European tactics. Efforts were also made to put a few ships of war in a state of efficiency. slight relaxation of the tariff was conceded to the determined and growing opposition with which it was assailed; but the relief was too insignificant to have any effect in allaying the dissatisfaction. Nothing more, however, could be obtained from Congress before its adjournment in the end of July. The aspect of affairs was, for some months, flatteringly tranquil; and at the beginning of August, the residue of the French forces, consisting of about twelve hundred men, and who alone had preserved the country from a state of perfect anarchy, during the period which elapsed between the assassination of Count Capo d'Istria and the arrival of Otho, embarked and sailed for France. Previously to this, the new regency and ministry had decided on the important measure, that the church government of free Greece should be entirely separated from that of the Greek church in the Sultan's dominions, and rendered independent of the patriarch who resides at Constantinople. The kingdom of Greece was to have a separate head of its own church, as is the case with her co-religionist, Russia. Though this measure has been made a ground of complaint by some of the caballing primates, it seems to have satisfied the majority of the Greek people, who saw the impropriety of maintaining a spiritual subordination to a subject of the Sultan, which the patriarch at the Turkish capital is, to all intents and purposes. Meanwhile, with the return of tranquillity, commerce had considerably revived; and the re-organization of a military force to carry it into effect. venue derived from the customs had, in several of the ports (among which was that of Syra), increased nearly threefold. With the consequent increase of their comforts, the people had become more settled and easy to govern. In these circumstances the most violent opponents of the tariff determined to assume a new attitude in advancing to the next parliamentary, campaign. In the beginning of November, a convention was held at Columbia, consisting of delegates from all parts of South Carolina; and by this assembly an ordinance was forthwith issued, in which the tariff was boldly declared to be, in so far as regarded that state, null and void; and intimation was given, that from and after the 1st of February ensuing, all persons holding office in the state should be required to take an oath that they would support this declaration. So decided a step could only have been taken in a perfect assurance on the part of its authors that the public feeling was with them. Before the end of the same month, accordingly, the legisla ture of the state had formally sanctioned and legalized the ordinance of the nullifiers. An act was also passed for the In the midst of these peaceful and promising circumstances, a formidable conspiracy, whose success would have instantly destroyed them, and thrown Greece into an infinitely worse state of anarchy than ever, was discovered in the month of October. At the head of this conspiracy was the fierce old chieftain, Colocotroni. Fifteen other individuals, among whom, it is said, was one of the three deputies who went to Munich to invite Otho to Greece, were implicated. The plot was fortunately discovered in time. The conspirators were arrested, and secured in the citadel of Napoli di Romania, where, from their own depositions, Colocotroni and Violiopolis were convicted of high treason. Other turbulent capitani and intriguing primates in the Morea were suspected; but throughout the country the people remained perfectly quiet, making no attempt to release or assist their chiefs. The young king, almost immediately after, set out on a tour through his dominions, to give his subjects a proof of his confidence in them. About the same time, the regency decreed the opening of roads in several parts of the kingdom, which has been for many centuries lamentably deficient in such means of communication. Those were to be commenced first which established a direct communication between the interior and the ports and harbours of the country. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. In a former Number (see Companion, p. 11) will be found Matters were in this state when Congress re-assembled on the 4th of December. General Jackson, who, after the expiration of his first term of four years, had been a second time elected to the presidency, again adverted, in his message, to the subject of the tariff, the unhappy cause of all this dissension, and pressed upon the legislature, at great length, the adoption of a more liberal policy. A few days after, he addressed a long proclamation to the people of South Carolina, in which he pointed out to them the destructive tendency of the course they had entered upon, and did not affect to disguise the necessity under which he would be laid, should they actually proceed to resist the laws, of compelling their obedience by all the means at the command of the union. In a second message to Congress, on the 5th of January, 1833, he combated the arguments of a manifesto, which had been a short time before issued in defence of their proceedings by the South Carolinian legislature, and pointed, still more distinctly than he had done in his proclamation, to the necessity that might arise of a resort to arms. At this stage the affair certainly wore an aspect not a little alarming; and there