married Ann princess of Denmark; 1589; proclaimed king of England, March 24, and crowned July 25, 1603; first styled king of great Britain, 1604; married his daughter Elizabeth to Frederick prince palatine of the Rhine, 1612, from whom George I descended; lost his queen March 5, 1619; died of an ague at Theobalds, March 27, 1625; was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his son,

Charles I, born November 19, 1600; married Henrietta of France, May 11, 1625, crown ed Feb. 2, 1626; went to the House of Commons and demanded five members, Jan. 1642; raised his standard at Nottingham, August 25 following; put himself into the hands of the Scots at Newark, May 5, 1646; sold by the Scots for 200,000l. August 8 following; escaped from Hampton-court, July 1648; confined in Windsor castle, Dec. 23 following; removed to St. James' Jan. 19, 1649, brought to trial the next day, condemned the 27th, beheaded at Whitehall the 30th, and buried at Windsor.

Oliver Cromwell, born 1599; made protector Dec. 16, 1653; elected king, but refused the title, May 8, 1657; died at Whitehall, Sept. 3, 1658.

Richard Cromwell, born 1623; proclaimed protector, Sept. 4, 1658; deposed April 22, 1659; died at Cheshunt in Hertfordshire, July 12,1712.

Charles II, som of Charles I. bort May 29, 1630; escaped into Holland 1648; landed in Scotland 1650; crowned at Scone, Jan. 1, 1651; restored to his throne, May 29, 1660; crowned April 13, 1661; married Catherine, infanta of Portugal, May 21, 1662; died of an apoplexy,

Feb.

Feb. 6, 1685; was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his brother,

James II, born Oct. 15, 1633; married Ann Hyde, 1660, who died 1671; married the princess of Modena, 1673 ; crowned April 23, 1685; fled from his palace Dec. 12, and left England, Dec. 23, 1688; landed at Kinsale, in Ireland, March 12,1689; returned to France, July, 1690; died at St. Germain's Aug. 6, 1701.

James, duke of Monmouth, natural son of Charles II, landed in England, June 11, and proclaimed king at Taunton, June 20, 1685; was defeated near Bridgewater, July 5, and behead. ed on Tower-hill, July 15 following.

Mary II, (daughter of James II) born April 30, 1662, and married Nov. 4, 1677, to

William III, prince of Orange, who was born Nov. 4, 1650, and landed in England with an army, Nov. 4, 1688; proclaimed king and. his princess queen of England, Feb. 13, and crowned April 11, 1689; landed at Carrickfergus, June 14, and defeated James II at the battle of the Boyne, July 1, 1690; lost his queen of the small-pox, Dec. 28, 1694; fell from his. horse and broke his collar-bone, Feb. 21, 1702; died at Kensington, March 8 following; was. buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his sister-in-law,

Ann, second daughter of James II, born Feb.. 6, 1665; married to prince George of Denmark, July 28, 1683; crowned April 23, 1702;. lost her son George by a fever, July 29, 1700; settled her revenue of the first-fruits and tenths. on the poorer clergy, 1704; passed the act of union, March 6, 1707; lost her husband of an asthma,

asthma, Oct. 28, 1708; died of an apoplexy, Aug. 1, 1714; was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by,

George I, elector of Hanover (see James 1) born May 28, 1660; married Sophia daughter of the duke of Brunswick-Zell, 1682; created duke of Cambridge, &c. Oct. 5, 1706 proclaimed Aug. 1, landed at Greenwich, Sept. 18, and crowned Oct. 20, 1714; his queen died in Germany, Nov. 2, 1726; died of a paralytic disorder at Osnaburg, June 11, 1727; was bu ried at Hanover, and succeeded by his son,

George II, born Oct. 30, 1683; married the princess Wilhelmina Caroline Dorothea of Erandenburg-Anspach, 1704; crowned Oct. 11, 1727; married his son Frederic, to Augusta princess of Saxe-Gotha, April 27, 1736; lost his › queen Nov. 30, 1737; defeated the French at Dettingen, June 16, 1743; lost his son Frederic of a pleurisy, March 20, 1751; died suddenly at Kensington, Oct. 25, 1760; was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his grandson,

George III, born June 4, 1738; proclaimed Oct. 26, 1760; married Charlotte Sophia (born May 19, 1744) princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, September 18, 1761; and both were crowned Sept. 22 following.

