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82. Disturbances

1 Cap. iii.

Hist. xiii. 629, 630.

Brunswick.

Sept. 9.

plosion; and the French Revolution was too ed on intelligence being received of the events important an event not at once to induce it. in Brussels; but they assumed the 84. The train took fire first in the great commer- most formidable aspect in Leipsic, In Dresden, cial and manufacturing towns, the Dresden, Brunswick, and Hesse-Cas- Leipsic, and centres, in all ages and countries, sel. In the first of these cities, exin Aix-la-Cha- of independent thought and united tensive mercantile transactions, a great spread pelle and Co- action. No sooner did the disturb- of knowledge, and the vast concourse of stranlogne. ances, accordingly, break out in gers during the fair, had greatly strengthened August 30. Brussels, than they extended to the desire for popular institutions. In the secAix-la-Chapelle and Cologne, in both of which ond, in addition to the general desire for freecities the workmen assembled in tumultuous dom, there was united the discontent of a popucrowds, and began to pillage shops, break ma-lation generally Protestant at a royal family still chines, attack manufactories, and deliver prison- Catholic. In Leipsic, the disturbances, which ers from jail in order to swell the ranks of the originated with the students of the uniSept. 7. disaffected. These disorders excited the utmost versity, were repressed without any sealarm all along the Rhine, in all the principal rious consequences at the end of two days; but cities on which river symptoms of agitation ap- at Dresden the populace for a time gained the peared; and it was only by the general turning ascendant. The Hôtel de Ville and the Hôtel out and firm countenance of the burgher mili- de la Police were both burned, and the tia that they were prevented from breaking out King was obliged to fly from his capital, into open insurrection. Greatly alarmed, the and take refuge in the impregnable fortress of Prussian government in haste moved forward Königstein, so celebrated in the wars of Fredseveral veteran regiments of Old Prussia into the erick the Great and Napoleon. At Hesse-CasRhenish provinces; and Prince William of Prussel-where the people, in addition to the other sia, on September 9th, addressed a letter to the causes of German discontent, were irritated by authorities there, expressing his resolution not the absence of the Elector, who lived, apart from to interfere with the internal affairs of France, the Electress, a scandalous life at his palace or the form of its government, but to of Wilhelmshohe, in which his presence was 92, 93; An. defend the Prussian dominions from signalized only by arbitrary decrees or acts of attack, and maintain the provinces on oppression against his subjects-the disorders the Rhine to the last extremity.1* were not less serious, and were only put down From the banks of the Rhine the agitation by four thousand of the Burgher 1 Ann. Hist. was communicated like an electric Guard and four hundred regular xiii. 634, 640; Cap. iii. 96. Convulsions shock through all the cities of the troops.1 north of Germany, though the success which attended the attempts Germany. at insurrection was very various, according to the vigilance and strength of the Government in different places, and the fidelity which the troops evinced when brought into contact with the people. Enough, however, appeared to indicate what the events of 1848 so fully confirmed, that the stability of existing institutions in Germany rested entirely upon the strength and fidelity of the armed force; that in the midst of feudal manners, institutions, and traditions, though repressed by an enormous military establishment, there existed a deep and widespread spirit of discontent in the industrious and highly-educated middle classes; and that, if the time should come when the regular troops were no longer, as in France, to be relied on in a conflict with the people, or were openly to espouse the popular side, society would be shaken to its centre, and the most dreadful convulsions might be anticipated." In all the cities where the Teutonic race was predominant, even the military capital of Bavaria, and the distant metropolis of Denmark, disturbances or symptoms of disorder appear*"Le roi m'a chargé de témoigner à ses sujets des provinces Rhénanes combien il regrettait de ne pouvoir se

83.

in all the north of

3 Cap. iii. 93, xiii. 626, 629.

95; An. Hist.

