qualities. During the winter, he had received but little 1 8 0 I attention from friend or foe, and his "stupendous personal vanity" had been wounded by his failure to secure a reëlection. In a "silly and puerile fit of rage," for which we may accept Lincoln's midnight call as partial mitigation, he got up before daybreak of the fourth of March, petulantly shook the dust of the capital from his feet, entered his carriage, and by the time the citizens of Washington were astir was miles away, instead of waiting to play his part in the inauguration of his successor. The incident comes far short of the stature of the man. Thus fell from power the Federalist party, partly In Memoriam because of dissensions within its ranks, but mainly because it had outlived its usefulness. In giving strength and vitality to the new government it had done a great work, a work that still survives; even as it fell it gave the nation a great chief-justice. In his long tenure of his high office, John Marshall firmly fixed in judicial procedure the Federalist ideas of constitutional interpretation and made the nation "a Republican government of Federalist principles."

Population

Cities

HAPTER X V

ON THE

N these years of Federalist rule, the population had reached a total of 5,308,483, an increase of 1,379,269

IN

or more than thirty-five per cent. in ten years. The center of population had shifted from a little east of Baltimore to eighteen miles southwest of that city. The average density of population was less than five persons to the square mile. The total slave population was 896,849. Virginia was still first in population, with 880,200; Pennsylvania was still second, with 602,365; but New York, with 589,051, had taken third place from North Carolina.

The urban population had increased to four per cent. but there were still only six cities of eight thousand or more. The total population of the six was only 210,873, about equal to that of Jersey City or Louisville in 1900. Philadelphia, with seventy thousand, was still the metropolis, and, wrote the duc de Liancourt, "not only the finest city in the United States, but one of

the most beautiful cities of the world." New York City had grown in ten years from thirty-two thousand to sixty thousand. The Battery was still a fashionable walk, John Jacob Astor was a fur merchant living where the Astor House later stood, and Cornelius Vanderbilt, a boy of six, was playing about his father's ferry-boat at Staten Island. Boston had a population of twenty-five thousand and had lost much of its former relative importance. Baltimore had doubled its population in ten years and

MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION AND CENTER OF POPULATION IN 1800
(Based upon the Fifth Census of the United States)

1

I 8 now had more inhabitants and a larger trade than Boston. Charleston had fifteen thousand inhabitants, but Richmond, the largest town in Virginia, had fewer than four thousand. The growth of all the cities was seriously interfered with by destructive fires against which there was inadequate protection although fire-buckets were common and crude fire-engines, worked by hand, had come into use. Fire-insurance had been provided at Philadelphia in 1752, but, at New York, the oldest fireinsurance company had been in existence only a dozen.

The New

West

The Connecticut Western Reserve

years.

Nowhere else had population advanced as rapidly as in the West; during the decade, that of Tennessee and Kentucky had nearly doubled. The total population west of the mountains was between four and five hundred thousand. The greater part of the tremendous increase was due to immigration, although every boy was regarded as a future bulwark against danger and "Here's to the bride, thumping luck, and big children," was a common wedding toast and not deemed indelicate. There were rough wagon roads across the Alleghenies, one leading from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, another following the line of the old Braddock road from the Potomac to the Monongahela, while, further south, a third passed from Virginia southwestward to the Holston River and Knoxville, with a branch following the Wilderness road through Cumberland Gap into Kentucky. About Pittsburg and along the upper Ohio and its branches, there were seventy or eighty thousand persons of whom about fifteen thousand were in and around Cincinnati. There were settlements at Marietta, Chillicothe, and elsewhere in southern Ohio. When, in 1786, Connecticut ceded her western lands to the general government, she reserved for herself a tract supposed to be equal to the tract that she had been forced to give up to Pennsylvania in 1782. This "Western Reserve" extended northward from the forty-first parallel to the international line and westward one hundred and twenty miles from the Pennsylvania boundary. In 1792, Connecticut granted half a million acres at the