! Lam. vii. 361. 367; Ann. Hist. Gordon, i. 376, 378. duced at Constan pointment, joined to the ill success of the succeeding campaign in Greece, of which he had the chief direction, ultimately occasioned his fall. "The head of Ali," said the Pacha, "is not so easily won;" and, drawing his pistols, he laid Hassan at his feet with one, and with another the chief of the staff of Chourchid. A frightful conflict ensued between Ali's faithful guards Taking advantage of the enthusiasm proand his assassins, in the course of which Ali duced by the fall of Ali, the Divan 58. was mortally wounded by a ball in the side. made the most extensive prepara- Turkish plan "Run," said he, "and put to death Vasiliki, my tions for the next campaign. Chour of the camwife, that she may follow me to the tomb, and chid Pacha, after subduing the Sou- paign. the traitors may not sully her beauty." These liotes in his rear, was to unite all his forces were his last words. The dead body of Ali, employed in the siege of Janina, and, conjointly drawn by the beard, was pulled to the door, with the Pacha of Salonica, invade the Morea where the head was cut off, and sent to the with sixty thousand men. The army of the Sultan. Vasiliki, in tears, was led to Chour-grand-vizier, divided into two columns, was to chid's tent, who treated her with respect, and advance from Adrianople, the one moving on accorded the permission to inter Brahilov, the other on Roudschuck, so as to her husband, whom she adored, in a keep the Russians, with whom a rupture was way suitable to his rank; and the hourly expected, in check; while the Pacha of v. 331, 333; valleys of Pindus soon resounded Erzeroum collected thirty thousand men among with the death wail for the Lion of the warlike tribes of Asia to make head against Janina.1 the Persians, and cause the frontier of Georgia Such were the transports when the head of to be respected. At the same time a powerful 57. Ali was brought to Constantinople, squadron, consisting of three ships of the line, Sensation and exposed at the gate of the Serag-two frigates, and twenty brigs, with eight thouthis pro- lio in a silver dish, that one would sand land troops on board, was to issue from the the whole enemies of the Sul- Dardanelles, and, after revictualing 1 Gordon, i. suppose tinople. tan had been destroyed by a single the forts which still held out in the 377, 379; blow. Surrounded with troops, with Morea, afterward carry reinforce- Ann. Hist. a thousand bale-fires on the adjoining heights, ments to Candia and Crete.1 iv. 336, 338. casting a light over its streets at night, witnessing during the day the ceaseless march of the Asiatic troops toward the Balkan, gazing on the head of their mortal enemy, the Pacha of Janina, at the gate of the Seraglio, the Turks of Constantinople believed themselves invincible. In the camp at Adrianople the warlike enthusiasm was still stronger: cries of joy and incitements to violence were heard on all sides; and to such a pitch did the transports rise there, that the grand-vizier was obliged to issue a proclamation, declaring that “ he was about to march to exterminate the infidel Muscovites, and that he was only awaiting the last orders of the Sultan for the campaign." The entry of the grandson of Ali, a boy of eight years of age, his harem and his treasures, into Constantinople, resembled a Roman triumph. But amidst all this exultation at the death of Ali, it proved fatal to his conqueror, who hoped to succeed to his government and his influence. The treas* Ann. Hist. sent to Constantinople by iv. 332, 334; Chourchid Pacha, though considerGordon, i. able, were by no means so large as 376, 377. had been expected; and this disap June 7. These designs were very imperfectly carried into execution. The fleet, indeed, 59. to which the Greeks had no ade- Success of the quate force to oppose, successfully feat of Chourfleet, and deaccomplished its mission. It re- chid Pacha by victualed Napoli di Romania and the Souliotes. the other fortresses in the Morea, made sail for Alexandria, and with stores taken in there relieved the strongholds of Candia and Cyprus. But the land forces were far from being equally successful, and their failure disarranged the whole campaign. By great exertions Chourchid got together 17,000 men in the neighborhood of Janina, and with these, under the command of Omer-Vrione, he commenced, in the beginning of June, an attack on the Souliotes, preparatory to his grand expedition into the Morea. The Souliotes, even when strengthened by all the succor which could be obtained from the neighboring mountains of Epirus, did not exceed 4000. Such, however, was the vigor of the defense, and the skillful use which these brave mountaineers made of the rocky and inaccessible nature of their country, that all the attacks of the Ottomans were repelled. The women fought by the side of their husbands and brothers, fearing death less than Turkish slavery; and, after a desperate struggle of several days' duration, the Turks were finally repulsed. In vain Chourchid prix, il osa, contre la