was reason to apprehend that a crisis was fast approaching by much the most perilous that the Republic had yet experienced. To judge by the heat and violence displayed by both parties-by the Carolinians on the one side, and the people of the different northern states at their public meetings on the other-the two parts of the country seemed to be ready for a civil war. The government, meanwhile, took its measures in the spirit of the president's messages, and introduced into the legislature two bills, one having for its object to remedy, as far as possible, what was acknowledged to be a just cause of complaint, and the other to provide the necessary means of vindicating the authority of the law, and putting down the resistance with which it was threatened. By the former of these two bills very considerable immediate reductions were made in the protecting duties, and it was provided that they should be gradually still further reduced until they should be brought down to the amount fairly exigible for purposes of revenue. This proposal at once obtained the assent of the representatives of South Carolina and the other southern states; but the bill was vigorously opposed, at every stage of its passage through the two Houses, by those from the other division of the union. The measure of coercion, on the other hand, was as obstinately resisted from the opposite quarter. In this way it was near the end of March before either bill was finally disposed of. However, they both passed, and even by majorities that were not inconsiderable, though very differently composed in the two cases. From a statement which was given in the public papers, it appears that in the division on the bill for the reduction of the tariff, the representatives of the New England and the Middle States (reckoning those of both Houses together) stood Ayes 48, and Noes 86; while those of the Southern and Western States stood Ayes 104, Noes 14. From the Southern States alone, indeed, there were 67 votes for, and only 1 against the bill: it passed by a majority of 152 to 100. In the case of the Enforcing Bill, as it was called, on the contrary, the New England and Middle States' representatives were 107 to 8 for it; while 33 of those from the Southern, and 7 of those | from the Western States, voted against it. Sixty-five members of these two latter classes, however, voted in its favour; and the numbers in all, therefore, were 172 for, and 48 against it. In this way the difference was composed, at least for the present. The South Carolina convention, which, as having taken the lead in the business, naturally considered itself entitled to the honour of concluding it, immediately published an ordinance, declaring their former act of nullification, and all the other acts passed in pursuance thereof, to be henceforth of no force or effect. They had every reason, certainly, to congratulate themselves on a great victory. On the other side, of course, the satisfaction could not be quite so complete; but still there is not much reason to apprehend that the defeated party will be able at any future time to regain the ground they have been driven from on this occasion, or that the subject will give rise to any further danger or disturbance. Another curious transaction has a little ruffled the usual smooth current of public affairs, and produced a considerable sensation throughout the union, within the last few months we allude to the extraordinary procedure of President Jackson in removing the government deposits from the bank of the United States. The quarrel of the president with this establishment is of some standing. The bank was first chartered in 1816, and has ever since been considered as much as the Bank of England is in this country-a national establishment. When the proprietors, however, applied in the beginning of the year 1832 for a renewal of their charter, which had been granted only for a period of twenty years, although a bill for the renewal passed both the Senate and the House of Representatives, the president refused to give it his assent. The principal reason which he alleged in justification of this exercise of his prerogative, appears to have been, that the bank had, by bribing editors of newspapers and other persons, and by exerting its influence in a variety of ways, laid a scheme for defeating him at the approaching election. Having gained his election, he would seem not to have abandoned his resentment. About the middle of September last, he took the step we have mentioned above, on his own responsibility, and even in opposition to the advice of the Secretary of the Treasury, who wished him at least to wait till the meeting of Congress, in the beginning of December. He soon after published a long exposition of his reasons for acting as he had done; but he does not state what is generally believed to have been his true motive. The deposits which have been withdrawn from the national bank have been distributed among the different state banks; and General Jackson, on the occasion of his late re-election to the presidency, is said to have been as actively supported by the latter establishments as he was opposed by the former. SOUTH AMERICA. In the year 1810, when Spain was engaged in what appeared to many a hopeless war with Buonaparte, her immense colonies in the American continent resolved to avail themselves of that season of calamity and weakness, and make themselves independent of