[SOME of the preceding abridgement of the Arts and Sciences, was copied (by permission of the proprietor) from a valuable little work, entitled, " A short system of Polite Learning, being an Epitome of the Arts and Sciences, for the use of Schools;" price 62 cents, and may be had at C. PEIRCE'S bookstore, Portsmouth, and also by the principal booksellers in the United States.] OBSERVATIONS.

K 2

OBSERVATIONS

ON THE PRINCIPLES OF

GOOD READING..

LESSON XXIII.

To read with propriety is a pleasing and importane

attainment; productive of improvement both to the understanding and the heart. It is essential to a complete reader, that he minutely perceive the ideas, and enter into the feelings of the author, whose sentiments he professes to repeat for how is it possible to represent clearly to others, what we have but faint or inaccurate conceptions of ourselves? If there were no other benefits resulting from the art of reading well, than the necessity it lays us under, of precisely ascer taining the meaning of what we read; and the habit thence acquired, of doing this with facility, both when reading silently and aloud, they would constitute a sufficient compensation for all the labor we can bestow upon the subject. But the pleasure derived to ourselves and others, from a clear communication of ideas and feelings; and the strong and durable impressions made thereby on the minds of the reader and the audience, are considerations, which give additional importance to the study of this necessary and use. ful art. The perfect attainment of it doubtless requires great attention and practice, joined to extraordinary natural power: but as there are many degrees of excellence in the art, the student whose aims tall short of perfection will find himself amply rewarded for every exertion he may think proper to make.

To give rules for the management of the voice in reading, by which the necessary pauses, emphasis and tones, may be discovered and put in practice, is not possible. After all the directions that can be offered on these points, much will re.. main to be taught by the living instructor: much will be. attainable

attainable by no other means, than the force of example influencing the imitative powers of the learner. Some rules and principles on these heads will, however, be found useful, to prevent erroneous and vicious modes of utterance; to give the young reader some taste of the subject; and to assist him in acquiring a just and accurate mode of delivery. The observations which we have to make, for these purposes, may be comprised under the following heads: PROPER LOUDNESS OF VOICE; DISTINCTNESS; SLOWNESS; PROPRI ETY OF PRONUNCIATION; EMPHASIS ;. TONES; PAUSES; and MODE OF READING VERSE.

PROPER LOUDNESS OF VOICE.

THE first attention of every person who reads to others, doubtless, must be, to make himself be heard by all those to whom he reads. He must endeavor to fill with his voice the space occupied by the company. This power of voice, it may be thought, is wholly a natural talent. It is, in a good measure, the gift of nature; but it may receive con siderable assistance from art. Much depends, for this purpose on the proper pitch and management of the voice. Every person has three pitches in his voice; the HIGH, the MIDDLE, and the Low one. The high, is that which he uses in calling aloud to some person at a distance. The low is, when he approaches to a whisper. The middle is, that which he employs in common conversation, and which he should generally use in reading to others. For it is a great mistake, to imagine that one must take the highest pitch of his voice, in order to be well heard in a large company. This is confounding two things which are different, loudness or strength of sound, with the key or note on which we speak. There is a variety of sound within the compass of each key. A speaker may therefore render hie voice. louder, without altering the key and we shall always be able to give most body, most persevering force of sound, to that pitch of voice, to which in conversation we are accustomed. Whereas, by setting out on our highest pitch or key, we certainly allow ourselves less compass, and are likely to strain our voice before we have done. We shall fatigue ourselves, and read with pain; and whenever a person speaks with pain to himself, he is always heard with pain by his audience. Let us therefore give the voice full strength, and swell of sound, but always pitch it on our ordinary