en

ent nos frontières, alors le roi rassemblerait toutes ses

Still more alarming were the disturbances in Brunswick. On the 6th the pop- 85. ulace rose, and, disregarding six- And in Brunsteen pieces of cannon placed around wick. Sept. 6. the palace of the reigning sovereign, but which were never discharged, surrounded the ducal residence, which was soon committed to the flames. The whole pictures and furniture were broken to pieces or thrown out of the windows, and the superb pile reduced to ashes. The Duke fled in disguise during the darkness of the night, and escaped to London, where he was coldly received by the English government, which was aware of the indiscretions and faults on his part which had occasioned so violent an explosion. Meanwhile, the Estates of the duchy conferred the government, provisionally, on his brother Prince William, in the character of regent, and as a matter of necessity he was recognized by the courts of London, Berlin, and Vienna. Even the distant capital of Vienna felt the shock. Assemblages were formed in the streets which defied the whole power of the police, and were dispersed only by the appearance of 2 Ann. Hist. the cuirassiers; and the dawn of xiii. 631, that spirit already appeared, des- 634, 637; tined at no distant period to threat- Cap. iii. 96; en with dissolution the whole Aus- Sept. 12, trian monarchy.2

Moniteur,

1830.

rendre au milieu d'eux. Les évènemens survenus SWITZERLAND did not escape the general conFrance nécessitent sa présence dans sa capitale. Cependant le roi est fermement résolu de ne s'immiscer en rien tagion; and though the shepherds 86. dans les affaires de ce pays, et de laisser le volcan se con- of the valleys, in possession of full Political consumer dans son intérieur. Mais si les Français attaquai- democratic privileges, remained tests in Switzforces pour les combattre. Les travaux qui ont été exé- tranquil, the burghers of its cities, erland. cutés à Coblentz et qui en font un boulevard puissant de who were not equally endowed, were violently la monarchie, prouvent l'importance que sa majesté attache agitated. The Federal Diet was sitting at Berne à la possession des provinces Rhénanes, et sa ferme ré-in perfect tranquillity when the news arrived Coblentz, 9 Septembre, 1830."-Ann. Hist., xiii. 93, note. of the revolution of July in Paris; and the ex

solution de les défendre à toute extrémité.-GUILLAUME.

was succeeded by Cardinal Capellari, elected to the pontifical chair on February 2d, who took the title of Gregory XVI.

88.

But these events, important and startling as they were, yielded in ultimate importance to an event which took place Change in in this year in Spain, and proved the the order of source of unnumbered calamities to succession both the kingdoms of the Peninsula. in Spain. This was the CHANGE IN THE ORDER OF SUCCESSION to the Spanish crown, as it had now been estab lished for a hundred and twenty years, with the concurrence of all the powers of Europe. This order, which strictly excluded females from the crown, was an innovation on the old law of Spain, which admitted them; but it had been established by a decree or pragmatic sanetion on 10th September, 1713, on occasion of the accession of Philip V. to the throne, and subsequently ratified by all the powers of Europe, and in particular by France and England, by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1714. It had ever since regulated the succession to the Spanish crown, and was regarded as a fundamental point in the public law and fixed policy of Europe. The object of it was not so much any peculiar necessity for the male succession in the Spanish monarchy beyond other states, but considerations of the highest moment for the general balance of power. The bequest of the crown of "Spain and the Indies" to the Duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV., in 1700, by the King of Spain, had lighted up the flames of the War of the Succession in Europe, which burnt fiercely for thirteen years, and were very imperfectly laid by the Peace of Utrecht in 1714. This treaty was thought by the Tories to have averted the danger of a union of the crowns of France and Spain on the same head, by entailing the crown of the latter kingdom on the male line. Bolingbroke and Harley, who made that treaty, did not perceive, what the event ere long demonstrated, that it was not the union of the crowns, but the alliance of the kingdoms, which was the real object of danger; that a "family compact" founded on family connection might prove as formidable as a union of kingdoms; and that, if the English fleets were outnumbered, and blockaded in their harbors, as they often were in the course of the ! See Life century, by those of France and Spain of Marltogether, it were of little moment borough, whether it was in virtue of a united c. xi. p. 474, 524. government or a family alliance.1*

citement immediately became so violent that it was evident the demand for more popular institutions could no longer be withstood. Wisely resolving to yield to a storm which they could not resist, the cantons in which aristocratic institutions still existed, themselves took the lead in making the changes which were demanded. Zurich was the first which did so. On Nov. 27. the 27th November the local Legislature of that city passed a resolution fixing the representation of the Council at 212 members, of whom a third were to be returned by the city, and two-thirds by the landward part of the canton, fixing the qualification for representatives at twenty-nine years of age, and a fortune of 5000 francs (£200). This Council was to appoint a smaller body, which was to form a constitution, the basis of which was to be popular sovereignty, and an equal division of the public burdens. Similar organic changes, in effect, like the Reform Bill in England, amounting to revolution, were brought about in Lucerne, Soleure, Argovia, St. Gall, and Turgovia, not without, in some, serious popular disorders which disgraced the land and cause of freedom. Berne itself, the most aristocratic of all the cantons, underwent its revolution. The petitions praying for reform and an extension of popular rights, presented to its Council of State, were so numerous that at length they could no longer be resisted, and in the beginning of December a meeting of the great Council, which consisted of 217 members, was held, at which it was unanimously resolved to put the whole militia of the country on a war footing, and to appoint a committee of eleven to revise the constitution. So great, however, was the public agitation, that these measures would not suffice, and the central committee of government accordingly convoked a general assembly of the representatives of all the cantons to meet at Berne on the 23d December. It decreed the levy of sixty Dec. 23. thousand men, to cause the external independence of the confederation to be respect ed; but wisely abstained from interfering with the internal constitutions of the cantons, which were left to their separate Legislatures.1 ITALY also felt the shock, and, from the more ardent temperament of its inhabitConvulsions ants, and the circumstance of their in Italy. having so long been unaccustomed to the exercise of any of the rights of freemen, with more violence than in the colder latitudes of the Alps. In Lombardy and Piedmont the extreme vigilance of the police, and the presence of an immense Austrian force, the fidelity of which could perfectly be relied on, prevented any open convulsions; but the impression was not the less decided, and the public passions, long and rigorously repressed, only acquired the greater strength from being brooded over in silence. The fermentation was extreme in Bologna and Modena, the two cities of the pen in the course of the eighteenth century, subsequent to insula most warmly attached to the new insti-1714, the Spanish government took part with the French, tutions; but it was repressed with rigor, and in Florence overawed by the influence of Austria. In Rome the effect was very great at first, but it was ere long superseded by the election of a new Pope, in consequence of the death of Pius VIII., which took place on the 30th November. He

1 Ann. Hist. xiii. 674,678.

87.

3 Ann. Hist.

xiii. 684, 688.

89.

An opportunity now occurred which enabled the Liberals of Spain to lay the foundation for a revival of their hopes, Its motives which had been so signally blasted and politic by the universal burst of indignational objects. against their rule that appeared on the inva sion of the Duke d'Angoulême in 1823. The King, now advanced in years, had married in

* In every one of the wars of England against France,

and their united navies always considerably outnumbered the English. This was particularly the case in the American War and the war of the Revolution, in the former of

which the French and Spanish fleets, numbering fortyseven sail of the line, blockaded the English, of twenty

one sail, in Plymouth; while, at the outset of the latter, their combined fleets outnumbered those of Great Britain by forty-four line-of-battle ships.-See ALISON's lafe of Marlborough, vol. ii. p. 474, 3d edit.

1 Ann. Hist. xiii. 688, 690.

90.

1 Ann. Hist.

xiii. 690, 691.

Revolution

the close of the preceding year CHRISTINA, daugh- | lowed this circumstance, what mournful trageter of the King of the Two Sicilies; and the dies it occasioned in all parts of the Peninsula, fêtes consequent on the marriage, which was and how completely, in the end, it has had the graced by the presence of the royal parents of effect of nullifying Spain in the the bride, had been of so magnificent a charac- general balance of power in Euter as to have recalled the pristine days of the rope.1 monarchy, and in some degree reconciled even Thus, within less than six months after the the Liberals to the sway of "El Rey Assoluto." Revolution of 1830 broke out, and 91. In the spring of this year the Queen was dis- Charles X. had been dethroned, was Resumé of covered to be with child; and as the sex of the the whole face of affairs in Europe the influinfant was of course uncertain, and DON CARLOS, changed. Disgust had every where ence of the the King's immediate younger brother, was, succeeded to confidence, apprehen- in France failing male issue of the marriage, the heir-ap- sion to security, convulsion to stabil- over Euparent of the monarchy, and the avowed head ity. In vain had Louis Philippe as- rope. of the despotic party, the Liberals resolved sured the Continental sovereigns, and with sinupon a device, which was attended with en- cerity, that he was inclined to abide by existtire success, for altering the order of the suc-ing treaties, to check the spirit of revolution, to cession, and establishing it in favor of the King's issue, whether male or female. By this means they hoped to ingraft a war of succession on a war of principles, and gain for themselves an ostensible and visible head-a matter of importance in all civil wars, but especially in one in Spain, where the people were much more inclined to attach themselves to persons than to things.1 By the united influence of the young Queen and the old father-confessor, the King Promulga was won over in his old age to this intion of the trigue, and the decree accordingly appeared calling females as well as males March 29, to the succession of the throne. To render the device the more plausible, it was stated in the decree that it was no new or der of succession which was thereby established, but that it was a mere transcript of a former decree made by the late king, Charles IV., in 1789, on the requisition of the Cortes. Neither the alleged old decree, however, nor the requisition of the Cortes, were ever produced to give authority to the innovation, and it was done without the privity or concurrence of any of the powers in Europe which had been parties to the Treaty of Utrecht, by which the crown had been entailed on the male line. This, how ever, soon came to be of little moment; for in due time the Queen gave birth to a daughter, ISABELLA, the present sovereign of Spain; and although the irregularities of the mother's conduct gave rise to serious doubts as to the fant's legitimacy, yet she was immediately adopt ed as the head of the Liberals, and the dependants of the crown united with the partisans of free institutions in making THE QUEEN the warery of their united party. It will appear in the sequel what important consequences folVOL. II-D D

