gold," vepén xpvooeidhs. For auro, aura has been proposed, as analagous to aura lucis and fulminis. Nubem, i. e. fulmen.

The

144. Diditur is a Lucretian word; comp. Hor. Serm. II. 2. 67. Forb. The copyists have frequently corrupted it into deditur. Comp. Sil. I. 186. fama in populos jurati dedita belli. 145. Debita, "due to them by fate," 'predestined." Æn. III. 184. nunc repeto hæc generi portendere debita nostro. Also VII. 120. infinitive advenisse depends on rumor. See Ruddiman, II. 225. 146. Instaurant, 66 they renew the banquet." Crombie lays down the following distinctions between instaurare and its synonymes:-renovare is "to renew,' or "make new what is old or disused;" redintegrare, "to make new and complete what has been impaired;" instaurare (qu. instar alterius facere), "to renew or repeat the copy or impression." Varro considers instaurare to be the same as instar novare. Omine magno.-Lutatius interprets magnum by malum, metuendum ; Barth. more correctly, by manifestum, irrefutabile, "powerful," "irrefragable."

147. Vina coronant. This is commonly interpreted "they fill the cups brimful,” as Hom. Il. I. 470. κρατῆρας ἐπεστέψαντο ποτδιο. But Virgil has clearly transferred to the heroic times the custom of a later age, and used the phrase to express "they surround the goblets with garlands;" thus, Æn. III. 525. tum pater Anchises magnum cratera corond induit, implevitque mero. Stat. Silv. I. 3. 176. sertis cingunt pocula. Jahn. Comp. Æn. I. 724. Buttmann's Lexil. s. v. èmσTÉQоμai. Tibull. 11. 5. 98. coronatus stabit et ante calix. Stat. Theb. VIII. 224. ubique serta coronatumque merum.

148. Lampade, "the sun;" thus, Æn. III. 637. Argolici clypei aut Phabea lampadis instar.

150. Diversi, "in different directions;" see 1. 132. Numici may be the genitive either from Numicius, as this small river was denominated, or of Numicus, as it is found in Sil. Ital. Stagna may be used poetically for fontes, or in allusion to the slow and tranquil flow of the water. The whole stream appears to have dried up and disappeared in later times.

152. Dilectos ex ordine omni, "selected from all the different ranks;" a usage even yet preserved by the Romans, when sending out an embassy. Serv. Orator est legatus, qui verba facit apud eum, ad quem

missus est. Forb.

154. Ramis velatos Palladis.-Ramis, ikernplais, "furnished with boughs of Pallas' sacred wood," i. e. bearing in their hands boughs of olive, covered with fillets. So 1. 236. ne temne, quòd ultro præferimus manibus vittas. This was the usual emblem of suppliants; comp. VIII. 116. 128. XI. 332. Soph. Ed. R. 3; iKETηplois Kλάdow ceστεμμένοι. Velari, στέφεσθαι, is properly said of garlands which “ surround and cover" the forehead. Hence the poets transferred the word to the branches enveloped with fillets, which were borne by suppliants, i. e. supplicia. For the hands of the bearers were so covered by the fillets hanging from the branches that they were termed velatæ, and the branches velamenta. Heyne.

155. Pacem," a friendly alliance."

156. Haud mora, sc. est, i. e. sine mora.

157. Ipse, &c.-This was the famous Castrum Troja, or Nova Troja, built upon the margin of the Tiber. See IX. 469. nam dextera cingitur amni. Fossá. Some MSS. have sulco. These words are constantly interchanged. Serv.

158. Molitur locum, "occupies the spot with buildings," for tecta in

loco. Heyne. Primas, "the first habitations" that the Trojans had in Italy. Wagn. Quæst. Virg. Heyne less correctly interprets by in primá littoris parte.

159. Pinnis, "battlements," " Kроoσals." Aggere, "the rampart," or outside of the trench, formed by the earth thrown out of the fossa. Heyne. Pinnæ properly denotes "the battlements of a wall."

160. Tecta Latinorum, an hypermeter. For Latinorum, some MSS. read Latini, which Muchat adopts, considering that the general body of the Latins lived in scattered huts, which could not be called turres, or tecta ardua, which are proper terms, if used of the palace of Latinus. Wagn. opposes this by quoting XII, 131. sq.