the mother-country. Their grounds of complaint were very numerous; but when we say that they were virtually governed by the council of the Indies which resided in Spain, and disposed of all places of honour or emolument; that they were forbidden to cultivate on their soil any such productions as were natural to Spain, and could be furnished by her; that they were allowed no trade with any nation except Spain; and that, at the same time (in 1810), when it was still attempted to perpetuate these onerous and degrading obligations, their population doubled that of Spain, we shall sufficiently explain the causes of the quarrel, and of the ultimate success of those colonies. Buenos Ayres was the first to declare itself; and its example was soon followed in various and very distant parts of Spanish America. Long years of violence and blood, however, intervened between the first movement of the patriots and their final success. The cause of Spain was supported in a manner altogether astonishing, when we reflect on the crippled resources of that kingdom. For sixteen years did her armies and partisans in America prolong the struggle, during which the most atrocious cruelties and Though the South Americans had not even waited for the conclusion of the war against their common enemy, the Spaniards, to show their mutual jealousies and proneness to quarrel with one another; and though, during that war, they had frequently betrayed an utter want of political wisdom and of moderation, it was fondly hoped that, with the termination of hostilities, they would settle down into an harmonious union like the states of North America, and gradually learn the art of governing themselves. Unfortunately, however, this has not been the case-on the contrary, by the ambition of military chiefs, the wild schemes of theorists who would subtilize on political matters, among a people who have yet to learn the very rudiments of representative government,-and by the turbulent, warlike spirit, rendered strong and general by sixteen years of fighting, these South American states have ever since been kept in almost constant anarchy. Conspiracies and revolutions within each government, and quarrels and hostilities with its neighbours without, have succeeded one another with such rapidity, that the memory of the European public seems to refuse to take further cognizance of them, and readers turn from a column of South American news with a feeling of tedium or disgust. One of the most obvious results of this course of things has been, the subdivision and splitting up of the states as originally formed. Colombia, alone, has been formed into three separate states, whose boundaries and names have varied several times, and are not settled even now. While all Spanish South America was revolutionized, the Portuguese possessions in that continent remained comparatively quiet, and, to appearance, attached to the monarchical form of government. The princes of the House of Braganza, driven from Portugal by French arms, found an enviable refuge in Brazil; and when, at last, the people of that country frightened the late King John VI. back to Europe, it was only by evincing their desire to render the monarchy constitutional. In 1822, without any revolutionary movement or violence, Brazil was entirely detached from Portugal, and Don Pedro proclaimed "Constitutional Emperor." There was, indeed, no revolution until April, 1831, when the Brazilians deprived Pedro of his crown; but, still adhering to monarchy, they reserved the crown for his son, Petro II., a child now only eight years old, in whose name affairs are administered by a permanent government or regency, and according to constitutional forms. Among the complaints alleged against Don Pedro by the Brazilians, were the following:-that he was led by favourites; that he preferred Portuguese to them; that he lavished their money on Constitutionalists who had been driven from Portugal, and beggared by Don Miguel; that he appropriated their funds, which they had set apart for the payment of the dividends on their acknowledged public debt in England, to support the regency established at Terceira in behalf of his daughter Donna Maria, as queen of Portugal; and that, when Donna Maria was recalled from Europe in 1829, he allotted her a palace, with a royal court and court pageantry of her own, all of which was paid for out of the Brazilian budget. There was the usual concluding clause about the luxury and immorality of his own court and courtiers. So weak was Don Pedro's party in the country, that he was dispossessed of the throne almost without a struggle. In 1832, however, some conspiracies and risings, which caused considerable bloodshed, were made with the ostensible object of restoring the dethroned king. During the same year, the legislative assembly made a new constitution, and passed a meritorious act, for ever abolishing the slave trade in Brazil. At the commencement of the year 1833, the accounts received from Mexico were of a nature to prove highly satisfactory to the lovers of order and peace. They imported, that the people began at length to feel the importance of union among themselves, and of friendship with their neighbours; that arrangements were making, by which government would be able to protect itself against the turbulent soldiery, and to diminish the standing army, which then amounted to 65,000 men;-that the Mexicans were ready to pay a pecuniary consideration to Spain, if that court would acknowledge the independence of their country; and that it was confidently hoped that this recognition, the want of which had caused constant excitement and evils innumerable, would be obtained through the mediation of Great Britain. They also stated that a commercial treaty had been concluded between Mexico and Switzerland.. On the 15th of February, the Constitutional Congress was opened at Mexico; close alliances were formed, and General Santa-Anna was installed as president, not only of Mexico, but of the now United States of Central America. One of the most memorable acts of this Congress was the passing of a grant of 30,000 dollars, annually, for the purchase of instructive books to be disseminated among the people. This measure seemed to prove that they were earnest in the pursuit of national happiness, and that they had hit upon the true means of obtaining it-the general intellectual improvement of the people. At the same time, treaties of amity and commerce, and plans to promote tranquillity, were discussed in the assembly, and all appeared, for awhile, to be willing to forget former injuries and jealousies. This flattering state of affairs, however, did not last long. Many ambitious men were anxious to obtain the post and honours of the president Santa-Anna, who, only the year before, had seized them from the former president, Bustamente. Among these, the most powerful and decided, was General Arista, who succeeded in corrupting a body of troops employed to escort Santa-Anna, on a journey; and, on the 6th of June, made the president his prisoner. Seven days after, the president effected his escape, and fled to Puebla. Another fierce civil war ensued, and was only interrupted by the breaking out of the cholera in the ranks of both armies. Santa-Anna lost 2000 men in the course of a very short time, nor were the sufferings of the insurgent forces from this mysterious disease less heavy. According to the latest intelligence, however, Santa-Anna has disposed of the opposite faction for the present, and is again at the head of affairs. In the state of Columbia a national academy was opened at Bogota on the 6th of January, 1833; and, on the 25th of the same month, the Constitutional Congress met, tranquilly, at Venezuela, under the presidency of General Paez. In the month of July, a conspiracy to overthrow the Columbian government was detected at Bogota. The night of the 23rd was fixed for making the attempt. The plot was dis covered, and sixty-five out of seventy conspirators were arrested: on the 28th of July all was quiet. In Peru, the year was ushered in by plots and conspiracies. An attempt was made to assassinate Garnarra, the president, but the individual was arrested in time, and condemned to be shot. In the month of March, however, the president was deprived of his authority. Brazil became again the scene of disorder and slaughter, On the 17th of April, the populace-joined by the blacks and half-castes-rose, and massacred the Portuguese residing at Para. This disgusting carnage is said to have lasted two days; and some accounts accused the President of having An insurrection also distributed arms to the assassins. broke out in one of the provinces of Brazil, and soon assumed a formidable aspect. The insurgents issued a very declamatory manifesto, declaring their grievances, and vituperating the existing government in the most violent manner. At Rio Janeiro, where the young emperor, Don Pedro's son, is residing, tranquillity appears to have been tolerably well maintained. It would be vain to speculate on the probabilities that exist, of seeing these long-distracted countries thoroughly restored to order. We can only heartily wish for that happy event; and deplore, in the meantime, that, through insane dissensions, so many lives should be sacrificed in vast and fertile regions, whose sole physical want is an increase of population. CHRONICLE OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCURRENCES OF THE YEAR 1833. January 1. A destructive conflagration at Liverpool, in which from fifteen to twenty warehouses were destroyed, with property to the value of 300,000l. 2. Insurrectionary movements at Madrid and Toledo, in favour of Don Carlos, in consequence of the royal decree of December, confirming the Pragmatic sanction,-a repeal of which had been extorted from the King during his illness. 5. The discussions concerning the disposal of the Duchess of Berri result in the determination to detain her in safe custody at Blaye. 6. The crown of France claimed by Joseph Bonaparte, the ex-King of Spain, as having become the representative of the imperial dynasty, by the death of young Napoleon. 10. Death of Joshua Brookes, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., aged seventytwo. This celebrated anatomist, during the forty years in which he taught anatomy at his Theatre in Blenheim-street, educated not less than 7000 pupils, many of whom have attained great eminence in their profession. His Museum, which was only inferior to that of Hunter in the number and variety of specimens, was, unhappily, in his declining years, dispersed by the hammer of the auctioneer. In concluding his Spring Lectures at St. Thomas's Hospital, Sir Astley Cooper made it a constant practice to say to his pupils-" Now, gentlemen, if you wish to learn anatomy, go to Joshua Brookes." 