decree.

1830.

stand between them and the plague. Events had proved that, whatever his intentions were, his power to carry them into effect was extremely circumscribed. It was evident that there were two governments in Paris, one in the Tuileries and one in the clubs, and that the latter was more powerful for evil than the former was for good. The spirit of propagandism, nursed in France, and quadrupled in strength by its victory there, was now spreading over the adjoining states, and had already achieved the most signal triumphs in foreign nations. The Conservative administration had been overturned in England, and a party installed in power, based on popular support, and pledged to organic changes, with a democratic tendency in the constitution; the Kingdom of the Netherlands had been revolutionized, the King dethroned at Brussels, and Belgium to all appearance irrevocably severed from Holland; the barrier of Europe against France had been converted into the outwork of France against Europe; Germany had been convulsed, and a reigning sovereign dethroned; Switzerland subjected to democratic change, and brought under the influence of the clubs in Paris; and in Spain the order of succession changed, and a visible head given to the democratic party in the Peninsula, in the person of the heiress to the throne! A conflict of three days' duration in the streets of Paris had obliterated the whole effect of the victories of Marlborough and Welin-lington, overturned the barrier in Flanders to revolutionary power, and annihilated in Spain the last remnant of security against French influence becoming predominant in the Peninsula! To all appearance the prophecy of Lafayette, forty years before, was about to be realized; the tricolor flag was to make the tour of the globe.

CHAPTER XXV.

FRANCE FROM THE OVERTHROW OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS IN OCTOBER, 1830, TO THE ABOLITION OF THE HEREDITARY PEERAGE IN SEPTEMBER, 1831.

