the metaphor in diluvio. Dis patriis, sc. quos Eneas secum portat. A religione Penatium præclarum facit initium ad movendos animos; "pia et verecunda petitio." Serv.

230. Innocuum, "where we may live in security." Forcellin strangely interprets by, "which we may possess without loss to others." Lex. s. v. Forb. This word is found in a passive sense. Æn. X. 302. Döderlein remarks that it was not used by prose writers until the time of Pliny the elder. Cunctis undamque auramque patentem.-There seems to be here an allusion to the well-known form of banishment, viz. aquá atque igni interdicere. Wagn. Auram. According to the general rule we would expect auras; but the poets love similar terminations, and, as undam precedes, auram is conformed to it. See Ecl. III. 110. Geor. I. 157.

231. Non erimus regni indecores.-Thus below XII. 25. nec genus indecores, aoxhuoves to Yévos. The nominative is indecoris; yet Priscian acknowledges indecor.

232. Tantive. Many MSS. read tantique; "TANTIQUE si malis, subjectis verbis significabitur Trojanos potissimum consulturos esse fama Latinorum, quippe perpetuò istius facti memores futuros." Wagn.

233. Trojam, i. e. Trojanos; so, Ecl. I. 63. aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut Germania Tigrim. Pigebit-pænitebit. See n. V. 678.

235. Fide, viz. in treaties, to which his right hand (deĝiâs níotis) was pledged. Comp. Cic. Dejot. per dexteram te istam oro, quam regi Dejotaro, hospes hospiti, porrexisti: istam, inquam, dexteram, non tam in bellis, neque in præliis, quàm in promissis et fide, firmiorem.

236. Ultro. Comp. Æn. II. 145.

237. Præferimus manibus vittas.-Comp. Hom. II. I. 14. σTÉμμат' Exwv ềv xepoív. Wagner compares X. 80, pacem orare manu. Verba precantia, "the prayers of suppliants." Precantia does not form a hypermeter verse, but is of three syllables, precantja. Some MSS., to avoid this, read precantum.

240. Imperiis, &c.-Imperia deorum are the admonitions of the gods, afterwards called jussa.

241. Huc repetit.-Most interpreters, and amongst them Donatus, make the nominative to be Dardanus. Servius agrees so far, but makes Dardanus Æneas. Forbiger, Wagner, and Heyne supply Apollo to repetit. Wagner compares Cic. pro Dej. § 57. vos qui maximè me repetistis atque revocástis. The connexion is :-hinc Dardanus ortus-huc repetit Apollo.

242. Numici.-See 1. 150. The river is used to denote the land with some idea of sanctity. All rivers were considered "sacred." The fertility they afford to the lands through which they pass their eternal and never-failing flow-their purity and beauty-all favoured this conception; but perhaps the epithet, sacer, has been emphatically employed by Virgil to denote the peculiar sanctity of the Numicius, inasmuch as Eneas is fabled to have been drowned in it.

243. Dat, sc. Eneas. The nominative is omitted, for there can be no ambiguity. See above, 1. 220.

245. Hoc auro, "with this cup of gold." Comp. Juv. X. 27. lato Setinum ardebit in auro.

246. Hoc Priami gestamen erat.-As each hoc is uttered, he is to be supposed to deliver the relic into the hands of Latinus; gestamen is "the sceptre," not, as Servius interprets it, "the diadem." H. Wagner remarks that gestamen here includes "all" the regalia or ornaments of a king.

249. Talibus Ilionei.-Comp. Hom. II. III. 217. Defixa, &c.-Comp. En. I. 482.

250. Obtutu, "in a steady gaze." Comp. En. I. 495.

253. In connubio natæ, i. e. the marriage, ordered by the oracle of Faunus.

...

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255. Hunc illum portendi generum, (suspecting) that this hero, who now has arrived, is that son-in-law predicted by the fates." See, below, 1. 272.

256. Paribus auspiciis, "to an equal share in the government," communicato regno. Heyne. Et quæ occupet, "and such as shall possess;" quæ for qualis. The copula et is omitted in many MSS.; Heyne prefers its absence.

258. Viribus, "by warlike prowess," Binow. The sentiment is the same as above, 1. 99.

259. Dî. secundent. Comp. Æn. III. 36.

260. Augurium suum, i. e. Fauni oraculum.

261. Nec sperno,

"I willingly receive;" an instance of the figure AUTOTNS. Rege Latino, "long as Latinus reigns." Comp. Æn. II. 79. III. 380.; and, for the use of the ablative, see Geor. IV. 219.

