit totam aciem. 'Crevier seems to me altogether to mistake the meaning of the word erigit in this passage. His interpretation is" Stare jubet; ubi enim agmen sistitur, miles et corpus et hastam erigit."Livy has told us that the Alban chief at first slowly approached the hills sensim ad montes succedit. But now, when he has drawn sufficiently

hear them, he makes a more rapid movement up the mountains. Of this use of the verb erigere we have a decisive example in III. 18. in clivum Capitolinum erigit aciem. So also X. 26. Scipio...loco adju randam paucitatem suorum militum ratus, in collem...aciem erexit: for thus certainly we ought to read the passage, and not in colle, as it stands in all the editions which I have examined, except Ruddiman's. The alteration is supported by a few MSS. but, independently of all MSS., I conceive there can be no doubt that it restores the genuine reading. The phrase agmen in collem erigere occurs also in Šil. Ital.

III. 512.'

No critical reader can hesitate to receive the interpretation. given by Mr. Walker as the true one: Crevier is obviously in error. To the instances quoted above, many others might be added equally pertinent, or more decisive :-in adversos montes agmen erigeret. 2. 31.-erigere agmen in tumulum. 7. 34.—in adversum clivum erigitur agmen. 9. 31.-montes proximos...eo et Romana erigitur acies. 43.-erigere in montes agmen. 10. 14. The description of the demolition of Alba, C. 29. which Mr. Walker has commended to the youthful reader as a study worthy of his closest attention, is a fine specimen of Livy's descriptive powers, and merits all the praise which the Annotator has bestowed upon it. The entire paragraph is most exquisitely written not even a poet could have represented the entire scene with more striking effect.

Lib. I. c. 43. In his accensi cornicines tibicinesque, in tres centurias distributi.

The editors generally suppose that Livy here states three distinct descriptions of persons, thrown into three centuries: but whom we -are to understand by the accensi, they are quite at a loss to say. Perizonius alone seems to intimate, that the word accensi is to be taken for accensi sunt; and I have little doubt but that this was Livy's meaning. But I am also strongly disposed to think, that we should read (with one M.S.) INTER centurias distributi, instead of in tres. The cornicines and tubicines were rated and assessed with the fifth class; but not forming distinct centuries of their own, nor in the military levy taking the field together, but distributed among the other centuries, as there was occasion for them. We may easily account for the change of inter by the copyists to in tres; and for the confirmation of the error by the supposition that accensi was a substantive. The proposed change also will give an odd number for the sum of all the centuries; and that it was so is more than probable.”

This proposed correction is ingenious, but not, we think, of unquestionable character. Mr. Walker's reference to the accensi would seem to exclude the meaning of the word as an appellative noun. But the accensi are mentioned as attendants upon the magistrates, L. 3. c. 33. Dr. Adainy

in his account of the Decemviri, (Roman Antiquities, p. 156. Ed. 1801.) has strangely mistaken the meaning of this passage of Livy. The twelve fasces,' he states, were carried before him who was to preside, and his nine colleagues were attended by a single officer, called ACCENSUS, Liv. iii. 33.' What Livy says, is, that each of the nine was attended by an accensus, collegis novem singuli accensi adparebant.'

Lib. II. c. 5. Quum inter omne tempus pater, vultusque et os ejus, spectaculo esset, eminente animo patrio inter publicæ pœnæ ministerium.

I am persuaded that Crevier rightly interprets the latter words: -the feelings of the father being obviously distinguishable, during the execution which he superintended as the public magistrate. There is an evident antithesis between the words patrio and publica: and the sense assigned to eminente is abundantly confirmed by numerous classical authorities. Let two suffice from Cicero. Pro S. Rosc. Amer. 41. Quod, quo studiosiùs ab ipsis opprimitur et absconditur, eo magis eminet et apparet. V. In Verr. 62. Ardebant oculi: toto ex ore crudelitas eminebat.-Drakenborch indeed gives another, and a most strange interpretation of the words. And I am aware that Dionysius and others relate, that Brutus viewed the execution of his sons without betraying any emotion. But I confess, I think that Livy shews better taste in the narrative: and in a matter of such remote antiquity, circumstances of this kind must be described according to the taste of the narrator.'

C. 15. Non in regno populum Romanum, sed in libertate esse. This is another passage, on which I could wish that the commentators -generally so liberal of their expositions-had not been absolutely silent. I cannot persuade myself that the real meaning of the words is-what they might be supposed most obviously to present-that the Roman people were not now under a kingly government, but in the enjoyment of a free constitution. Did not Porsena know this fact, without their informing him of it? But I conceive, that the words are intended to confirm the immediately preceding sentiment—nisi in perniciem suam faciles esse vellent. In a kingly government, the Roman people had (as it were) no existence, i. e. were of no weight in the state; in regno non esse populum Romanum, or nullum esse:their political being therefore was involved in their liberty.'

Lib. IV. c. 20. ea libera conjectura est. Sed (ut ego arbitror) vana versare in omnes opiniones licet quum auctor pugnae, &c.

I conjecture that these words ought to be very differently pointed; as follows:-ea libera conjectura est, sed, ut ego arbitror, vana; (versare in omnes opiniones licet) quum auctor pugnae, &c. That is this may afford another conjecture, [viz. about the time when Cossus won the spolia opima] which any who please are at liberty to adopt; the field of conjectural opinion being open on all sides: but, in my judgment, the conjecture is idle; as Cossus himself has left it on record that he was Consul when he won the spoils."