12. Died, within the rules of the King's Bench prison, Mr. Charles Dibdin, the dramatic author and popular song writer, in his sixty-fifth year. 15. A difference between the French Chambers of Peers and Deputies, in consequence of the determination of the latter to allow no amendment to a bill they had passed, by which the observance of the anniversary of the death of Louis XVI., as a day of national mourning, is abolished. 20. The Hungarian Diet opened by the Emperor in person. One of the earliest proceedings of this assembly was the adoption of a resolution recommending the publicity of discussion in the Diet, and the establishment of the liberty of the press. at Dartford in Kent. 21. Seven persons killed by the explosion of six powder-mills 31. Otho, the first King of Greece, arrived at Napoli, in his Majesty's ship Madagascar, and immediately issued a proclamation exhorting his new subjects to be united among themselves; and promising to maintain their liberties, and to administer impartial justice among them. February 1. The police at Madrid obtained information of a conspiracy to dethrone the King and proclaim Don Carlos, who, after having been imprisoned in his palace, was ordered to leave Spain and reside in Italy. 2. The Porte claimed the assistance of Russia against Mehemet Ali. 4. Death of Mr. O'Keefe, near Southampton, in his eightysixth year. This popular dramatist was intended for an artist; but was diverted from the requisite studies by a passion for the stage and dramatic authorship. The prevailing object in his numerous compositions was to amuse, and in this he appears to have been very successful. Many of his farces, &c., still retain a place in the acting drama. 5. The previous days, since January 29th, having been occupied by the House of Commons in the usual business incident to a new election, such as the election of a Speaker (the Right Hon. C. M. Sutton), and the swearing of Members, &c., the Parliament was this day opened for the despatch of public business by the King in person. The Speech, after alluding to the state of affairs between Holland and Belgium, mentioned the principal subjects which would require the attention of Parliament during the session, as the Charters of the Bank of England, and of the East India Company; and the state of the Established Churches in England and Ireland-in alluding to which country, occasion was taken to lament the spirit of insubordination and violence which prevailed; and it announced, that it might be necessary to intrust the Crown with additional powers for controlling and punishing the disturbers of the public peace, and for preserving and strengthening the legislative union between the two countries. 6. Death of Admiral Lord Exmouth, aged seventy-six. He was born, April 19th, 1757; and entered the navy before he had completed his fourteenth year. He was posted in 1782; and in 1793, was rewarded with the honour of knighthood, for the gallantry displayed in the capture of a French frigate. In 1796, he was raised to the baronetcy, for the personal humanity and bravery which he exhibited in saving the crew of an East Indiaman, which, in a heavy gale, had been driven upon the rocks near Plymouth citadel. We cannot recapitulate the long list of professional services for which he was, in 1814, raised to the 7. Alderman Waithman died in his seventieth year. He was 15. Mr. Pease, the first Quaker Member, took his seat in the 20. A Russian squadron arrived in the Bosphorus, and anchored 23. The Reis Effendi expresses to the Russian Ambassador the 24. The Russian Ambassador, in reply to the Reis Effendi, de- March 1. General Andrew Jackson becomes a second time Pre- 4. The works of Oporto attacked by the Miguelites, who are 6. On account of the disgust felt at the dismissal of M. Dubois 22. New York papers of this date announce the happy termina. 26. A dreadful conflagration at Manilla, the capital of the Phi- 29. The Bill for suppressing local disturbances in Ireland passed One hundred and fifty vessels, having been kept off the port During this month, in consequence of Lord Durham's resigna- 29. Died, in his 68th year, Samuel Drew, M.A., a well-known metaphysical bias was subsequently given to his mind by some 31. Died, at Copenhagen, Erasmus Rask, the learned philologist April 3. A serious riot at Frankfort, in the course of which the 6. The Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland places the county of Kil- 11. Died, in his 88th year, the Rev. Rowland Hill, the cele- - Another proclamation issued by the Lord-Lieutenant, sup- 15. The new Court House and Gaol at Tain, in the county of The 16. M. Lionne, the editor of the Republican paper 18. General Santa-Anna becomes President of Mexico. 19. Died, Admiral Lord Gambier, in his 76th year, at Iver. He 23. The fleet of Don Pedro, being in a state of mutiny for want 25. The French Chambers prorogued by the King in person. 26. In the House of Commons a resolution for the reduction Spanish throne, in case the King dies without male issue, and declining, therefore, to take the required oath of allegiance to the young Princess of the Asturias. 