Change in the attitude of France in reference to the Continental

1 Ante, c. xxii. 71.

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THE events which have been recounted in the derwent the fate of all administrations formed 1. end of the last chapter entirely al- by a combination of interests, not a union of tered the position of France and principles. Dissensions of the most violent kind Louis Philippe with reference to speedily appeared; the debates and recriminathe European powers, and had an tions were as tumultuous at the council-board important effect, both externally as at the tribune; and it soon became evident powers. and internally, on its future histo- that the differences of opinion were so great ry. The Government of July was now placed that every thing like united action was imposin a state of antagonism with Europe. The sible. In truth, each of these sections of the cordial feelings with which the envoys of Louis Cabinet was the representative of a party in Philippe had been received by the northern the State, the passions or apprehensions of powers on his first accession to the throne, as a which had become so violent that they could fortunate necessity and valuable barrier against no longer be restrained. The Republicans in evil, had given place to an alarming anxiety and the clubs, the press, and the streets, loudly proentire distrust. Without doubting the sinceri- claimed the necessity of instantly establishing ty of his professions of an ardent desire to co- the sovereignty of the people, installing the citerce revolution and restrain propagandism, they izens in possession of real power by a great rehad seen enough to have the most serious appre- duction of the suffrage qualification, receiving hensions of his ability to do either the one or with open arms the friends of freedom in other the other. The English government evinced, countries, and regaining the frontier of the not without reason, great disquietude at the Rhine, and all that had been lost by the treaty events in Flanders, and the extension of revo- of Vienna, by accepting the proffered amalgamlutionary influence to the mouth of the Scheldt. ation of Belgium with France. The burghers, The speech from the throne at the opening of whose strength, always great, had been doubParliament openly expressed that feel- led by their forming the greater proportion of ing. The Prussian cabinet was equal- the National Guard, both in the metropolis and ly alarmed at the revolutionary move- the provincial towns, were mainly set on the ments in Northern Germany, and the obvious maintenance of order and the preservation of danger to which their Rhenish provinces were general peace, and dreaded alike any foreign exposed, from the vicinity of the Flemish states demonstration which might revive the hostile in which the government had been overthrown. alliance of 1815, and any domestic innovation The cabinet of Vienna, under the cautious guid- which might restore the internal sway of the ance of Prince Metternich, was still more ap- Jacobins in the State. And the Doctrinaires, prehensive at the democratic fervor in Switz- to whose enlarged and philosophic ideas the erland and the excitement in Northern Italy, sagacious and experienced mind of the soverwhich their huge army and vigilant police had eign was most inclined, earnestly inculcated the the utmost difficulty in repressing. Even the principles that the government, to be stable, distant court of St. Petersburg took the alarm, must be one of progress and of order; that and, well aware of the sympathy of feeling be- measures must be taken to coerce the extravatween Paris and Warsaw, began to direct forces, gance and restrain the influence of the clubs; to be prepared for any event, in great numbers, and that the only lasting security 1 Cap. iii. 336, to the banks of the Vistula. The Prussians sent for internal freedom was to be 341; Louis troops as rapidly as possible to their Rhenish found in the maintenance of ex- Blanc, ii. 157, provinces, and Austria did the same to North-ternal peace.' ern Italy. Every where on the Continent were With such discordant opinions agitating both to be seen armaments and heard the sound of the Cabinet, the Chamber, and the 3. marching men. England alone, secure in her people, it was impossible that the Commencesea-girt isle, and entirely engrossed with do-Government could long hold togeth- ment of the mestic questions, made no warlike prepara- er; but an event which strongly trial of the tions, and regarded the distant din on the Con-roused and agitated the nation, in- ters. tinent as the precursor of a conflict duced its dissolution even earlier Cap. iii. with which she had no immediate con- than might have been anticipated. This was the trial of Prince Polignac and the other minThis great change of necessity induced a cor-isters of Charles X., who, by the officious zeal responding alteration in the French of inferior functionaries rather than the real Cabinet divi- cabinet. The original government, wishes of the Government, had been arrested sions, and fall formed by a coalition of the three in various places and brought to Vincennes, of the Minis- parties-the Doctrinaires, headed where they awaited the determination of the by the Duke de Broglie and M. cabinet and Legislature on their fate. Had it Guizot; the burgher interest, by Count Molé been practicable, Louis Philippe and the majorand M. Casimir Périer; and the Republicans, ity of his cabinet would gladly have avoided so represented by M. Dupont de l'Eure-soon un- embarrassing a proceeding as the trial of these

275, 279.

try.

2.

cern.2

159.

late Minis

state prisoners; but their alleged delinquence
and real infraction of the laws had been too
recent, the passions of the people too strongly
excited, the risk of any thing like a compromise
to the new Government too great, to admit of
such a course being thought of. Reluctantly,
therefore, they were compelled to authorize the
institution of proceedings against them. On
September 23d the Chamber of Depu-
Sept. 23.
ties, after long debates on the form to
be adopted in the prosecution, had invested
three commissioners with the power of con-
ducting it on the part of the popular branch of
the Legislature, and the trial was to take place
before the Chamber of Peers. That body forth-
with held an extraordinary meeting to
Oct. 4. commence the cognizance of the affair;
and according to the form of the French law,
when the court takes so large a share in the
preliminary steps of the trial, three peers were
appointed, and conjoined with the commission-
ers of the Deputies to conduct it. The judicial
examinations commenced, and were conducted
with great strictness and ability, though in an
equitable spirit, by the government
commissioners; and the result was
communicated to the Chamber of
Peers in a detailed and very impar-
120, 121.
tial report on the 29th November.'
The conduct of the accused during the pro-
longed interrogations was calm and
Conduct of dignified, but at the same time strong-
the accused ly characterized by that political in-
fatuation and insensibility to the real-

1 Ann. Hist.

xiii. 325, 359, 423; Louis

Blanc, ii. 119,

before the

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5.

