face, here means anger, or a strongly opposing influence of sphere, whether from the creature or the Creator.

See Ps. xxi. 9. Jer. iii. 12. Lev. xx. 6. Ps. ix. 3. xxxiv. 16. li. 9. 2 Thess. i. 9. Essay for a New Translation, &c. p. 18.

Kal Hatze, the Voice or Word of the King; by whom he sends his questions, or any thing else that occurs, to the judges, who are seated at the council-table.

See No. 1008. BRUCE, vol. iii. pp. 231, 265.—iv.p. 76.

2983. [1 Sam. ii. 12. Belial] There is no mention of the word Devil in the Old Testament, but only of Satan and Belial; which latter seems to be what in the New Testament is termed Diabolus or Devil.

2988. [1 Sam. iv. 13. Eli sat on a seat] It was a sort of elevated throne, on which, most probably, Eli was wont to administer justice. Dr. GEDDES.

2984. [ 13. The priest's servant] We should translate, the young priest. (See Dr. GEDDES ) -- If I might hazard a conjecture, says MICHAELIS, this new right of the priests arose from the circumstance, that, according to the Mosaic ordinance, they were invited to the offeringfeasts, and when they either could not or would not accept the invitation, a dish was out of civility sent home to them; and, in process of time, as has often bappened, this courtesy was converted into a right.

Smith's Michaelis, vol. i. p. 262.

2987. [1 Sam. iii. 21.] (In Ethiopia) Formerly, the king's face was never seen, nor any part of him, excepting, sometimes, his foot. He sits in a kind of balcony, with lattice windows, and curtains before him. Even yet he covers his face on audiences, or public occasions, and when in judgment. On cases of treason, he sits within his balcony, and speaks through a hole in the inside of it, to an officer called

2992. [1 Sam. vi. 4.] In India, when a pilgrim goes to a pagoda for the cure of any disease, he brings the figure of the member affected, made either of gold, silver, or copper, according to his quality. (See TAVERNIER'S Trav. p. 92.) Mr. SELDEN has observed, that amongst the antient Heathens, mice were used for lustration and cleansing. (De Diis Syriis, Syntag. i. cap. 6.) -According to the antient rite of Averruncation, when a city or country was infested with any plague either of disease or noxious creature, the

Talisman-makers, the Astrologers, were consulted and desired to erect an image of the plague under a certain influence of celestial configuration. This rite, in the opinion of Dr. GREGORY, was taken originally from the institution of the Brazen Serpent set up by Moses in the wilderness; and was again, in the instance before us, rescued from its idolatrous abuse, and restored, as exhibiting visible and mediating emblems, to give back the glory of all health and salvation to the GOD of Israel. Num. xxi. 8.

See his Notes and Observations, &c. pp. 35-43.

the constant progress of societies: beginning with a state of anarchy or democracy, that is, with a great division of power, they have passed to aristocracy, and from aristocracy to monarchy. Does it not hence follow, that those who coustitute states under the democratic form, destine them to undergo all the intervening troubles between that and monarchy; and that the supreme administration by a single chief is the most natural government, as well as that best calculated for peace?

VOLNEY.

3000. [— 15.] The wise policy of the Chinese government is in nothing more perceptible, than in its receiving the greatest part of the taxes, necessarily imposed, in the produce of the country. This serves as a spur to the exertions of both body and mind. The landlord also is paid his rent in the produce of his farms; and the farmer again pays his labourers by an allotment of small portions of land, from whence industry, with a little occasional encouragement, may derive a comfortable subsistence. The only real wealth of nations is agriculture, which is here perfectly understood. A regular chain is established between all ranks for its encouragement; and the artificial and unnatural medium of money, the source of wretchedness and of crimes, is only employed as the cement, not as the materials, of the building. See No. 2874. MACARTNEY'S Embassy.

2997. [1 Sam. viii. 5.] It is remarkable that, at the time (B. C. 1095) when the Jews were dissatisfied with remaining under the government of the true God, and required a mortal sovereign, the Athenians had just abolished the regal power, proclaiming that none but Jupiter should be king of Athens.

See MAVOR'S Preliminary View of Universal
History.

It is also remarkable, that this has in all instances been

3001. [1 Sam. ix. 3.] Among the Tartars each proprietor has his own mark burnt into the thighs of horses, oxen and dromedaries, and painted with colors on the wool of sheep. The latter are kept near the owner's habitation; but the other species united in herds, are, towards the spring, driven to the plains where they are left at large till the winter. At the approach of this season, they seek and drive them to their sheds. What is most singular in this search, is, that the Tartar employed in it has always an extent of plain, which, from one valley to another, is ten or twelve leagues wide, and more than thirty long, yet does not know which way to direct his search, nor troubles himself about

it. He puts up in a bag, six pounds of the flour of roasted millet, which is sufficient to last him thirty days. This provision made, he mounts his horse, stops not till the sun goes down, then clogs the animal, leaves him to graze, sups on his flour, goes to sleep, wakes, and continues his route. He neglects not however, to observe, as he rides, the mark of the herds he happens to see. These discoveries he communicates to the different Noguais he meets, who have the same pursuits, and in his turn, receives such indications as help to put an end to his journey.

BARON du TOTT, vol. i. part iii. p. 4.