29. On the motion for the repeal of the house and window taxes in the Commons, Lord Althorp moved a counter-resolution, declaring its inexpediency, as also that of the reduction of the duty on malt, asserting that it would become necessary to supply the deficiency in the revenue by an income tax, which was carried. Sir John Hobhouse resigns his office, and his seat for Westminster, in consequence of being unwilling to embarrass the ministry by voting for the repeal of the assessed taxes, to which he had pledged himself to his constituents. Died, aged 76, Dr. Babington, the father of the London phy. sicians, and who formed the connecting link between the departed and living philosophers of the last fifty years. May 6. Peace concluded between the Porte and the Pasha of Egypt. The latter and his son Ibrahim are confirmed in their former dignities and territories, with the addition of Syria and the district of Adana. 9. Forty-nine persons killed by an explosion in Springwell coalmine, five miles from Newcastle. 10. Colonel De Lacy Evans elected Member for Westminster, after a stormy contest, by a majority of 166 over Sir John Hob. house, who had represented the city for fifteen years. The Duchess of Berri, on being delivered of a female child, declares herself the wife of Count Hector Luchesi Palli. When sufficiently recovered she was liberated and sent to Palermo. 13. A public meeting held in Coldbath-fields, in order to take measures for calling together a National Convention, at which about 1000 persons attended with banners, &c.; in dispersing whom, by the police, much violence was committed on both sides, and one policeman, named Robert Culley, received a wound from a dagger, of which he died. 15. Died, Mr. Kean, the celebrated tragedian, in his 46th year. He was the son of a tailor; and, after struggling through great difficulties and distresses in the early part of his career, he made his début on the London boards in 1814 in the character of Shylock, his performance of which immediately established him in that rank as an actor which he ever after maintained. His great success supplied him with the means of vicious indulgence, which he had not fortitude to decline, and by which his faculties were impaired, his health ruined, and his property dissipated. He is said to have received since 1814, in England and America, 176,000l., averaging 9000l. a-year. 16. Mr. O'Connell was entertained at dinner by the working classes of the metropolis, who on this occasion presented him a piece of plate worth 2001. 20. The coroner's inquest find a verdict of 'wilful murder' against all the parties concerned in a duel fought at Exeter on the 10th, between Sir John W. Jeffcott, Chief Judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court at Sierra Leone, and Dr. Hennis, when the latter received a wound, of which he died on the 18th. A great popular assembly held at Birmingham in the open air, called and presided over by Mr. T. Attwood, and addressed, among others, by Mr. O'Connell, who characterized his Majesty's Ministers as bloody and brutal;' and a petition to the King, for their dismissal, was agreed upon. 21. The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, France, and Holland sign a preliminary treaty effecting at least a temporary settlement of the points in dispute between Holland and Belgium. The coroner's inquest on Robert Culley, the policeman, after four days' investigation, return a verdict of ‘justifiable homicide,' which was quashed, on the 30th, in the Court of King's Bench, on the application of the Solicitor-General. Mr. Littleton appointed Secretary for Ireland, in the room of Sir John Hobhouse, resigned. An affray between the soldiery and the inhabitants of Neustadt, in Rhenish Bavaria, while attempting to celebrate, a second time, the "festival of Hambach." Upwards of 100 persons killed; and one cavalry regiment refused to fire on the people. 31. Death of Major-General Sir John Malcolm, G.C.B., K.L.S., F.R.S. This distinguished soldier, statesman, and author, was born on the farm of Burnfoot, near Langholm, May the 2nd, 1769. He was scarcely fourteen when he was sent out to India, and rapidly made those acquirements which formed the basis of his future distinction. Having highly distinguished himself at the fall of Seringapatam in 1799, and on other occasions, he was appointed by Lord Wellesley ambassador to Persia, which had never been visited by an English ambassador since the time of Queen Elizabeth. This and his subsequent missions to that country, which were chiefly designed to counteract French influence, he discharged with ability and success. On the occasion of his last mission, the King of Persia founded the order of the Lion and Sun, on purpose to do him honour, and created him a khan and sephadar of the empire. He was knighted on his return to England in 1812; and again proceeded to India in 1816. For his conduct at the battle of Mehidpoor, he received the thanks of the East India Company, and having become a majorgeneral, was nominated G.C.B. in 1821. The following year he returned to England, and received from the Company a grant of 1000l. per annum; and a vase worth 1500l. was presented him from those who had served under him in the war of 1818-19. In 1827, he was prevailed upon to accept the government of Bombay, and after effecting very important services, finally returned to this country in 1831. He was soon after returned to parliament for Launceston, but not succeeding in acquiring a seat after the dissolution, he withdrew altogether from public life. Mr. Canning spoke of Sir John Malcolm as " an officer whose name would be remembered in India so long as the British flag was hoisted in that country." He was the author of several works of great