482 Dke of York's Journey through Italy. There is no No. XX. in this volume. (To be continued.) istu Recapitulation of his R. Highness the D. of York's Travels through Italy, continued from p. 435: EFORE his Royal Highness left BRome, he visited the tomb of Pope. A Adrian, the only English Pope that ever In these fubterraneous mansions,“ the avenues are cut out of the folid rock with incredible labour and arts they are for the most part as high as D a man's head, and wide enough for two to walk a breaft, and on each fide are rows of nitches, in which were depofited the remains of 176,000 martyrs and confeffors, who, during the perfecutions already mentioned, were depofited in this cemetary. Hence it is, that pilgrims & perfons of great devo tion continue to frequent thefe gloomy receffes, into which it has been faid, that no man ever entered, but he returned the better for it. Catholics come out far more willing to die for that faith for which fo many of their pious predeceffors died before them, Protestants come out more in charity with those who have laid down their lives as a testimony of the fincerity of their profeffions; and Atheists can no longer doubt of the being of a God, feeing fo many wife and holy men have, in the lait agonies of death, acknowledged their hope in his divine mercy. From Rome his R. H. returned to Florence, and from thence, after a fhort ftay, purfued his journey to Bologna, where he arrived in the evening of the 5th of May. Moft of this beautiful city ftands upon arches, which, in the fummer, defend the traveller from heat, and in the winter from rain; so that one may walk through Bolaga at all feasons without being incommoded. G His R. H. made no stay in this city, but fet out the next day for Parma, where M. du Tillot, in the name of his fovereign, complimented him on his arrival, and introduced him to the royal prefence. His R. H. afterwards paid a vifit to Pr. Ferdinand, and the Princess Donna Louisa; these are of the royal houfe of Spain, the infant Den Philip being the prefent king's brother. At this little, but fplendid court, his R. H. ftayed fome days, and was entertained with all the variety of diversions the country could afford. On the 10th he dined at court, and in the evening went to the opera, where fome elegant complimentary verfes were introduced on the occafion, which his Highness did not expect. On the 14th he took the diversion of stag-hunting, in the park of Colorno; and, on the 16th, a concert of mufic was performed by the royal band, and the whole of the entertainments prepared for bis Royal Highnefs was concluded with a masquerade-ball at the theatre, at which were prefent the whole royal family, and nobility of Parma. From Parma his R. H. proceeded to Mantua, in the neighbourhood of which Virgil was born, and in the city itself the poet Tafo. From Mantua he pafs'd through Veroua, in his way to Venice. At Verma the magiftracy had prepared for his Royal Highness's entertainment fome extraordinary diverfions in their great amphitheatre, the longest diameter of whofe area is 233 feet, and the shortest 136, The remaining feats of this antient monument of Roman magnificence will hold 24,000 fpectators. His High nefs's fhort tay difappointed the expectations of many thousand people, befides the inhabitants, who had re paired to the city to be present at the exhibition From this city, where his R. H. lay the night of the 25th, he parfued his journey to Venice, escorted by a party of Dalmatian cavalry, whom the ftate of Venice had fent to attend his Highnels the moment be entered the Vinetian territories. The reception his Highnels met with in this city has al-ready been related at large (fee p. 297) and it is the more to be admired, if we may credit what authors tell us of the rife of this city, which was antiH ently the huts of fishermen, and the refort only of a few fugitives, who fheltered themselves from the ravages of the barbarous nations of Gaths and Hans, who, about the 4th century, o The Spaniards and Portuguese tranfported the cane to the Azores, the Canary, and Cape de Vera iflands, foon after they had been difcovered in the fifteenth century; and in most of thefe places, particularly Madeira, it flourished exceedingly! Whether it is a native of the Antilles cannot now be determined, but it was not, proAmerica where it was certainly found, till bably, cultivated either there or in Southfome years after their difcovery. It is equally uncertain whether fugar was firft made in the inlands, or on the continent; by the Portuguese, or by the Spaniards: It is moft probable that the Portuguefe erected the first fugar-works in Brazil, but Ferdinand of Spain, in 1506, not long afterwards, ordered the Cane to be carried from the Ca Gnaries to St Domingo, where one Pedro de Atenca foon after built a fugar-work. The Portuguefe, however, far out-ftripped them in that trade, for the greater part of Europe was fupplied with fugar from Lifbon, and this nation continued in the trade almoft without a rival, more than a century: But When this happened we are not told, ang more than when Juger was firft introduced into Europe. 