political Opinions.-Auguste and Amadée Thier- ry.-Their opposite Principles.-Michaud-Ba- rante-Salvandy.-Thiers: his Principles.-His Merits and Defects.-His History of the Consul- ate and Empire.-Lacretelle-Capefigue-Mich- elet.-Military Histories and Memoirs.-Napole- on Bonaparte.-His Merits and Defects.-His Dis- regard of Truth.-General Jomini.-General Ma- thieu Dumas.-General Pelet.-Count Segur.- Baron Fain. The Memoirs of France during the Revolution.-Bourrienne.-The Duchess of Abrantes. Chateaubriand and Lamartine as Writers of Memoirs.-Cousin-M. Lamenais- M. Villemain-M. Ginguené.-M. de Tocque- ville: his great Merits-his Errors.-Cuvier.- Humboldt.-His indefatigable Energy.-Poets: their Decline in France.-The Abbé Delille-Bé- ranger-Paul Courier.-Decline of the Drama in France.-Causes of the Decline of the Drama in France. Romance Writers. - Victor Hugo- Geo. Sand-Eugene Sue.-Periodical Literature of France since the Revolution.-Different Class of Writers in the daily Press in France and En- gland. Causes of this Difference: Destruction of the Influence of Property.-Owing also to Facili- ty of Revolution in France.-Danger of this state of things. - The Stage in France: Talma.. Madle. Georges-Madlle. Mars-Madile. Rachel. -Architecture of Paris.-Modern French School of Painting.-Le Gros-Vernet.-Conclusion.
DOMESTIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND, FROM THE DEATH OF LORD LONDONDERRY IN 1822, TO THE MONE- TARY CRISIS IN DECEMBER, 1825. Paper either a Representative of Specie or a Substi- tute for it.-Light which Experience has thrown on this subject.-Effect of the South American Revolution on the Currency of Great Britain.- Causes which augmented the Currency in 1823. -The Change of Prices through Extension of Currency is not immediate, but gradual.-Effect of the Expansion of the Currency on Prices in 1823 and 1824.-Notice of the general Prosperity in the royal Speeches in 1823 and 1824.-Symp- toms of increased general Prosperity.-Mr. Wal- lace's Picture of the Country from 1815 to 1823. -Budget of 1823.-Budget of 1824.-Conversion of the Dead Weight. Reduction of the 4 per Cents to 34-Simplifying of the National Debt Accounts, and Provision for the permanent Re- duction of the National Debt.-Grants for new Churches, Windsor Castle, and the National Gal- lery.-Prosperous State of the Country during the three Years it had an adequate Currency.- Ministerial Changes from 1822 to 1825.-Liberal Measures of the Cabinet.-Character of Mr. Hus- kisson. Sketch of the Navigation Laws.-Re- taliatory Measures of other Nations.-Mr. Wal- lace's five Free Trad: Bills in 1822.-Menaces of retaliatory Measures by Prussia.- Mr. Hus- kisson's Argument in favor of the Reciprocity System.-Answer by the Ship-owners. Effect of these Acts.-Effect of the Reciprocity Sys- tem on British and foreign Shipping.-Effect of the Reciprocity System on the Shipping of the Baltic Powers.-Great Increase of the colonial Trade has compensated Reciprocity Decline.- Failure of the Reciprocity System to increase our Exports.-Cause of the Failure of the Reciproc ity System in this respect.-Commencement of the Free-Trade System.-Argument in its favor by the London Merchants.-Reflections on this Petition.-Indication this afforded of the Growth of the Commercial Class.-Argument of the Pro- tectionists. Results of the System of Free Trade, as proved by Experience. State of the Silk Trade.-First Introduction of Free Trade in ref- erence to it. - Reduction of Duties on foreign
Wools.-Reflections on these Changes.-Repeal of Laws against Emigration of Artisans, and Com- binations among Workmen.-Disastrous Effects of the Change.-Argument in favor of the Repeal of the Combination Laws. Argument against Combinations.-Reflections on this subject.- Causes of the Frequency of Strikes.-System which must be adopted on the subject.-Its Ad- vantages.-Gloomy Aspect of Affairs in the West Indies and Ireland.-Lord Dudley's Picture of the Empire in the opening of 1825.-Picture of the Country from the Annual Register.-Picture of the Times from the Quarterly Review.-Sound Condition of Trade and Manufactures to the end of 1824. Which was owing to the extended Cur- y.-Causes of Danger which were now im- pending. Excess of Imports over Exports.— Drain of Specie produced by the South Ameri- can Speculations.-The Chancellor of the Ex- chequer's Budget.-Reduction of Taxation intro- duced, and public Accounts of the Year.- Mr. Robinson's Argument in favor of the Reduction of the Duty on Spirits.-Vast Increase of Crime which has arisen in consequence. - Reflections on this subject.-Temperance Leagues.-Re- newed Measures in favor of Free Trade.-Great and wise Change in the Laws regarding our colo- nial Shipping.-Reflections on this Decay.-Ap- proach of the monetary Crisis.-Dreadful Sever- ity of the Crash. -Increased Circulation forced upon the Government.-The Crash was not ow- ing to the Instability of the Banks, but to the mon- etary Laws.-Conclusions to be drawn from this Catastrophe.
IRELAND FROM 1822 TO THE MONETARY CRISIS OF DECEMBER, 1825.
Mr. O'Connell's Account of the Irish Peasantry.- Statistics of the Condition of the Irish Poor.- Ruinous Effects of the Power of the Landlord.— Immense and redundant Population in the Coun- try.-Munificent Grants of the English to Ire- land. Great simultaneous Increase of Industry. and Productions in Ireland. - Causes of the wretched Situation of Ireland. - Effects of the Roman Catholic Religion. - Splitting of Farn.s for political Purposes. -- Pernicious Effects of the Potato. Want of Poor-Laws. - Absentee Proprietors.-Ribbonmen and Secret Societies. -Orange Lodges.-Irregularity and Uncertainty in the Administration of Justice.-Intimidation of Juries and Witnesses.-Catholic Emancipa- tion the only Remedy proposed by English Lib- erals and Irish Malcontents. Effects of that measure. Disturbed State of Ireland in 1823, and Prosecutions for the Riot in the Dublin Theatre.-Disturbed State of the Country.-Re- newal of the Insurrection Act, and Composition for Tithes. Debates on Irish Corruption and Catholic Emancipation. Improvement of the Country in 1824. Mr. North's Description of Irish Miseries.-Beneficial working of the Tithe- Composition Bill. Rise of the Catholic As- sociation. Real Objects of the Association.- Roman Catholic Question in reference to En- gland.-Parliamentary Reform, Alien Bill, and Reversal of Scottish Attainders.-Reflections on the Alien Act.-Act for the Uniformity of Weights and Measures.-Chancery Reform.-Bill to sup- press the Catholic Association.-Argument of Ministers against the Catholic Association.-Ar- gument in Support of the Association.-The Bill is carried, and immediately evaded. - Catholic Question, and Majority in the Commons on it.- Fate of the Bill in the House of Lords.-Duke of York's Declaration on the subject.-Impres- sion it produced over the Country. Mr. Brough- am's Speech on the occasion.
Gloomy Prospects of the Nation in the beginning of 1826. Acts of Rioting in various Places.- King's Speech on the subject, and letting out of bonded Grain.-Real Causes of the Distress, and its Remedy.-Argument by Ministers in Sup- port of the Bill suppressing small Notes.- -Ar- gument against the proposed measure.--The Bill is carried by a large Majority in both Houses.- Vast Importance of this Decision.-Way in which the Changes it induced were brought about. Way in which Prices affect this Desire for polit- ical Change.--Error in the Debates in Parliament on both sides of this question. - Vital Points overlooked on both sides. What should have been done with the Currency.-Measures of Re- lief proposed by the Government.-Banking Sys- tem in Scotland and Ireland.-Sir Walter Scott prevents the Suppression of small Notes in Scot- land and Ireland.-Commencement of the Emi- gration Question.-Appointment of a Committee on Emigration. Debate on the subject in the House of Commons.-Reflections on this sub- ject, and its vast Importance.-Prevailing Errors on the subject.-Finances.-Motion for the Re- peal of the Corn Laws.-Argument for the Re- peal of the Corn Laws.-Answer by Sir Francis Burdett.-Division on the question, and Interim Admission of foreign Grain. - Character of Sir Francis Burdett.-Excessive Heat and Drought of Great Britain in 1826.-Dissolution of Parlia- ment, and Elections.-General Interference of the Priests in the Irish Elections.--Opening of the new Parliament.-Temporary Relaxation of the Corn Laws.-King's Message regarding Port- ugal. How this had come to pass.-Mr. Can- ning's Speech on the subject in the House of Commons.-Vast Effect of this Speech, and the Expedition sets out for Lisbon.-Reflections on this point.Improved State of the Country in the beginning of 1827. Death of the Duke of York. His Character.-Illness and Retirement of Lord Liverpool.-His Character, and its Adapt- ation to his Times.-Difficulty in the Choice of his Successor, and Mr. Canning's Appointment.
What made his Tory Colleagues resign?-Com- position of the new Cabinet. Importance of these Events on England's future History. - Manner in which the Changes were received in Parliament.-Character of Lord Eldon, who now retired from public Life.-His Character as a Statesman. The Catholic Bill is rejected.-Mr. Peel's Speech against Catholic Emancipation.- Ministerial Measure on the Corn Laws.-Result of the Debate in the Commons and Lords. - Important and curious things occurring in the course of the Debate.-Finances of 1826-1827- 1828.-Other Proceedings in Parliament-Silk- weavers, Ship-owners.-Penryn and East Ret- ford are convicted of Bribery: Commencement of the Reform Question.-Proud Position of Mr. Canning. His susceptible Disposition and in- creasing Illness.-His last Illness and Death.- Reflections on this Event. Had he lived, he would have disappointed their Expectations.- Review of his last Acts. - His Character as a Statesman and Orator. Lord Goderich made Premier, and Reconstruction of the Cabinet.- Weakness of the new Cabinet, and its Cause.- Impolitic Reduction of the Yeomanry.-Disso- lution of the Goderich Cabinet.-The Duke of Wellington appointed Premier, and his Cabinet. -Mr. Huskisson's Resignation on the East Ret- ford Question, and that of his Friends.-Recon- struction of the Cabinet by Wellington. tice of the Battle of Navarino in the King's Speech. - Grant to Mr. Canning's Family.- Finance Committee and Catholic Question. -
Corn-law Bill-Bill for the Suppression of small Notes. Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts.-Argument for the Repeal. Answer of Ministers.-The Bill is carried in both Houses. -Reflections on this subject.-Rapid Increase of Disturbances in Ireland. - Facilities which the Forty-shilling Freeholders gave to their De- signs.-The Catholic Association gets the com- plete Command of the Forty-shilling Freehold- - Mr. O'Connell elected for the County of Clare.-Immense Results of this Triumph.- Mr. Lawless's Progress to the North. Mr. Sheil's Description of Ireland at this period.— The Catholic Association interferes to moderate the Transports. - Proclamation of Government against the Meetings. Meeting on Penenden Heath. The King in vain urges more vigorous Measures against the Catholics. Difficulties with which the question was beset.--Commence- ment of yielding in the Cabinet.-Mr. Dawson's Speech at Londonderry.-Ambiguous Letter of the Duke of Wellington, and explicit one of the Lord-Lieutenant. -Increased Violence of the Catholic Leaders.-Difficulties which Ministers had with the King on the subject. King's Speech. Immense Sensation which this Speech excited in the Country.-Argument of Mr. Peel in favor of the Catholics.-Answer of the Anti- Catholics. Division on the question, and vio. lent Resistance to the Bill in the Country.- Speech of the Duke of Wellington in the Lords on the subject.-The Bill is carried in the Peers, and by a large Majority.-Great Reluctance of the King to the Bill.Bill for disfranchising the Forty-shilling Freeholders.-Mr. O'Connell's Claim for a Seat before the Bill is rejected.-The second Clare Election. His violent language and Ingratitude.-Character of Mr. O'Connell.-- Explanations of his Inconsistencies in the Catho- lic Faith.-His good Qualities.-Catholic Eman- cipation a Victory gained by the highly-educated Classes over the People.-Aided by the Contrac- tion of the Currency, and the Power of the Catho- lic Clergy. Great Difference between the Re-, sults of Emancipation and what was predicted by all Parties.-Emancipation was a wise and great Measure. Religious Differences unavoidable, when Religion is thought of at all.-Unworthy Spirit in which Emancipation was received by the Roman Catholics.-How it was that Catholic Emancipation failed.-Its beneficial Effects on the English Government.-Emancipation would have equally failed if granted earlier, or if it had been more complete.-Emancipation has brought a righteous Retribution to both Parties.--First Ef- fect of Emancipation in inducing Reform.-Ef- fects of Reform in inducing Free Trade.-Effects of these Changes on the Population and Catho lics of Ireland.-Beneficial Effect of these Chan- ges on the United Empire. - Reaction against Catholicism in Great Britain and in America.
DOMESTIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE PASS- ING OF THE CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL IN 1829, TO THE FALL OF THE WELLINGTON ADMINISTRA- TION IN 1830.
The Interval between Emancipation and the pass- ing of the Reform Bill was entirely occupied bry the Question of Reform.-Great Want of Rep- resentation for the commercial Towns. - The Interests of the Boroughs now at Variance with those of the Country.-Effects of the Contrac- tion of the Currency on the desire for Reform.- Effect of Catholic Agitation, and its Success in stimulating Reform. Division among the To- ries from the Effect of the Contraction of the Currency.-Catholic Emancipation powerfully aided the desire for Reform.-Great Effect of the entire Suppression of small Notes in March, 1829.-Motion on the Distress of the Silk-Weav-
-What had set these Causes in Motion.-What
made the Duke's Declaration against Reform so
important.The Difficulty in forming the new
Ministry fixes Mr. Brougham's Claims. - Char-
acter of Earl Grey.-His Character as an Orator,
and in private.-His Defects and Errors, but no-
ble Use of Power when acquired.-He was mis-
led by others as to the Effect of the Reform Bill.