volonté expresse de la Porte, oppri- brought up 3000 fresh troops, and in person remer les peuples par ruse et par force: l'histoire ne pré-newed the assault: the Souliotes were sente pas l'exemple d'une perversité plus profonde que la Sans repos occupé de l'achèvement de ses cou- again victorious; and, after an incessant pables projets, il ne se contenta pas d'appuyer secrètement conflict of ten days among the rocks, ravines, and et ouvertement, par argent et par autres moyens, la rébellion et la trahison, partout où il pouvait en trouver les precipices, the Ottomans were finally routed, and élemens, mais il sortit des limites de son territoire, ex-driven out of the country, with the loss of their citant partout les troubles et plongeant dans la ruine nos infortunes sujets, gages confiés à nos soucis par le Juge supréme et tout-puissant. L'insurrection des Grecs éclata, et Ali, se livrant à ses projets de vengeance, employa de ures The following inscription was put on Ali's head, a curious proof of the disorders of the Ottoman empire: depuis trente a quarante années avait reçu de nombreuses "Il est notoire a l'univers que Depen-dilenti Ali Pacha faveurs de la Sublime Porte. Loin d'en reconnaître le sienne. grandes sommes à armer les rebelles de la Morée, et des antres provinces, contre le peuple de la Foi. Cette derniere preuve de perversité devait rendre sa condamnation inevitable-VoICI SA TETE."-L'Yaffa sur ALI PACHA. Annuaire Historique, iv. 334. June 13. whole artillery, baggage, and stores, and above 4000 men slain and wounded. Despairing of success after this disaster, Chourchid drew off his troops into the plain,2 contenting 2 Gordon,i. himself with blockading the entrance 378, 379; of the passes, in order to straiten the Ann. Hist. mountaineers by want of provisions. v. 335. 60. of the finest cities in the Levant to ashes: nine thousand men were put to the sword; the wOmen and children were all sold as slaves; the very graves were rifled in search of concealed treasures; and the bones of the dead tossed about by the infuriated conquerors among the corpses of the recently slain. None in the town escaped the edge of the cimeter or captivity, excepting fifteen hundred, who sought and found refuge with the consul of 1 Gordon, i. France, by whom they were conveyed 358, 361; on board two French vessels of war Ann. Hist. in the harbor." v. 339, 340. 62. Not content with this inhuman massacre of unarmed and unoffending citizens, or seizure of innocent women and chil- General dren, the Turks, on finding that the massacre in flames or the sword had left them the island. no further victims in the city, rushed in tumultuous bodies into the country, and commenced the work of destruction in the rural villages. Large bodies of Asiatics, lured by the light of the burning town, assembled on the opposite coast in the bay of Tchesmé, and were hourly rowed over to the devoted island, to join in the massacre. Leaving the command of the blockading force to his lieutenant, Omer-Vrione, he himself set out with such forces as he could collect, to direct the operations in the Morea. Meanwhile, a frightful disaster occurred in the Archipelago, which, from the Extension of unexampled horror with which it the insurrec- was attended, and the sublime detion to Chios. votion by which it was avenged, March 23. forcibly attracted the attention of all Europe, and at length awakened the sympathy which led to the independence of Greece. The opulent, fertile, and prosperous island of CHIOS, the garden of the Egean Sea, and literally speaking an earthly paradise, if any earthly spot deserves the name, had hitherto remained a stranger to the insurrection. Its eighty thousand inhabitants, satisfied with their condition, and horror-struck with the devastation which they beheld around them, aimed only at preserving the blessings of peace and neutrality. But the Turks, instead of improving on these dispositions by gentle treatment, increased their exactions to such a degree that the rural inhabitants became ripe for revolt; and a Greek squadron, under Logotheti, having In vain the consuls of France appeared off the island in the end of March, and Austria prevailed on the Capitan Pacha to the insurrection broke out. The Turks shut proclaim an amnesty, which was accepted by themselves up in the citadel, where four thou- the trembling inhabitants, on condition of desand men were in arms; the Greeks took pos-livering up the chiefs of the revolt, which was session of the heights of Tourlotti, which commanded it, and for the next ten days a distant cannonade was kept up between the contending parties, without any material effect on either side. But meanwhile the Sultan, exasperated at the loss of an island which was so productive to the public treasury, was making the most vigorous efforts for its conquest. An army of thirty thousand fanatical Asiatics, eager for the plunder of the garden of the Archipelago, was collected on the opposite coast of Smyrna, and loudly demanded to be led to the promised scene of rapine and massacre; while a powerful fleet, consisting of six ships of the line, ten frigates, and twelve brigs, was collected in the Dardanelles, under the Capitan 355, 357; Pacha, Kara Ali, in person, and apAnn. Hist. peared on the 12th April off the islv. 338, 340. and.1 1 Gordon, i. 61. Frightful massacre in the island by the The Turkish commander offered an amnesty to the islanders if they would submit to surrender their arms, and deliver up the authors of the revolt. These terms having been rejected, the capitan began to land his troops, which was effected, without much difficulty, under cover of the guns of the fleet, as the Greek squadron, unable to face the broadsides of the three-deckers, had been obliged to retire. Meanwhile, the garrison in the citadel, taking advantage of the general consternation, made a vigorous sortie, and a division of gunboats kept continually transporting the Asiatic | troops from the opposite bay of Tchesmé. Resistance was impossible against such an accumulation of forces; the intrenchments on Tourlotti were speedily stormed; and the Turks, rushing sword in hand into the town, commenced an indiscriminate massacre of the Christians, which lasted without interruption for the four following days. Flames soon broke out in every direction, and speedily reduced one immediately done. Nothing could assuage the "Unheard, the clock repeats its hours; Its echoes and its empty tread Would sound like voices from the dead!" All When the massacre finally ceased from the ex- 179. But the justice of Providence neither slumbered nor slept. An awful but not undeserved retribution overtook the authors of this fright ful tragedy. 63. Signal retribu tion which befell the Turks. June 19. Its moving spring was the indig-ish fleet; several of the ships of war engaged nation of the human mind at such the line-of-battle ships, and Kara Ali, in his unheard-of atrocities; its instru- three-decker, had a narrow escape from a firements the heroic citizens of Hy-ship, which only failed in consequence of the dra. Anxious spectators of the torch having been applied a minute too soon. destruction of the beautiful island, so long the On this occasion the attack was unsuccessful; scene of their happiness and recreation, but yet the islanders retired to the road of 1 Ann. Hist. unable to face the line-of-battle ships of the Psarra, and the Capitan Pacha, proud v. 343, 344; Turks in stand-up fight, the chiefs of Hydra of his victory, remained at anchor in Gordon, i. agreed, in a council held on the subject, on an the straits.' 365, 366. attempt to destroy the Turkish fleet by fire. Having received intelligence that the OttoAgain, as in the last days of the Byzantine em- man squadron had been reinforced 65. pire, the cause of Christendom was defended by to thirty-eight sail, and that it was Successful the torch and the Greek Fire, become more soon to unite with one of nearly attack on the formidable to its enemies than either its can- equal strength from Egypt, the Turkish fleet. non or its swords. Two hundred brave men Hydriote chiefs became convinced volunteered to steer the fireships; forty-eight that unless a successful attack was made, and were selected under ANDREAS MIAULIS, Nicolas that speedily, their country must inevitably be Apostoli, and Androuzzo, of Spezzia-names destroyed. Accordingly, it was resolved, during which, for cool courage, ardent devotion, and a dark night, to send in two fireships at the intrepid daring, may well be placed beside any northern end of the straits, while at each end recorded in history. There, too, an English two vessels cruised about to pick up such of sea-officer, attracted by the sight of danger, their crews as might survive their perilous miscommenced that honorable course which has sion. CONSTANTINE CANARIS, of Psarra, a name, forever connected his name with the emanci- immortal in history, and George Pepinis, of pation of Greece. The volunteers chosen re- Hydra, volunteered their services, with thirtyceived the sacrament and benedic- two intrepid followers; and having partaken 1 Gordon, i. 363, 364; tion from the bishop, and stepped on of the holy sacrament, they embarked at nine Ann. Hist. board their fireships amidst the tears at night, and sailed under French and Austrian v. 342, 344. and prayers of their countrymen.1 colors close to the Ottoman fleet, by whom they The united fleets of Hydra and Spezzia as- were hailed and desired to keep off. sembled at Psarra on the 5th May, night, a breeze from the north having sprung Operations and set sail on the 10th in quest of up, they ran in at once among the fleet. The of the Greek the enemy. They amounted to fifty- Psarriote fireship, commanded by Canaris, grapflect against six sail, the largest carrying twenty pled the prow of the Turkish admiral's ship, May 31. guns, among which were eight fire- anchored at the head of the line, a league from ships. They cruised about close to the shore, and instantly set her on fire. Inthe Turkish fleet, which lay at anchor in a bay stantly jumping into a launch they had in tow, on the coast of Asia for several days, and ex- they