3005. [ 22.] When Soleynân II. received the news of his brother's deposition, and his own advancement to the Ali Othmân throne," Why," says he, "in the name of the immortal God, do you endeavour to disturb my tranquillity? Suffer me, I beseech you, to pass in quiet, in my cell, the few days I have to live; and let my brother rule the Othmân empire: for he was born to govern, but I to the study of eternal life."

3006. [

Modern Univer. Hist. vol. xiii. p. 1.

25.] Thus it seems that, at the coronation of Saul, Samuel had prepared a writing, in which the rights of the king were distinctly specified, and read to the people; and that it was then carefully deposited in the sanctuary. See Smith's MICHAELIS, vol. i. p. 284.

JOSEPHUS says, Nahash plucked out the right eyes of all he took captive, that they might lose the use of their bucklers, which covered the left eye, or the use of that eye entirely. Thus they would be reduced to slavery for life, being utterly incapable of defending themselves. (Antiq. lib. 6. 6.) In this sense, if thy right eye render thee liable as a soldier, to offend against God by killing men, pluck it out, and cast it from thee. See Matt. v. 29.

3010. [1 Sam. xiii. 1.] Saul was a son (i. e. to Samuel) iu reigning, one year. See 2 Kings xii. 2.

3011. [—— 5.] Thus chariots were in use 1070 years before Christ. EMERSON.

3012. [8. He tarried seven days, &c.] Did Samuel visit this place every seventh day, or every Day of public worship?

3013. [9.] Boethius (lib. ii. p. 15) relates, that Mainus, son of Fergus I. a restorer and cultivator of religion

after the Egyptian manner, instituted several new and solema ceremonies and caused great stones to be placed in form of a circle (or Gilgal); the largest was situated towards the south, and served as an altar for sacrifices to the immortal gods. Rather to the sun, as the situation of the altar pointed towards that luminary in his meridian glory.

See Doctor MACPHERSON, p. 314, and
Mr. MACPHERSON, p. 162; also,
Pinkerton's Coll. part x. p. 262.

3014. [1 Sam. xiii. 9.] The Indian smith carries about with him his tools, his shop, and his forge; and works in any place where he can find employment: he erects his shop before the house of his employer, raising a low wall with beaten earth, before which he places his hearth; behind this wall he fixes two leathern bellows, which his apprentice blows alternately, to keep up the fire. He has a stone instead of an anvil, and his whole apparatus is a pair of tongs, a hammer, a beetle, and a file.

SOMERAT.

3015. [1 Sam. xiv. 10.] In the early ages of mankind, a battle appears to have been little more than a set of distinct duels between man and man. HALHED'S Preface to Gentoo Laws, p. 51.

3016. [- 14.] During the eruptions of Vesuvius or Etna, the earthquakes are so violent, that people are frequently thrown down, aud tossed nearly to death. Was this the cause why Jonathan so easily overcame this garrison of the Philistines?

3017. The Grecians did not plow in the manner now in use. They first broke up the ground with oxen, and then plowed it more lightly with mules. When they employed two ploughs in a field, they measured the space they could plow in a day, and set their ploughs at the two ends of that space, and those ploughs proceeded towards each other. This intermediate space was constantly fixed, but less in proportion for two ploughs of oxen, than for two of mules; because oxen are slower, and toil more in a field that has not been previously turned up; whereas mules are naturally swifter, and make greater speed in a ground that has already had a first plowing.

DACIER.

3018. [1 Sam. xiv. 25.] A Lime-tree thirty-six feet in circumference (another in the neighbourhood ninety feet high) grew near the great church of Bern: it was planted about the year 1410; and the hollow trunk, still putting forth leaves, remained in the year 1702. The Germans, in old times, planted the lime before their churches and in the market-places, on account of its grateful shade. A sweet juice exudes from the leaves and bark, from which the Poles extract a honey.

NIEBUHR, speaking of Ali's mosque at Mesched-Ali, says, at the top of the dome, where one generally sees on the Turkish mosques a crescent, or only a pole, there is here a hand stretched out, to represent that of Ali. (Voyage en Arabie, tom. ii. p. 211.) Another writer informs us that at the Alhambra, or red palace of the Maurish kings, in Grenada, on the key-stone of the outward arch of the present principal entrance, there is sculptured the figure of an arm, the symbol of strength and dominion.

See Annual Register for 1779,
P. 124.

3025.

When Pilate, who was sent as procurator into Judea by Tiberius, had sent by night those images of Cesar that are called ensigns, into Jerusalem; the Jews, falling down in vast numbers together, exposed their necks bare, and cried out, that they would sooner be slain, than their law should be transgressed, which did not permit any sort of image to be brought into the city. On this Pilate gave orders that the ensigns should be immediately carried out of Jerusalem.

See JOSEPH. Wars, b. ii. ch. ix. § 2, 3. vol. v. See Esther ix. 12 compared with 14. And Deut. xii. 3. Also Ezek. xliii, 7, 9.

3031.

Homer describes old Eumeus making his own shoes, and Ulysses himself as building his own house, setting up his bed with great art, and employed alone in bui ding and rigging his ship. Now, as Homer lived about the time of the prophet Elijah, and in Asia Minor; all the accounts that he gives of the Greek and Trojan customs, have a wonderful resemblance with what the Scripture informs us of, concerning the manners of the Hebrews and other eastern people. Dr. A. Clarke's FLEURY, p. 68.

3032. [ 18.] From Deut. xxxii. 14, we learn that the milk of sheep and goats was much used by the Israelites: