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Why day is day, night, night, and time is time,
Were nothing but to waste night, day, and time.
Therefore, since brevity is the soul of wit,
And tediousness the limbs and outward flourishes,-
I will be brief: Your noble son is mad:
Mad call I it: for, to define true madness,
What is 't, but to be nothing else but mad:
But let that go.

Queen.

More matter, with less art.
Pol. Madam, I swear, I use no art at all.
That he is mad, 'tis true: 'tis true, 'tis pity;
And pity 'tis, 'tis true: a foolish figure;
But farewel it, for I will use no art.

Mad let us grant him then: and now remains,
That we find out the cause of this effect;
Or, rather say, the cause of this defect;
For this effect, defective, comes by cause:
Thus it remains, and the remainder thus.
Perpend.

I have a daughter; have, while she is mine;

delineation of a mixed character of manners and of nature. Polonius is a man bred in courts, exercised in business, stored with observation, confident in his knowledge, proud of his eloquence, and declining into dotage. His mode of oratory is truly represented as designed to ridicule the practice of those times, of prefaces that made no introduction, and of method that embarrassed rather than explained. This part of his character is accidental, the rest is natural. Such a man is positive and confident, because he knows that his mind was once strong, and knows not that it is become weak. Such a man excels in general principles, but fails in the particular application. He is knowing in retrospect, and ignorant in foresight. While he depends upon his memory, and can draw from his repositories of knowledge, he utters weighty sentences, and gives useful counsel; but as the mind in its enfeebled state cannot be kept long busy and intent, the old man is subject to sudden dereliction of his faculties, he loses the order of his ideas, and entangles himself in his own thoughts, till he recovers the leading principle, and falls again into his former train. This idea of dotage encroaching upon wisdom, will solve all the phænomena of the character of Polonius. Johnson.

Nothing can be more just, judicious, and masterly, than Johnson's delineation of the character of Polonius; and I cannot read it without heartily regretting that he did not exert his great abilities and discriminating powers, in delineating the strange, inconsistent, and indecisive character of Hamlet, to which I confess myself unequal. M. Mason.

Who, in her duty and obedience, mark,

Hath given me this: Now gather, and surmise.

To the celestial, and my soul's idol, the most beautified Ophelia,7

That's an ill phrase, a vile phrase; beautified is a vile phrase; but you shall hear.—Thus:

In her excellent white bosom, these, &c.—
Queen. Came this from Hamlet to her?

Pol. Good madam, stay awhile; I will be faithful.-
Doubt thou, the stars are fire;

Doubt, that the sun doth move:

Doubt truth to be a liar ;

But never doubt, I love.

[Reads.

7— To the celestial, and my soul's idol, the most beautified Ophelia,] Mr. Theobald for beautified substituted beatified.

Malone.

Dr. Warburton has followed Mr. Theobald; but I am in doubt whether beautified, though, as Polonius calls it, a vile phrase, be not the proper word. Beautified seems to be a vile phrase, for the ambiguity of its meaning. Johnson.

Heywood, in his History of Edward VI, says, "Katherine Parre, queen dowager to king Henry VIII, was a woman beautified with many excellent virtues." Farmer.

So, in The Hog hath lost his Pearl, 1614:

"A maid of rich endowments, beautified

"With all the virtues nature could bestow."

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Again, Nash dedicates his Christ's Tears over Jerusalem, 1594: "to the most beautified lady, the lady Elizabeth Carey." Again, in Greene's Mamillia, 1593: although thy person is so bravely beautified with the dowries of nature." Ill and vile as the phrase may be, our author has used it again in The Two Gentlemen of Verona:

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seeing you are beautified "With goodly shape," &c.

Steevens.

By beautified Hamlet means beautiful. But Polonius, taking the word in the more strictly grammatical sense of being made beautiful, calls it a vile phrase, as implying that his daughter's beauty was the effect of art. M. Mason.

8 In her excellent white bosom these,] So, in The Two Gentlemen of Verona:

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66

Thy letters

Which, being writ to me, shall be deliver'd "Even in the milk-white bosom of thy love." Steevens.

See Vol. II, p. 195, n. 7.

I have followed the quarto. The folio reads:

These in her excellent white bosom, these, &c.

In our poet's time the word These was usually added at the end of the superscription of letters, but I have never met with it both at the beginning and end. Malone.

O dear Ophelia, I am ill at these numbers; I have not art to reckon my groans: but that I love thee best, O most best, believe it. Adieu.

Thine evermore, most dear lady, whilst this
machine is to him, Hamlet.1

This, in obedience, hath my daughter shown me:
And more above, hath his solicitings,

As they fell out by time, by means, and place,
All given to mine ear.

King.

Receiv'd his love?

Pol.

But how hath she

What do you think of me?

King. As of a man faithful and honourable.