passed under her poop, shouting the old changed a distant cannonade with their line-of-war-cry of Byzantium, "Victory to the Cross!" battle ships, with little effect on either side. At length, on the evening of the 31st, an attack was resolved on by the Greek chiefs; and Miaulis, with fifteen ships of war and three fireships, entered the channel between Chios and the Asiatic coast at eight in the evening. The consternation was extreme on board the Turk 64. the Turks. At mid The Hydriote fireship was with equal success fastened to the other three-decker, carrying the Reala Bey's flag and the treasure. They were then picked up by their comrades; and the thirty-four heroes, after having performed an exploit perhaps unexampled, sailed 2 Gordon, i. straight through the midst of the 365, 367, enemy's fleet, and got clear off with- Ann. Hist. out a wound.2* v. 343, 344. 66. Not * Andreas Miaulis, son to a Eubean merchant, was born at Hydra, and went to sea, at the early period of seven The fate of the two ships which were fired years, in one of his father's vessels. While yet a boy, was different. The Reala Bey's crew his native courage and disposition evinced itself: he was lively, passionate, and obstinate: he married, at eighteen, succeeded, by great exertions, in ex- Destruction the daughter of a worthy priest at Hydra, and soon got a tinguishing the flames, though not of the admiship, and commenced voyages on his own account. On before the vessel was rendered unfit ral's ship. one occasion, while in command of this vessel, he fell in for service, and detaching the fireship from the with a Maltese pirate of superior strength, to avoid whom he ran his vessel ashore, let his crew go, but remained prow, which floated through the fleet in a state alone in his vessel. After some hesitation, arising from of conflagration, exciting universal consternatheir suspecting a trick, the pirates boarded, seized Miaulis, tion, and doing great damage to several vessels, whom they beat in the most cruel manner to force him to reveal his money: but he finally recovered his vessel from until she stranded on the Asiatic coast. the pirates by the aid of some Albanian soldiers. At so with the admiral's ship. Canaris had fixed length his fortune increased so much that he bought the the grappling irons to the prow so strongly that Hercules, a vessel of two hundred and fifty tons burden, with which he beat off a French brig of fourteen guns. all attempts to detach them were vain, and in He was once taken by Nelson, who, pleased with his a few minutes the superb three-decker was a frank, intrepid manner, set him at liberty. In 1817 he re- sheet of flame. Hull, masts, rigging, all were tired from active life, have made a moderate fortune; but in 1821 he took up arms at the call of his country. His in a blaze at the same time. The scene which courage was à toute épreuve, his patriotic spirit uncon- ensued on board the vessel baffles all descripquerable. Once on a critical occasion, as the sailors re- tion. Two thousand three hundred persons, fused to embark, he ordered himself to be carried in his Latter, as he was ill at the time, on board his brig; the crowded on board a single line-of-battle ship, sailors immediately followed. Fire and energy are his had no means of escaping the flames but by great characteristics; but he was also distinguished by deep thought, decision of character, and unconquerable perseverance.-GORDON'S Greek Revolution, i. 372, 374. + Captain Frank Abney Hastings. *They had a barrel of gunpowder on board, determined to blow themselves up rather than be taken.-GORDON, i. 368. plunging into the waves. None would approach | pose they dispatched eight hundred men, under the burning vessel for fear of being involved in Mavrocordato in person, to Missolonghi, in orthe conflagration. Kara Ali, the Capitan Pa- der to lend assistance to the Souliotes, and precha, refused to quit his ship; he was seized by vent Chourchid Pacha from detaching in aid of his officers, and forcibly carried on board a boat; the expedition against the Peloponnesus. The but a burning mast fell athwart it, and wounded reinforcement disembarked on the 4th June at him mortally on the head. He was carried ashore, Missolonghi, amidst the cheers of the inhabitand rendered up his last breath on the shores of ants; but very little real good resulted from that Chios which he had changed from a smil- the expedition. Mavrocordato was soon found ing garden to a howling wilderness. Meanwhile to have no talent for war: he failed in acquirthe Turks in the town beheld with feelings of ing the confidence of the soldiery, from their profound consternation the awful spectacle. Ev- perceiving that he did not deserve it. Several ery vessel in the fleet, many of which were on attempts made to open a communication with fire, was distinctly seen by the prodigious light the Soulictes failed from the able dispositions of the burning three-decker, the flames from of Omer-Vrione, who, having taken up a cenwhich rose like a pillar of fire into the heav- tral position between Janina, Arta, and Preens. At length she blew up with an explosion vesa, his three strongholds, at once secured his so tremendous that every house for miles around communication with each, and straitened the was shaken to its foundation, every ship in the Souliotes, who, blockaded in their inaccessible straits rocked as in a tempest; and the awful precipices, were daily becoming more in want silence which immediately ensued was broken, of provisions. Even the heroic Mark Bozzaris as in an eruption of Vesuvius, by the clatter of failed in cutting his way through to his gallant the spars and masts which fell upon the fleet. countrymen; and at length he was deThe Turks in Chios, overwhelmed with terror, feated on the 15th July, with the loss of July 15. threw themselves with their faces on the ground, four hundred men, by the Turks at Pelta. In imploring the mercy of the Almighty. The this action a battalion of Fhilhellenes, or Eurovictors returned in triumph to Ipsara, where pean sympathizers, was almost destroyed; and they were received with transports of joy, the survivors, disgusted with the divisions and crowned with garlands of flowers, and hastened treachery which they saw around them, retired to the altar to return thanks to God for the de- from Greece. Disheartened by this disaster, liverance of their country; while the Turks in Mavrocordato no longer thought but of the 1 Ann. Hist. despair took refuge in the harbor of defense of Missolonghi, which it was obvious v. 344, 345, Mitylene, abandoning to the Greeks would soon be besieged by the victorious Turks; Gordon, i. the entire command of the Archi- and the brave Souliotes, abandoned to them367, 369. pelago.1 selves, were ere long so straitened for provisions that they were fairly starved into submission, and happy to accept the humane proposal of the governor of the Ionian Islands, who offered them an asylum in the British dominions, whither two thousand were transSept. 20. ported in the end of September, 1 Gordon, i. with consent of Omer-Vrione, who 379, 395; was too happy to be delivered from Ann. Hist. v. 351, 361. such formidable antagonists.1 67. Renewed massacre The Turks in Chios took vengeance for their disaster by renewing the massacre of the few unhappy Greeks who yet remained in the island. Twenty thouin Chios. sand of them rushed into the Mastic July 31. villages, which had escaped the former devastation from the capitulation, and put every human being they could reach to the sword. In the beginning of August there were not eighteen hundred of the original inhabitants alive in the island, almost all old women, who had been concealed in caves, out of eighty-five thousand who peopled it a few months before. But the slaughter of a few thousand unarmed and starving Greeks could not affect the issue of the campaign, or diminish the weight of the blow which had been struck. Canaris, not less than Themistocles, had been the saviour of his country; the blow struck in the straits of Chios was as decisive as that formerly delivered in the bay of Salamis. By depriving the Turks in the Morea of the expected co-operation and supplies from the fleet, it exposed them to starvation and ruin in that province, and was the principal cause of the defeat of the vast armament which the v. 352, 353; Ottoman government had by great exertions got together for the subjection of southern Greece." Aware of the great force which the Turks intended to bring against them, Unsuccessful and justly distrustful of their own expedition of means of withstanding it, the Mavrocordato Greek government in the Morea made every exertion to prevent the threatened invasion by raising up foes to their enemies in rear. For this pur 2 Ann. Hist. Gordon, i. 369. 68. into Epirus. June 4. While these disasters were closing every thing but a guerrilla warfare in Epi- 69. rus, the efforts of the Greek govern- Insurrection ment to effect a division in Mace- and its supdonia and northern Greece were not pression in Macedonia. in the end attended with better success. In the first instance, indeed, April, 1822. the efforts of Odysseus and other Greek chiefs, aided by the unbounded rapacity and arrogance of the Turkish pachas, excited an insurrection in the hill country of Macedonia; and in April, 1822, six thousand gallant mountaineers were in arms in the valleys descending from the snowy summits of Mount Olympus. But the pachas of Salonica and Thessaly, having considerable forces at their command, speedily took the field against them April 1. at the head of fifteen thousand men. With this imposing array they forced the passes of the far-famed defile of Tempe; and the mountaineers having refused to surrender, and slain a Turkish officer and three priests, who bore a flag of truce, they commenced an assault on Navacta, their chief stronghold. The defense was brave and obstinate; but at length numbers prevailed. The place was stormed, and a frightful massacre ensued, which amply avenged the ferocity of the Greeks at the sack of Tripolitza. Four thousand Greeks were slain | Turks found in Napoli nothing