161. Muroque subibant, "were approaching the wall." Some manuscripts give murosque, which would mean "were entering the fortress;" for, subire with a dative in Virgil always signifies "to approach;" while, with an accusative, it means "to enter." Wagn. Forbiger does not wholly assent to this distinction, remarking that Wagner himself is not quite consistent with his own doctrine, since he allows "nisi quod SUBIRE LOCO etiam pro SUBIRE LOCUM; ap. Virgilium legitur quod qui intrat aliquem locum, is etiam accessere ad eum necesse est.' Forbiger also quotes in opposition VI. 13. subeunt lucos. VIII. 125. subeunt luco, where all manuscripts agree, and yet there is no difference in meaning.

162. Ante urbem.-It was usual with both Greeks and Romans to practice their youth in warlike exercises in a portion of ground before the city, set apart for that purpose.

163. Currus, "the horses yoked to the chariot;" thus XII. 287. infrenant alii currus; also Geor. I. 514. Domitant, "exercise horses" in war-chariots. Valp.

164. Lenta, "slender, flexible;" ad materiem spectat. H.

165. Que

que, for aut. . . . aut, Wagn. Quæst. Virg. Ictu, in throwing the javelin," Lacessunt, sc. alter alterum, i. e. inter se, 'challenge each other."

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166. Pravectus, "having ridden into the city before the Trojans.” 167. Ignota in veste, clothed in a foreign garb;" so Æn. V. 37. horridus in jaculis; and Ciris, 251, quæ prius in tenui steterat succincta crocotá. Reportat, i. e. portat, Burmann considers the messenger to have been sent by Latinus to inquire concerning the strangers, and hence the use of reportare; more correctly Wagner: -In hoc similibusque verbis RE-hanc habet potestatem, ut iteratio quædam cernatur in narrandis et quasi repræsentandis iis, quæ vel vidimus, vel audivimus."

169. Solio medius consedit, i. e. "sat in the centre of." See note on Geor. IV, 436. consedit scopulo medius,

170. Tectum augustum, &c. This palace (regia) of Picus, in the citadel of Laurentum, served as a curia and templum to the Latins. It is different, therefore, from the "palace" mentioned above, 59. and here is improperly called regia, to denote a magnificent building. The palatium of Augustus adjoined the templum of Apollo, whence, perhaps, the expression of the poet,

171. Urbe summâ, i.e. åkρoñóλeι, or év tóλei åkpotáty. Il. XXII. 172. Laurentis Pici.-This is an anachronism, for the city was called Laurentum, from Latinus, the descendant of Picus.

172. Horrendum silvis.-The houses of the ancient Greeks and Romans were generally surrounded by woods.

173. Omen erat, "it was the customary rite." He uses the word "to raise the omen, "quia bonum omen inerat." H. Attollere fasces, regalia of command." For erāt, see notes on I. 308. 651. Hoc illis curia

templum, i. e. curia, in quâ etiam sacrificia publica et epulæ sacræ instituuntur. H.

175. Ha sedes. Two MSS. read hæc, which is preferred by Nobbius. See Geor. III. 305. Ariete, i.e. arjete. See Geor. I. 397. Mensis perpetuis, "at a lengthened table." To indicate parity of rank they sat on either side of a long table, the king alone being elevated on the daïs. Davis considers that the epithet is used to distinguish it from the triclinium.

176. Considere. Anciently they did not recline, but sat at their meals. 177. Effigies. Virgil describes the palace of Latinus from those of the affluent at Rome in his own time.

178. E cedro.-Cedar wood has peculiarly lasting qualities, whence antiqua; the gates of St. Lazarus at Rome are above one thousand years old. Italus, a legendary king from Arcadia, who is said to have taught the Enotrii agriculture, whence his symbol the form of an ox, traños. Sabinus or Sabus, the mythic hero of the Sabines, the most ancient of the Sabellian nations. Vitisator. Usually Bacchus is denoted by this word. Some refer it to Saturnus, next line.

179. Sub imagine. His statue was a herma; the falx, or “pruningknife," was carved under the bust, in front, as may be seen in the representation of Silvanus. Ridiculous is the interpretation of La Cerda, "under an allegory," a meaning the text could never be distorted to. Others again, referring to Mr. Donaldson's view, think the sub denotes "in a position inclining upwards."

If we

180. Janique.-The Greeks had no god parallel with this; by some he is identified with the Hindoo Janesis, "the god of the year." could trace this clearly to a Sanscrit origin, it would be satisfactory. It appears to mean, when stript of its personification, "the ever-going,' avos-lavos, an apt designation for a portion of time; while Xpovòs, the one, infinite, and eternal, denotes time in the abstract. A female divinity appears, as usual, viz. Iana, corrupted or altered into Diana; the root of the latter is clearly dies; hence Dianus, Janus, Diespiter, the god of the day. Between Rome and Quirium a causeway was built, closed in time of peace, that each city might have its separate jurisdiction, and open in time of war, for mutual aid. Time is the causeway we all tread upon; hence Janus is typified as a causeway; and, from the above circumstance, he is bifrons.

181. Aliique ab origine reges, "other ancient kings." The preposition ab, with a substantive, is often used for an adjective alone; thus, mercenarius à villá. Ter. Similarly, pastor ab Amphryso, Geor. III. 2. Thus, also, templum de marmore, for templum marmoreum, and puer ex aula puer aulicus. Reges, "princes," avakes.

182. Martia, &c.-This verse is asterisked by Heyne; it occurs before, VI. 660.

184. Pendent, &c.-The deity is the god that renders battle successful; therefore, in his temples, trophies (antefixa) have been hung at all times. In our cathedrals, banners, symbols of a conquered foe, are hung; but our gratitude generally ends, as of old, with their dedication. Currus.-The chariots of old time were very small, scarcely affording standing room for two.

186. Ereptaque rostra carinis.-Heyne thinks these were the beaks of piratic vessels stranded and captured (Anoтpikaîs); more likely the poet has committed an anachronism, and referred to the age of Picus, naval exploits similar to those of Duillius.

188. Succinctus, &c. "furnished with trabea and lituus ;" a well known construction. The word, appropriate only to one, being applied to both.

See Geor. I. 93. Æn. IV. 100. 132. From succinctus supply, by Zeugma, instructus to lituo. Quirinalem.-Romulus is supposed to have used the lituus in founding the city. He excelled too in the art of augury. Ancile, aykuλos, an oblong shield, with an indentation on each side; whence, according to Varro, its name, qu. am, for åμøl, and cæsum.

189. Equum domitor=inπodáμos. Comp. studiosus equorum, Ovid. Met. XIV. 321. Conjunx="lover," amans. See Ecl. VIII. 18. Æn. III. 33. 190. Aurea, a dissyllable by synizesis. See n. 1. 698. 191. Coloribus, i. e. with purple and gold-colour.

192. Intus templo. Thus Lucret. IV. 1087. membris intus. This construction is not found in prose writers.

196. Auditi, "heard of in Fame's report." See above, Æn. I. 565. 198. Vada cærula.-See above, 1. 24.

200. Qualia multa, &c. oîáтe Toλλà, “such misfortunes as mariners often suffer in the deep sea.' Ruhnk compares Soph. Phil. 106. worλà γὰρ τάδε ἐν τῷ μακρῷ γένοιτ' ἂν ἀνθρώπων χρόνῳ.

201. Portu sedemus.-Portus here signifies the place where the vessels were moored to the shore, within the mouth of the river. Thus Claud. C. H. 495. Jamque ora Padi portusque RELINQUIT FLUMINEOS. 203. Haud vinclo nec legibus, “just, without restraint or fear of law." Ovid. Met. I. 89.

Aurea sata est ætas, quæ, vindice nullo,

Sponte suâ, sine lege, fidem rectumque colebat :
Pœna metusque aberant.

204. Sponte sua . . . tenentem, i. e. "conducting themselves spontaneously in uprightness after the institutions of Saturn." Men are said tenere se, when they restrain their passions, and live within the bounds of law and morality. Heyne.

205. Fama est obscurior annis," the tradition is obscure by the lapse of years."

206. Auruncos.-The Auruncians were an ancient nation of Campania, occupying both banks of the Liris, between the Volscians and Campanians. Virgil appears to consider them as Aborigines, whence Servius styles them Ausones. For the origin of Dardanus, see above, III. 168. From several extant mythi concerning him, the poet adopts that one most flattering to Roman vanity, viz. that he set out from Tyrrhenia to Samothrace, and thence occupied the Troade. His Agris.-This must be taken in a rather wide sense, for Dardanus was born in Corythus of Etruria.

207. Phrygiæ.. urbes, i. e. places about Mount Ida "fit for cultivation," and colonized by Teucer; for, properly speaking, there were no "cities' there at that time. Heyne. Penetrárit. Some MSS. have penetravit, which is adopted by Heyne, but not correctly; for those ancient Auruncians had not personally seen Dardanus arriving at their regions, but only mention the tradition handed down by their fathers.

208. Samothracia, now Samothrace, the žâuos Opnikin of Hom. II. XIII. 12. Pliny relates that it was called Dardania from Dardanus. Forbiger writes Iamon, following the Med. MSS. and Wagner.

209. Corythus, a city and mountain of Etruria. See III. 170. Hinc .. ab sede. Virgil often joins, by a sort of apposition, to adverbs of place, words of a similar import, which are in fact epexegetical; thus, Ecl. I. 54. hinc à vicino limite; Ecl. III. 12. hic ad veteres fagos; and Æn. VI. 305. huc.. ad ripas.

210. Stellantis cæli, ovpavoû àσtepóevros, “the starry heaven, ' cœlum fulgens, Lucret. IV. 212. See note on Æn. IV. 261.

211. Numerum divorum altaribus addit, lit. adds number to the

Q

altars of the gods," i. e. "increases the number of the altars of the gods." Auget, which is found in many copies, seems to be a mere glosa explanatory of addit. Heinsius offers us, from one manuscript, numero addit," adds him to the number of the gods by altars to his hoBut only one MS. has this reading, and the ablative altaribus, thus nakedly placed, is a considerable objection. Forb.

nour.

212. Ilioneus.-This individual is the orator that addresses Dido in Æn. I. 521.

213. Genus egregium Fauni.-Thus Eneas is designated below, 1. 556. egregium Veneris genus. See Æn. IV. 12.

214. Subegit, "compelled;" comp. Geor. III. 218. Hiems, "a tempest."

215. Nec sidus regione, &c., "neither ignorance of the stars nor of the coasts caused us to err in the due order of our course." Heyne remarks that the poet varies his expression in 1. 199. and that the expression regione via is copied from Lucret. I. 1040. II. 249.

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216. Consilio, "advisedly,' purposely." Animis volentibus, eKOVTES. 217. Urbem afferimur, sc. ad. Thus, Ovid. Met. III. 598. adducor littora. Quæ maxima. Olympo, once the greatest of the cities that the rising sun surveyed," i. e. the greatest of the cities of the East. Olympus, with later poets, denotes the heavens. See Ecl. V. 56.

219. Ab Jove principium generis, "from Jove springs the first origin of our race." Electra, the daughter of Atlas, was the mother of Jasius by her husband Corythus, king of Etruria, and of Dardanus by Jupiter. After the death of Corythus, Dardanus slew Jasius, in a dissension which arose concerning the succession to the throne, and for this was banished from Etruria, whence he at last came into Phrygia.

220. De gente supremá.-Comp. Ennius, Annal. V. nomine Pyrrhus, ut memorant, de gente suprema.

222-227. Quanta per Idæos, &c. "how dire a tempest of war, rushing from fierce Mycenæ, swept through the Idæan plains, (and), driven by what fatality both spheres, viz. of Asia and Europe, engaged in full collision, even he has heard, whom the distant earth keeps far remote, by the intervening ocean; and he too, whom the torrid region, extended in the midst of the four zones, keep from his fellow-man (hath heard it too);" i. e. all, from every clime, have heard, &c.

224. Concurrerit.-Hor. Serm. I. 1. 7. militia est potior. Quid enim?

concurritur.

225. Si quem, &c.-A poetic circumlocution; "all the inhabitants of the world." Refuso oceano." Tellus extrema, refuso oceano"= fines terrarum, quos ambit Oceanus, qui etiam Homero, II. XVIII. 399. ávóppoos 'кeavòs, quatenus amnis instar terrarum orbem ita includit. Heyn. Wagner considers that some remote and distant island, such as Britannia and Thule, was in the mind of the poet, and that Oceanus is called refusus, since, by surrounding the island, it appears to flow again into itself. The mention of the Extreme South, in the succeeding lines, seems to point to the North as the position of this extrema tellus. La Cerda understood by refuso, simply, "wide-spread," "extended." For the hiatus in Oceano et, see Æn. III. 74.

226. Submovet, "detains far removed from those regions." Heyne. 227. Plaga solis iniqui, "the torrid zone." Iniqui, i. e. too violent in heat. Extenta=patens, "wide-spread." The deserts of Lybia is the region intended.

228. Diluvio, &c.-This, here, metaphorically denotes "utter ruin;" "from that dire deluge through the watery waste at last escaped, &c." Dryden. The poet had previously compared war to a tempest; hence