interest, particularly the "History of Persia ;" "Memoir of Central India;" a work on the administration of British India; and the versatility of his talents are exhibited by a book of a more lively character, entitled, "Sketches of Persia." To a subscription for a monument to his memory, the Pasha of Egypt subsequently contributed 1007. June 1. The King of Greece founds the "Saviour" order of knighthood. Died at Paris, in his fifty-ninth year, Savary, Duke of Rovigo, one of the ministers of France under Napoleon. He entered the army early; but, unlike the other military chiefs formed by the revolution, did not rise rapidly. He was aidede-camp to Desaix in Egypt, and returned home with him; and when that brave soldier was killed, Napoleon himself adopted the care of his fortunes. He was soon appointed to preside over the private police, an office which even abler or more scrupulous men than Savary could not have filled without odium. He was necessarily implicated in the affair of the Duc d'Enghein; and it was his persuasions which induced the Prince of Asturias to cross the Pyrenees to meet Napoleon at Bayonne. For his services on this occasion he was created a duke. He was subsequently employed in a mission to Petersburg; he served with distinction in the campaign of 1809; and on the disgrace of Fouché in 1810, the portfolio of general police was intrusted to him. After the fall of Napoleon, he was not well received by Louis XVIII., and was deeply implicated in the plot for the return of Bonaparte, whom, after his second fall, he would have accompanied to St. Helena, but was not permitted. Afraid to return to France, where a council of war had condemned him to death, he wandered about till 1819, and then boldly returned to Paris, and the day of vengeance being past, his sentence was reversed, and he was allowed to live in retirement, in which he remained until the ascendency of the House of Orleans recalled him to the public service as governor of Algiers. 3. The Duke of Wellington's motion for an address, praying the king to enforce the neutrality of this country in the affairs of Portugal, carried by a majority of 79 to 69, though regarded by ministers as a vote of censure on their conduct. 4. Died, in his fifty-eighth year, Peter, Lord King, who obtained much notice in Parliament as the regular opponent of the Episcopal Bench, on all questions relating to the secularities of the church. He was the author of several works, of which the most important is a 'Life of John Locke, with Extracts from his Correspondence, Journals, and Common-place Books.' 6. In answer to the Address of the Lords, the King states, that he had already taken such measures as seemed to him to be necessary for maintaining the neutrality with Portugal. 11. Several military men in the Sardinian service condemned, and a Lieutenant Tola executed, for participation in a plot to establish a republic. 12. Fifty-eight houses destroyed by fire in the fishing town of Lympstone, near Exeter. 20. The Cortes assembled at Madrid to take the oath of allegiance to the young Princess of Asturias as heiress to the Spanish throne. 21. The recorder of London resigned his office on account of the feeling excited by the narrow escape of a criminal named Cox from being hanged, through his inadvertence. 24. Algarve and part of Alemtejo acquired for the Queen of Portugal, with little difficulty or loss of life, by an expedition, under the orders of Admiral Napier and Count Villa Flor, which embarked this day at the mouth of the Guadiana. 25. The foundation laid, at the end of Farringdon-street, of a granite obelisk to the memory of Alderman Waithman.' The column was completed by the next morning. July 2. A battle off Cape St. Vincent, between the fleet of the Queen of Portugal (278 guns, and 2500 men) commanded by Admiral Napier, and that of Don Miguel (360 guns, and 3250 men), when the whole of the latter was captured, with the exception of a corvette and two brigs. 8. A treaty of alliance negotiated at Constantinople between Russia and the Porte. Russia engages to furnish Turkey with such forces as her exigencies may at any time require; and the Porte engages, at the demand of Russia, to close the Dardanelles against the entrance of any foreign vessels whatever. 23. Lisbon evacuated by the Miguelite garrison on the approach of Villa Flor, by whom the Miguelite general, Telles Jordao, had been defeated on the 21st. The citizens immediately liberated the persons confined for political offences, and proclaimed the queen. This day had been fixed on for an attempt to overthrow the Columbian government; but the plot having been discovered, sixty-five of the seventy conspirators were apprehended. 27. A smart shock of an earthquake felt in the neighbourhood of Washington, the capital of the United States. 29. Death of William Wilberforce, Esq., aged seventy-three. This distinguished opponent of slavery was the son of a merchant of Hull, and was born in that town Aug. 24th, 1759. He had only just become of age when he was returned to Parliament for Hull, in 1780; and in 1784, he was returned both for the same place and the county of York, and sat for the latter. Having become interested in the question of slavery, through the representations of Mr. Clarkson, he promised to bring the matter before the House of Commons; and soon after the assembling of Parliament, in 1787, he gave notice of his intention. He was, |