but a starving on the spot; the victorious Moslems pursued garrison, demanding, not capable of giving, the fugitives in all directions, cutting them supplies. The surrounding plains, burnt up down without mercy; one hundred and twenty with the heat of summer, could afford nothing villages were delivered to the flames; and a for the support of their numerous cavalry, the band of Jews, who had taken no part in the horses of which, already broken down by their action, six hundred in number, followed in the long march, were now dying by hundreds daily rear of the victors, merely for the pleasure of from want of forage. In a few days the want beating out the brains of the Christians with of provisions for the men became so great that their clubs. One of them boasted that he had no resource remained but living on the dead in this manner dispatched sixty-eight victims. bodies of the horses which had perished. MeanThe Pacha of Salonica, after this victory, re- while the Greek chiefs, who on this occasion tired to that city, where he carried his venge- showed a noble example of unanimity and firmance so far as to put to death the wife of Kara ness, were daily gathering around them. DeTasso, an Olympic chief, who had headed the metrius Ipsilanti, who had the chief command, insurrection, with frightful tortures, and mas- took his measures with equal skill and resolusacred the whole hostages from Mount Athos tion, and soon accumulated forces which entirewho were in his hands. Kara Tasso crossed ly cut off their communications. Colocotroni 1 Gordon, i. Over to the island of Skopelo, where raised the siege of the citadel of Corinth, and he pursued a partisan warfare, and hastened to the scene of action with three thouAnn. Hist. often bathed his sword in Moham-sand men; an equal force was landed from Hyv. 357, 359. medan blood.1 dra and the islands; the mountaineers flocked Delivered by these sanguinary successes from together from all quarters; and the Turks found all anxiety regarding his rear, Chour- themselves straitened by twelve thousand men, Grand inva- chid Pacha was enabled to concur in who hung around them on all sides, 1 Ann. Hist. sion of the the grand measure of invading the and rendered all attempts at for- v. 358, 360; Morea. Morea. The insurrection had ex-aging or levying supplies impossi- Gordon, i. tended to Euboea, and that beautiful and fertile ble." island was in the hands of the Greeks, March and 394, 399; 70. up 428, 430. Aware of the extreme danger of their position, April. with the exception of the fortresses of dreading alike starvation if they re- 72. Negropont and Carysto, which were mained where they were, or destruc- Disastrous still, with the plains adjacent to them, in the tion if they adventured on the wast- retreat of power of the Mohammedans. It was of the lasted line of their former advance, the the Turks. Aug. 8. importance, therefore, to effect the conquest of Turkish general proposed to enter the Morea as soon as possible, and thus pre-into a capitulation for the evacution of the Movent the whole of southern Greece from falling rea. This the Greek chiefs declined, expecting, into the hands of the insurgents. Chourchid with reason, that he would be obliged to suraccordingly broke from Janina on render at discretion. Upon this the Turks reJune 17. the 17th June, and having effected a solved to cut their way through. To effect junction with the pachas of Salonica and Thes- this object, however, they had to pass by the saly, their united forces, thirty thousand strong, defile of Tretes, which was guarded by Nikeof which two-thirds were cavalry, passed the TAS, one of the ablest of the Greek chiefs, at the defile of Thermopyle without resistance, and head of three thousand men; while Colocotroni, appeared before Corinth on the 18th with one thousand more, marched to St. July 18. July, where the citadel was delivered George to intercept their retreat. The Aug. 9. to them, though amply stored with provisions, natural strength of the passes was enhanced by by the treachery of a Greek priest who com- felling trees and piling up stones on the rocky manded the place. The Turks then advanced slopes, which were sent thundering down upon without opposition to Argos, the seat of govern- the enemy when they appeared. With great ment. The executive council, in extreme alarm, difficulty, and after sustaining a very heavy took refuge in Tripolitza, after issuing a pro- loss from the Greek marksmen, who, securely clamation calling on every Greek, under sixty posted in the rocks above, sent down a shower years of age, to appear in arms at the appoint-of balls on the wearied column beneath, Mahed rendezvous of the chiefs. The Ottoman army, eighteen thousand strong, even after leaving strong garrisons in Corinth and Argos, proceeded on with very little opposition to Napoli di Romania, the garrison of which they reinforced so as to enable it to resume the offensive, and keep the blockading force at a distance from its walls.2 2 Ann. Hist. v. 357, 359; Gordon, i. 418, 423. moud Pacha succeeded in forcing his way |