fore this.

lieved that the acknowledged irresponsibility of the King must, by a legal fiction, be extended to his Ministers. When am I to be set at liberty?" he often said to the commissioners. Ďuring the progress of these examinations, however, the state of Paris became such as dreadfully alarmed the court, Disturbed and fearfully endangered the accused. state of The Republicans were indefatigable in Paris betheir endeavors to excite the people, and awaken the savage thirst for blood which had forever disgraced France during the Reign of Terror. The continued and increasing distress which existed among the working classes, and which the agitators contrived to impute solely to the acts of the late ministers, which originated the convulsion, added immensely to the success with which their efforts were attended. On the 18th October, in par- Oct. 18. ticular, an émeute of so serious a kind took place in the Faubourg St. Antoine, that it assumed almost the character of an insurrection. A furious band then surrounded Vincennes, and were making preparations for storming the castle, in order to execute justice on the state prisoners with their own hands. They were only repelled by General Daumenil, the governor, threatening, if they did not desist, to blow up the building. Repulsed from thence, the waves of insurrection rolled to the westward, and broke on the Palais Royal, where it was only averted by the firm countenance of the National Guard. The King and his Ministers were all assembled. Hark!" said Odillon Barrot, "I hear the cry Vive Barrot!'" "And I," said the King, have heard the cry Vive Petion!"" Groups of disorderly persons singing the Marseillaise, and exclaiming " Mort aux Ministres !" In its fosse the Duke d'En-crowded the streets leading to Vincennes, and ghien had fallen a victim to the jealousy and in the evening they were generally swelled to anger of Napoleon; within its walls Prince several thousand persons. The apprehensions Polignac had undergone the weary hours of of the Government were extreme: it was thus a nine years' captivity, for having conspired that the massacres in the prisons on 24 Sepagainst that sovereign power which he was now tember, 1792, had commenced. The garrison of accused of having abused. The carriage which Vincennes was greatly strengthened, the guards bore them to the gloomy fortress was surround- doubled, the draw-bridge kept up, and the guns ed by an immense crowd, which never ceased loaded, as in a state of siege, with grape-shot. to exclaim, “La mort, la mort ! la mort aux Mi-Thanks to these wise precautions, the revolunistres !" So savage was their demeanor, so tionists were deterred from an attack upon the fierce and unrelenting their cries for vengeance, fortress, and the agitators confined themselves that the prisoners were relieved, and felt as if to incessant efforts at the clubs and 1 Ann. Hist. the worst of their dangers were over, when the in the press to excite the public xiii. 429,430; draw-bridge was passed, the gates entered, and mind, and keep it in that state of Cap. iii. 392, the doors of the fortress closed upon their pur- feverish anxiety when the most des- 394; Louis suers. During the examinations, the prisoners, perate resolutions are most likely to who were kept apart and in close confinement, meet with a favorable reception.1 exhibited a very different demeanor. M. de At length, on the 15th of December, the trial Chantelauze, on seeing the commissioners, with commenced in the hall of the Peers, some of whom he had formerly been intimate, in the palace of the Luxembourg. Commenceenter his apartment, burst into tears; M. de Every thing had been done which ment of the Peyronnet evinced more resolution, admitted could give dignity and solemnity to Dec. 15. his accession to the ordinances, and justified the august spectacle. Seats were them by the necessities of his situation, and the provided for all the foreign embassadors and kindness of the King toward him. M. Guernon their families, as well as the principal dignitade Ranville was equally resolute. But although ries of the kingdom; and a guard of two thouthe pale countenance, prominent forehead, and sand men, with several guns, was provided for emaciated figure of Prince Polignac evinced the daily service around the hall, besides powerful 2 Louis Blanc, wearing influence of anxiety and reserves in all the barracks of the capital, ready ii. 120, 121; meditation, yet the smile on his lips to turn out at a moment's notice. No less than Cap. iii. 388, and the serenity of his manner re- one hundred and sixty-three of the Peers an389; An. Hist, vealed a mind at ease with itself swered to their names when the roll was callxiii. 425, 428. and the world. He constantly be-ed; twenty sent excuses, which were sustained.

trial. ities of their situation by which their conduct when in power had been distinguished. When they approached the gloomy towers of Vincennes, there was enough to quell the most undaunted spirit.

Blanc, ii.

120, 128.

trial.

6.

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