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Figures of Speech

(Continued)

60. For illustration, study the use of figures of comparison, as well as

the handling of allegory, parable, and fable.

61. Do not use figures except where you desire to add clearness, force, or beauty.

62. Figures should harmonize with the

63.

general character of the discourse. Vary the use of figures by studying

many different objects for suggestions.

64. Do not in the same sentence mix figures of speech with literal language.

65. Figures should neither be carried

so far as to be incongruous, nor

be used to excess.

V. VARIETY OF EXPRESSION FOR REPEATED IDEAS

66. Employ synonyms.

67. Learn the use of denying the con trary of a proposition (litotes).

68.

Means of Re

peating Ideas

69.

Used guardedly, circumlocution furk nishes variety.

Study the art of recasting sen

tences.

70. Have recourse to epithet.

71. Figures of speech afford variety.

Means of Re

72. Use declarative, interrogatory, and exclamatory forms interchange

ably.

73. Expression may be varied by changing the voice of the verb.

74. Study the inversion produced by introducing sentences with “there” and “it.”

peating Ideas 75. (Continued)

Learn to vary from direct to indi

rect quotation (discourse).

76. Employ the historical present.
77. Paraphrase poetic into prosaic lan-
guage.

78. Practice contracting clauses into
phrases and into words; and con-
trariwise, expanding words and
phrases into clauses.

Relation of
Thoughts

VI. THE THOUGHT-DIVISIONS

79. Each division of the whole discourse should be dominated completely by one main thought, and upon. it directly should each subordinate thought depend.

80. Each such thought-division must preserve its unity by including only its own logical material.

Relation of Thoughts (Continued)

Entire

Effect

81. The several divisions must follow one another progressively, each growing out of its predecessor, so that the entire series may move toward a climax.

82. The transition from one division to another must be smooth and unforced.

83. All the divisions taken together should cover so much of the subject as you wish to treat.

VII. THE WHOLE DISCOURSE

84. Let your style be determined by the type of the discourse and by the nature of the occasion.

85. Do not sacrifice earnestness, individuality, and directness, to gain literary finish; you really need

not.

86. Subordinate each part of the discourse to the effect of the whole.

PART III

PREPARATION OF THE SPEAKER

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Speak not at all, in any wise, till you have somewhat to speak; care not for the reward of your speaking, but simply and with undivided mind for the truth of your speaking.

- THOMAS CARLYLE, Essay on Biography.

Education is the knowledge of how to use the whole of oneself. Many men use but one or two faculties out of the score with which they are endowed. A man is educated who knows how to make a tool of every faculty - how to open it, how to keep it sharp, and how to apply it to all practical purposes.

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- HENRY WARD BEECHER.

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