The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations

accept according ambassadors apparently arrived Asian authority barbarians Batavia capital Central Asia century ceremonies Ch'ing Cheng China Chinese chüan claims collection concerning Confucian continued countries court cultural documents Dutch dynasty early East edict embassy emperor empire envoys equal example fact Foochow forces foreign frontier gifts given Heaven Herat Hsiung-nu ibid imperial important included interest investiture islands Japan king Korea later letter Liu-ch'iu Manchu means merchants military Ming mission Mongolian Mongols officials Peking period Persian political possible practice presented princes profits received records relations relationship reported request rule rulers Ryukyu Satsuma seems sent shih ships sources Studies Sung taels Taiwan TMGJ trade traditional translation treaty tributary tribute University various Vietnamese Western world order Yung-lo