484 Hiftory of the Sugar-Cane. in ro23 the Dutch drove them out of all the Northern part of Brazil, and while they kept that conqueft, which was 21 years, they learned the art of making fugar. This, probably, ftimulated the Englib to come in for a fhare of the fugartrade, for they foon after fettled at the mouth of the river Surinam, where they The Cane will grow in any foil if the climate is hot, and the rains frequent ; but flourishes most in a grey, fat, light, deep earth, which rifes in clods to the hoe, and which the fun and rain crumbles, but does not pulverize. C R This foil will generally be found overgrown with the wild red-cedar, the locust, a lofty tree of quick growth and handsome, which produces a fruit, not disagreeable, in a flat pod, about three inches long; the caffia, and the ceiba, or filk-cotton-tree, of fo vaft a growth that canoes have been D fcooped out of it, capable of holding upwards of 100 people; its cotton is foft, hort, and filky, and contained in pods; it has been wrought into stockings, but is generally used to stuff pillows and matraffes; the Guava, which bears a fruit fimilar in fize and shape to a golden-pippen, very wholesome and delicious when ftewed or made into marmalade, but when raw it generates worms; the Lignum Vitæ, or Pockwood-tree, well known for its medical virtues; the Shaddock, a tree that bears a large fine kind of orange; it is of three kinds, the fweet, the four, and the bitter; the White Acajou, of which no defcription is here given, and the Sabaca, called the Avigato, and thence corruptly the Alligator-pear; it is a fightly tree, of two fpecies, one bears a green fruit, the other a red; the green is the most delicate, it is of the shape and size of a pear called Lady's-thigh, and contains a large ftone, from which it is propagated; when ripe, the skin eafily peels off, and difcovers a marrow-like fubftance, interfperfed with greenish veins; it is fometimes eaten with pepper and falt, fometimes with fugar and lime-juice, either way it is very agreeable, and extreamly nutricious; the juice of the kernel marks linen with a violet colour, its wood is foft, and of little use. These trees must be cleared away, faving, however, if poffible, the Guacum, the Guava, the Shaddoc, the Acajou, and the Sabbaca, for their intrinfic value.-This foil abounds chiefly in St Chriftopher's. The Cane alfo flourishes in a sed brick F H mould, that lies over à ftratum of marle in Jamaica; and in a dark deep mould, mixed with clay or gravel in Barbadoes, Nevis, Mountferrat, and almost all the reft of the fugar-islands. A ftiff barren clay may be fertilized by fand, and a fight porous mould by clay: The ftanding pool may also be conducted by proper canals, to a plantation, with great advantage. A plantation in a level land, far from the hill, the foil black and slightly cohereing, will, in a wet feafon, produce incredible plenty, but in a dry feafon, much more common, produce little, and that little bad. A plantation on a mountain will be fubject to injury from winds and vermin, and particularly monkeys; in this situation the Canes fhould not be cut in lefs than fix months, and the juice at last will be poor, and it will acquire long boiling and the affiftance of quick lime, which is called temper before it will faccharize. Violent rains alfo frequently wash off the vegetable mould from these fituations, and the crop with it, The beft fituation is in the mid-land neither too far from the hill, nor from the fea, The land should be deeply hoed, and expofed to the fun and rain, old fat dung hould, allo be incorporated with it; the refufe of the mill, the afhes of the coppers, with weeds, mould, dung, and ftale, form a compoft that will render the poorest lands fertile. If the land lies remote, and is difficult of accefs, it is adviseable to let the withering leaves of the Cane, called the Woura, lie on the spot, and enclose the whole with wattles; then to turn in the whole stock of cattle, and feed them well, the manure they produce will amply compenfate the trouble and charge. The ground must be thrown up with hoes into a ridge and trough, in such a direction, if poffible, that the trade wind may blow through them: Proper holes must be made for the plants, which fhould be the fummitt of the Cane; from one to four junks, each about a foot long, fhould be put into every hole, and, if the young shoots do not appear above ground in 4 or 5 weeks, the deficiences must be fupplied with new tops. The propereft time for planting, is, when there are figns of approaching rain s Thefe figns are the fwarming of musketos, and fand-flies to the house; and the crawling of cock-roaches from their hiding places. The fand-fly is a small musketo, and is called by the Spaniards Maquitilla, its bite is like a fpark of fire falling on the skin, which it raifes into a small itching tumour. The Cock-roach is a large species of the Chafer or Scarylbeus; it is an inch long, and leaves a difagreeable smell behind it ;this anumal will nible the ends of the toes, and If the land is ftoney, the ftones Thould be collected and built into a wall, covered with the cuttings of the Opuntia, or Prikle Pear, which, if a very fmall quantity of earth be added, will grow there: Both fruit and leaves are thorney; the leaves are half an inch thick, and have a kind of pulp between their two furfaces. There is however another Opuntia, without prickles, upon which the cochineal infect breeds, and which, for that reafon, is cul(Gent, Mag, OCT. 1764.) vated with great care in South America, where it alfo grows wild. About the leaves and branches of the prickly Opuntia here recommended to top the wall as a fence, the wild liquorice will grow, and produce a very agreeable appearance; this is a climbing plant, its the negroes call jumbee-beads; they are flower is very pretty, and it produces what about the fize of pigeon-peas, almoft round, and of a red colour, with a black fpeck at one end; they act as an emetic, but being violent in their operation, thould be ufed with great caution. While the fugar-canes are young they must be carefully weeded, and the trenches must be filled up with the mould thrown upon their fides: When the first blades wither, they must be ftripped off, but care muft be taken not to injure thofe that are green. The upland plantations fuffer greatly from monkeys; theie creatures, which now abound in the mountainous parts of. St Chriftopher's, were first brought thither by the French, when they poffeffed half that ifland; they come down from the rocks in filent parties by night, and having pofted centinels to give the alarm if any thing apProaches, they destroy incredible quantities of the cane, by their gambols as well as their greedinefs. It is in vain to fet traps for thefe creatures, however baited, and the only way to protect the plantation, and deftroy them, is to fet a numerous watch, well armed, with fowling-pieces, and furnished with dogs; the Negroes will perform this fervice chearfully, for they are very fond of monkeys as food; the celebrated Father Labat lays, they are very des licious, but the white inhabitants of St. Kitt's never eat them. The low-land plantations fuffer as much by rats, as thofe on the mountains do from monkeys; but the rats, no more than the monkeys, are natives of the place; they came with the shipping from Europe, and breed in the ground under loofe rocks and bushes; the field-Negroes eat them greedily, and they are faid to be publickly fold in the markets at Jamaica. To free the plantations from these. vermin, the bread of wild cats fhould be encouraged, and fuakes fuffered to multigly unmolefted; they may alfo be poifoned with arfenic, and the raped root of the Caffava, made into pellets, and plentifully fcattered over the grounds; this practice, however is dangerous; for as the rats, when thus poifoned, become exceeding thirty, they run in droves to the neighbouring ftreams, which they poifon as they drink, and the cattle grazing on the banks of thefe polluted waters, have frequently perished by drinking after them: It is fafer, therefore, to make the pellets of flour, kneaded with the juice of the night-fhade, the fcent $16 486 Hiftory of the Sugar-Cane. of which will drive them away, though they will not eat it. - There is an Eaft Indian animal called a Mungoes, which bears a natural antipathy to rats; if this animal was introduced into our fugar islands, it would probably extirpate the whole race of these noxicus vermin. The fugar cane, like other plants, frequently fuffers greatly from infects; thefe, if not washed off by timely rains, muft be carefully attended; the Negroes muft wipe every blade of the cane, and wash it with fea water. A B . "Sometimes the plantation is ruined at once, by what is called a blaft, a blight peculiar to the fugar-iflands; when this happens, the fine, broad, green blades become fickly, dry, and withered; foon after, they appear Atained in fpots, and if thefe fpots are carefully examined, they will be found to contain innumerable eggs of an infect like a bug, which are foon quickened 'and C cover the plants with the vermin; the juice of the canes thus affected becomes four, and no future fhoot iffoes from the joints: Ants alfo concur with the bugs to fpoil the plantation, and against thefe evils it is hard' to find a remedy. The blaft is lefs frequent in lands naturally rich, or made fo by well rotted manure; when it happens, pitch and brimftone fhould be burnt to the windward of the plantation, fo that the fumes may go over it, but in a calm this will produce no effect; the most effectual expedient is, to' make the flaves pick off and burn every blade that is tainted, and if the Canes of a D whole grove are affected, they should be E hoed up and burnt, to prevent the like calamity the next year. ; In the months of Auguft and September these islands are fubject to hurricanes, the approach of which are known by various prognoftics; a dead calm, and intollerable heat, with a great fwell of the fea that rolls' in vaft waves from a great diftance, and covers the shore with ftrange productions or a lowering fky, with flying clouds, the hort appearance of birds of various kinds about the stagnant pool; and the apparent terror of the cattle which gather together in troops, covered with a cold fweat, and fixing their eyes upon the pole, bellow in a frightful manner. The nearer approach of the ftorm is known by the fudden dif-' perfion of the mifts, the blood-like appear." ance of the fun, the stench of the pools and of the fea, and the fudden return of a thick vapour that produces darknefs at noon-day: Then the North wind ruthes forth at once in a sudden blast, louder than H a volley of ordnance, and attended with thunder, lightening; and rain; this fuddenly ceafes in a dead calm, but a new Furricane, in a fhort time, blows from the Welt with yet greater violence: Then, after fu iden calms, the blafts are renewed from the South and East; canes, cattle, huts, and mills are carried away, many buildings are fet on fire by the lightening, a muddy torrent is precipitated from the rocks, and, rushing through the streets with irresistable violence, carries away whatever it meets, Against this evil there is no effectual defence, but it is a useful caution to take down the fails of the mills upon the first indication that a hurricane is at hand, and to put the cattle and theep under the beft covert that can be had. The plantation alfo fuffers greatly by the fcorching heat of the fun during long calms, for the hardieft plants are then fre quently burnt up. The fea, at these sea, fons, looks like a mirrour, not the smallest undulation being visible; it allo fends up an intollerable tench, fo that those who row the boats which then navigate it are fcarce able to breathe, The canes are ripe in January, and are then about nine feet high, and about two inches thick; the branches at the top are given to the cattle for food; the top shoot, which is full of eyes, is preferved to plant, and the cane is cut into junks, about a yard long, and tied up in bundles; it is then carried in carts to the mill, where it is ground, but care fhould always be taken to throw out what is damaged; this, however, is not wafted, but whether burnt by the fun, or gnawed by rats, is fermented, and yields what is called cane-fpirit, or rum. As calms are common here, and as the canes, if not ground in time, would spoil, every planter fhould be furnished with a horfe-mill, built of hiccory, or calaba, lofty fpreading trees, the wood of which is very hard: The Hiccory bears a nut, with a thick hard rough fhell, and a kernel of an agreeable taste: The Calaba bears a yellow bloffom, fucceeded by a fruit, which, fays 'this author, bears a diftant "refemblance to a fhrub ;" but what fruit a fhrub is he has not told us. The flock thould be ftowed from the heat of the day, and the dews of the night, in a grainery, covered with fhingles. When the juice of the cane has been expreffed, it is reduced to fugar by borting it in veffels made of iron or copper; it is firft brought to the confiftence of fyrup, and, by fubfequent coction, granulated, it is then called mu cavado, probably a Spanish word, though not to be found in Pineda ; mufcavado is the fame that we call brownfugar, and the French, fucre brut. The skum that rifes fhould be conftantly removed, and a fet of fpare veffels fhould also be at hand, becaule iron furnaces are apt to crack, and copper veliers to melt; care muft alfo be taken never to throw cold water into a furnace thoroughly heated and the boiling-houfe ought to be lofty, and open at the top, to the leeward, for the Llaves |