262. Uber agri, &c. i. e. ubertas agrorum'; or, uberes agri, "fertile fields shall not be wanting," the abstract for the concrete.

234. Æn. I. 531. Deerit, a dissyllable, as in Ecl. VII. 7.

See Geor. II.

264. Sociusque.-Some MSS. have sociusve; but Æneas wished both advantages, and they are not to be separated. See Wagner's Qu. Virg. XXXVI.

265. Neve.-Comp. Geor. II. 37.

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266. Pars pacis, a sign" or "pledge of peace." Comp. Ter. Heaut. I. 1. 5. quod in propinquá parte amicitiæ puto. See also En. XI. 214. Tyranni, i. e. regis, using the word in its ancient sense. Ty. rannus seems to be formed from κοίρανος. Th. κῦρος or κάρα.

268. Est mihi nata.—It was the custom of the heroic age to seek the alliance of heroic adventurers. See Alcinous, Hom. Od. VII. 311. 269. Plurima cœlo monstra," the very many portents sent from heaven."

271. Hoc Latio restare, "this fortune awaits the Latins." Qui sanguine. He repeats the words of the oracle; see above, 1. 98. 272. Hunc illum poscere fata.-See above, 1. 255.

273. Opto, "approve of him as such," eligo, amplector, generum probo. Augurat.-Auguro, "to form a presage from the feelings of the mind;" auguror, "to foresee futurity by external portents." Serv. This distinction is not always observed by the classic writers.

274. Numero, sc. ex, "from the whole number."

275. Ter centum.-This is imitated from Hom. II. XX. 221. Latinus would not be likely to have had three hundred steeds, but all is poetically exaggerated. See above, 1. 189, where Picus is styled equúm domitor.

276. Ordine, i. e. for all the envoys in succession.

277. Instratos. See above, II. 722. Alipedes, not elsewhere used absolutely for "steeds." Ostro pictisque tapetis, "with purple, and that on embroidered housings;" what commonly is called ev dià dvoîv. See note on Geor. I. 207; Æn. I. 639. Homer mentions Táπητas amongst other presents. See II. XXIV. 230.

278. Monilia, "poitrells," "chains." The Etruscans wore chains formed of links and balls of gold; with these also they frequently ornamented their favourite steeds. Necklaces of gems and precious stones are not here intended. See Monet. Etrusc.

279. Tecti auro, i. e. "with their golden chains and broidered housings." Aurum, i. e. " bits adorned with gold."

280. Absenti Enea, &c.-This is copied from II. V. 265. The horses of the sun are celebrated by all the poets.

281. Spirantes naribus ignem, as being sprung from the steeds of the See Ovid, Met. II. 84. and Geor. 2. 140.

sun.

282. Illorum de gente, &c. "from the stock of those, which the ingenious Circe clandestinely procured without the knowledge of her sire (furata patri) by means of a mare secretly introduced." Comp. Geor. 3.73. Dædala Circe, " wily, ingenious Circe." Thus Ennius, dadalam Minervam; and Lucretius, dædala tellus.

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284. Talibus donis.-Wagner considers talibus donis redeunt not good Latin; but that donis is the ablative absolute, i. e. talibus donis acceptis. 285. Sublimes in equis, "on horseback," "mounted on their steeds.” 286. Ecce autem Inachiis, &c.-A new TeρITάtela, or unexpected transition" of affairs. Heyne considers that the poet had Hom. Od. V. 282. in view. Argi Inachii, from Inachus, its earliest king, who gave his name to the river which washed its walls.

288. Ex æthere longé.-Juno is supposed to be passing from Argos to Carthage, and, astonished at the appearance of the Trojan fleet, to have hovered in the air above Pachynus, a promontory of Sicily. Longé-Some MSS. read longo; but the sound of longo-SiculoPachyno, would be less agreeable.

289. Ab usque.-We have written it thus in place of abusque, on the authority of Jahn and Wagner. Moliri tecta, “rearing habitations." See above, 1. 127.

291. Stetit, "paused," wrapt in thought. Fixa dolore, "transfixed with a poignant grief." Thus Homer, oduvnσi Teπаpμévos.

292. Quassans caput, "quod faciunt tristes vel irati et succensentes." Heyne.

293. Fatis contraria nostris, "destinies opposed to mine," i. e. to the destinies which, had I the power, I would impose upon the Trojans. The fates, which the Phrygians have, however, are superior to, and overwhelm, the fates I would force upon them.

294 Num Sigeis occumbere campis.-Compare Ennius :

Quæ neque Dardaniis campis potuêre perire,

Nec, quum capta, capi; nec, quum combusta, cremari.

296. Num capti potuêre capi, a species of oxymoron. Thus Hor. Ep. II. 1. 156. Græcia CAPTA ferum victorem CEPIT. Heyne remarks that Virgil has transferred to the calm and grave epic the style and oratorical embellishments of the Greek tragedians, especially Euripides. 298. Exsaturata.-Comp. En. V. 781. 299. Quin, "nay, on the contrary."

303. Conduntur, 66 they are sheltered." Thus, Stat. sumtæ vires; and En. V. 243. et portu se condidit alto. nizesis, a dissyllable. See note on VI. 412.

Silv. V. 5. ab-
Alveo, by sy-

304. Securi,"careless," "regardless." See I. 350, Mars perdere, &c.-Juno whets her anger by the remembrance of what the lesser deities succeeded in accomplishing against those who had insulted them, even less than the Trojans had wronged her. The ruin of the Lapithæ is commonly said to have arisen from indulgence in excess of wine. Mars was passed over by Pirithous in the offering of sacred rites. Hence offended, he visited them with madness, and caused them to attack the Centaurs, by whom they were destroyed. The story of Dia

na's wrath against Eneus for similar neglect, and the combat for the Calydonian boar, are related by Homer II. IX. 534.

306. Deûm genitor, i. e. Jupiter. Concessit in iras, &c., “yielded old Calydon to Diana's wrath.' Calydon, an ancient city of Ætolia, surrounded by an extensive wood, in which the boar spent his rage.

307. Quod scelus aut Lapithas, aut Calydona merentem, "what so dread punishment deserving, did he yield up either the Lapithæ or Calydon." Scelus is put for pœnam, the cause for the result. Thus, scelus mereri, is equivalent to scelere pœnas mereri; comp. also II. 229. scelus expendisse merentem. To Lapithas and Calydona is understood concessit Jupiter. Thus has Virgil, fond of Attic constructions, turned the sentence, instead of quod autem tantum scelus commiserant Lapitha vel Calydon, quo tantam pœnam mererent. Some editions read quod scelus aut Lapithis tantum aut Calydone merente, as an ablative absolute. Wagner thinks this variation arose from the copyist of the oldest MSS., forgetting to put the usual abbreviation for m over the final syllable of merentem.

309. Quæ potui, "I who brooked-who stooped-to try all expedients." Potui often has this meaning. See above, 1. 299.

310. Mea numina, "my powers." Comp. Æn. I. 8.

311. Dubitem haud equidem, "surely I cannot hesitate." Hoc conjunctivo Juno se ipsa quasi excitat ad non dubitandum, ut idem sit, ac si dicat: QUID EST, QUOD DUBITEM? NON VIDEO CUR DUBITEM.

313. Esto, "let it be." The Greeks used elev in this sense. See Hor. Ep. I. 1. 81. Sat. II. 3. 65.

"

314. Atque immota manet fatis, &c., "and (suppose) Lavinia, destined as his wife, remains so unalterably.' The sentence is poetical, for manent immota fata de Lavinia ab Enea conjuge ducendâ.

315. Trahere, "to protract," "to delay," sc. res, to be supplied from tantis rebus. Others make the construction to be trahere moras. 317. Mercede, "penalty," "punishment." See Æn. II. 537, XI.857. Coëant, "be united in marriage." Compare with next line, Ovid. Met. XIII. 532. At, puto, funeribus dotabere, regia virgo. 319. Bellona... pronuba, i. e. Bellona, not I. Juno was peculiarly pronuba; hence the emphasis of the expression. See En. IV. 166. Nec, &c., nor was it merely Hecuba, the child of Cisseus, who, bearing in her womb a torch, produced flames, &c." Virgil follows Euripides, in making Hecuba the daughter of Cisseus. In Homer, she is the daughter of Dymas.

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320. Pregnans face," quum facem in utero se gessisse somniâsset." H. See Ovid. Her. XVI. 46. Ignes, i. e. a flame to consume the realm of Asia. Enixa jugales, &c. i. e. peperit matrimonio. H.