Pol. I would fain prove so. But what might you think, When I had seen this hot love on the wing,

(As I perceiv'd it, I must tell you that,

Before my daughter told me,) what might you,

Or my dear majesty your queen here, think,

If I had play'd the desk, or table-book;

Or given my heart a working, mute and dumb;
Or look'd upon this love with idle sight;

What might you think?3 no, I went round4 to work,

9

O most best,] So, in Acolastus, a comedy, 1540: " that same most best redresser or reformer, is God." Steevens.

1 whilst this machine is to him, Hamlet.] These words will not be ill explained by the conclusion of one of the Letters of the Paston Family, Vol. II, p. 43: " for your pleasure, whyle my wytts be my owne."

The phrase employed by Hamlet seems to have a French construction. Pendant que cette machine est à lui. To be one's own man is a vulgar expression, but means much the same as Virgil's Dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos regit artus. Steevens. 3 — more above,] is, moreover, besides. Johnson.

3 If I had play'd the desk, or table-book ;
Or given my heart a working, mute and dumb;

Or look'd upon this love with idle sight;

What might you think?] i. e. If either I had conveyed intelligence between them, and been the confident of their amours play'd the desk or table-book,] or had connived at it, only observed them in secret, without acquainting my daughter with my discovery [giving my heart a mute and dumb working;] or lastly, had been negligent in observing the intrigue, and overlooked it [looked upon this love with idle sight;] what would you have thought of me? Warburton.

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And my young mistress thus did I bespeak;
Lord Hamlet is a prince out of thy sphere;
This must not be: and then I precepts gave her,
That she should lock herself from his resort,
Admit no messengers, receive no tokens.
Which done, she took the fruits of my advice;"
And he, repulsed, (a short tale to make)
Fell into a sadness; then into a fast;8

Thence to a watch; thence into a weakness;

I doubt whether the first line is rightly explained. It may mean, if I had locked up this secret in my own breast, as closely as if it were confined in a desk or table-book. Malone.

Or given my heart a working, mute and dumb;] The folio reads a winking. Steevens.

The same pleonasm [mute and dumb] is found in our author's Rape of Lucrece:

"And in my hearing be you mute and dumb." Malone. round] i. e. roundly, without reserve. So Polonius says in the third Act: " be round with him." Steevens.

Lord Hamlet is a prince out of thy sphere;] The quarto, 1604, and the first folio, for sphere, have star. The correction was made by the editor of the second folio. Malone.

6 precepts gave her,] Thus the folio. The two elder quartos read-prescripts. I have chosen the most familiar of the two readings. Polonius has already said to his son"And these few precepts in thy memory

"Look thou character." Steevens.

The original copy in my opinion is right. Polonius had ordered his daughter to lock herself from Hamlet's resort, &c. See p. 47. "I would not, in plain terms, from this time forth, "Have you so slander any moment's leisure

"As to give words or talk with the lord Hamlet:
"Look to 't, I charge you." Malone.

7 Which done, she took the fruits of my advice;] She took the fruits of advice when she obeyed advice, the advice was then made fruitful. Johnson.

8 (a short tale to make)

Fell into a sadness; then into a fast; &c.] The ridicule of this character is here admirably sustained. He would not only be thought to have discovered this intrigue by his own sagacity, but to have remarked all the stages of Hamlet's disorder, from his sadness to his raving, as regularly as his physician could have done; when all the while the madness was only feigned. The humour of this is exquisite from a man who tells us, with a confidence peculiar to small politicians, that he could find

Where truth was hid, though it were hid indeed "Within the centre." Warburton.

Thence to a lightness; and, by this declension,
Into the madness wherein now he raves,

And all we mourn for.

King.

Do you think, 'tis this? Queen. It may be, very likely.

Pol. Hath there been such a time, (I'd fain know that) That I have positively said, 'Tis so,

When it prov'd otherwise?

King.

Pol. Take this from this, if this be otherwise:

Not that I know.

[Pointing to his Head and Shoulder.

If circumstances lead me, I will find

Where truth is hid, though it were hid indeed
Within the centre.

King.

How may we try it further?

Pol. You know, sometimes he walks four hours together,

Here in the lobby.

Queen.

So he does, indeed.

Pol. At such a time I 'll loose my daughter to him:

Be you and I behind an arras then;

Mark the encounter: if he love her not,

And be not from his reason fallen thereon,

Let me be no assistant for a state,

But keep a farm, and carters.1

four hours together,] Perhaps it would be better were we to read indefinitely

for hours together. Tyrwhitt.

I formerly was inclined to adopt Mr. Tyrwhitt's proposed emendation; but have now no doubt that the text is right. The expression, four hours together, two hours together, &c. appears to have been common. So, in King Lear, Act I:

"Edm. Spake you with him?

Edg. Ay, two hours together."

Again, in The Winter's Tale:

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ay, and have been, any time these four hours."

Again, in Webster's Dutchess of Malfy, 1623 :

"She will muse four hours together, and her silence
"Methinks expresseth more than if she spake." Malone.

1 At such a time I'll loose my daughter to him:

Be you and I behind an arras then;
Mark the encounter: if he love her not,
And be not from his reason fallen thereon,
Let me be no assistant for a state,

But keep a farm, and carters.] The scheme of throwing Ophe

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