321. Partus suus, 66 a similar firebrand shall her favoured child be, &c.—yea, a second Paris. Again shall the bond of marriage be ruinous to Troy, rising from its ruin.

322. Recidiva Pergama.-See En. IV. 344.

323. " Horrenda, "fell," "relentless." The following device is commended by Juvenal, VII. 66. Heyne compares Eurip. Herc. Fur., where the fell Auσon is sent by Juno against Hercules.

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324. Luctificam, 'messenger of woe." This word is also found in Cic. Tusc. II. 10, 25. Similar words are terrificus, V. 524. horrificus, III. 571. Allecto.-One of the furies. Thus most MSS. The Greeks also have ἄλλεκτος, 'Αλλεκτώ, for ἄλεκτος, Αλεκτώ. Dearum. Thus the best MSS., rather than sororum, which appears to have been interpolated to avoid the kakopwvía in dirarum ... dearum; but this may

have been designed by the poet, "ut rem horrendam etiam duriore verborum sono exprimeret." Comp. Geor. I. 157. Some derive diræ from deorum iræ ; but it is certainly the fem. of dirus, =durus, from Gr. diepds (diw=deldw), i. e. terribilis. The late editor of Facc. Lex. thinks it a Sabine or Umbrian word adopted into Latin.

326. Crimina noxia. The epithet is designedly given; her delight was in "guilty," not merely "bold" crime. See 11. 338 and 511.

327. Odit, &c.-Comp. Esch. Eum. 69. Miohμar' àvdpŵv kal beŵv 'OXvμmlwv, de furiis. For the structure of the verse, compare Ecl.

IV. 6.

328. Tartaria. Thus most MSS. Merula thinks that Virgil used the Ennian word Tartarina. Tot sese vertit in ora.-' .-This does not refer to the various shapes which the furies could assume, but to the horrific aspect of these fell goddesses. The expressions tot ora, save facies, indicate the awful appearance of terrific and frightful effect, produced by the various phases of her countenance.

329. Pullulat colubris, "teems with snakes." For the proper meaning of pullulo, see Geor. II. 17. Atra.-Heins. reads ora. Wakef. conjectures apta.

330. Acuit, "exasperates."

331. Proprium, "peculiarly thy task." Sata Nocte.-The furies were fabled to have been the daughters of Nox; comp. Esch. Eum. 419. Hence they were designated absolutely as sata Nocte. For satus, compare Geor. 1. 278.

332. Infracta cedat loco, "being broken, should yield from its high pre-eminence.'

333. Ambire.-Heyne thinks the word should properly be applied to the maiden wooed, and here to be used in a bad sense regarding Latinus. Forbiger remarks there was no need for " circumventing" or wheedling," on the part of Eneas, since Latinus had voluntarily offered this union before, 1. 270.

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335. Unanimos.-Some editions read unanimes; but see Æn. IV. 8. 336. Versare, "to disturb;" versare = turbare. H. F. Verbera... faces. The former refers to domestic" troubles, the latter to the public" disasters thence arising. Donat. and Wagn.

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337. Tibi nomina mille, "thou hast a thousand attributes of ill," πολυώνυμος. The powers and attributes of the deities are called nomina.

A

338. Concute, "rack," "examine your breast fertile in wrong." metaphor derived perhaps from the toga. Comp. Hor. Sat. I., Ill. 34. denique te ipsum concute; and Arist. Nub. 701. máνтα τрóñоV TE SAUTÒV στρόβει.

339. Disjice, "scatter;" more emphatical than dirime, solve. Crimina belli, i. e. crimina quæ sint causæ belli. H. Simul, "and at the same moment.'

341. Gorgoneis. . . venenis.-Heyne remarks that venenis is used for anguibus, "snakes;" and hence the epithet Gorgoneis, i. e. similar to those that surrounded the head of Medusa.

343. Tacitum, &c., "the tranquil threshold," i. e. hitherto undisturbed. Servius understands tacitum adverbially, tacitè obsedit. Obsedit. Many editions have obsidet; but see Æn. III. 565.

345. Femineæ curæ,

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cares natural to a mother's heart." Heyne strangely interprets feminea by "vehementissima et impatientes." Coquebant, "fired;" properly the "person" is said coquere iram, like the Gr. Téoσew xóλov; here, the verb is referred to iræ.

346. Huic, "against her;"" in hanc." H.