-Character of Lord Brougham.-His Merits as
a Judge. His Character as a Statesman.-His
Style of Oratory.-Lord Palmerston his Euro-
pean Reputation. His versatile Talents and
Character.-His Character as a Diplomatist and
Orator. His Errors. Lord John Russell. —
His Intrepidity and Self-confidence.-Lord Mel-
bourne. Sir James Graham his administrative
Powers. His Inconsistencies.-Earl Grey's An-
nouncement of his Principles of Government.-
Distracted State of England during the Winter.
-Agitation and increased Misery in Ireland.-
Agitation for the Repeal of the Union, and Prose-
cution of Mr. O'Connell, who is allowed to Es-
cape. The Budget, which is defeated.-Descrip-
tion of Taxes to be taken off and put on.-Com-
mittee on the Reform Bill.-Feeling, and Peti-
tions of the Country. - Introduction of the Re-
form Bill by Lord John Russell.-Argument of
the Ministers in favor of the Bill-Ministerial
Plan of Reform.-Qualification of Voters: The
£10 Clause.-Plan as to Scotland and Ireland.
-Astonishment in the House at the Bill.-
Argument against the Bill.-Clear Division of
Conservatives and Reformers which ensued
in the Country. - Agitation in the Country.—
Courageous Petition from the Merchants and
Bankers of London against the Bill. - Second
Reading of the Bill carried by a Majority of one.
-General Gascoigne's Motion is carried against
Government by eight.-Dangers on both sides in
ulterior Measures.- Liberal Settlement on the
Royal Family.-Efforts made to win the King by
his Vanity-Means by which the King was in-
duced to dissolve Parliament.-How the King's
Resistance is overcome.-Violent Scene in the
House of Commons. Scene in the House of
Peers when the King dissolved Parliament.
Violence at the Elections. - Dreadful Riots in
Scotland. Results of the Election. Prepara-
tions for Insurrection by the political Unions.-
Universal Delusions which prevailed among the
People. Rare Examples of Resistance to the
general Cry.-King's Speech on opening Parlia-
ment. The Reform Bill is carried by a Majority
of 136. Discussion on particular Boroughs-
Appleby.-Motion to give Members to the Colo-
nies negatived without a Division.-Marquis of
Chandos's Motion on £50 Tenants carried.-Bill
read a third time, and passed.-Efforts to intim-
idate the Peers. Lord Grey's Speech in the
House of Lords.-Bill thrown out by a Majority
of forty-one.-Vote of Confidence in the Com-
mons carried by 131.-Disorders in London and
in the Country. - Great Meeting of political
Unions at Birmingham. - Riots at Derby and
Nottingham.-Commencement of Riots at Bris-
tol.-Frightful Disorders.-Immense Destruction
of Property. The Riots are at once suppressed
when the Military are ordered to act.-Good Ef-
fects of these dreadful Scenes.-Disturbances in
other Quarters.-Proclamation against political
Unions.-The new Reform Bill introduced.-In-
creased democratic Character of the new Bill.-
Division on the Bill, and Sir R. Peel's Speech
against it.-Third Reading carried in the Com-
mons by 116, and Lord J. Russell's closing Dec-
laration.-General Distress in the Country, and
Mr. Hunt's Motion regarding it. Declining
State of the public Revenue.-State of Ireland.
-Dreadful Tithe outrages in Wexford and New-
tonberry. Resolution of the Cabinet to create
Peers. The King is violently agitated, and re-
luctantly consents. Secret Negotiations with
the Waverers.-Revolutionary Meetings to coerce the Peers.-Second Reading of the Bill carried by a Majority of nine.-Lord Lyndhurst's Amend- ment carried by thirty-five.-Ministers resign, and their Resignation is accepted.-The King sends
tended to limit Population in the later Stages of Society.
LOUIS PHILIPPE IN 1830, TO THE OVERTHROW OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS IN THE SAME YEAR.
for the Duke of Wellington to form a Ministry. FRANCE AND EUROPE FROM THE ACCESSION OF Vehement Excitement in the Country.--The Duke fails in forming an Administration. - Lord Eb- rington's Motion in the House of Commons car- ried by eighty. The King submits, and gives Au- thority to create Peers.-The King's Circular to the Opposition Peers to leave the House of Peers. -Reflections on this Event, and on the Act.- The Bill passes both Houses, and receives the royal Assent.-The Scotch and Irish Bills passed. '-Vast Effects of the Reform in Scotland and Ire- land. Its lasting and important Effects.-Gen- eral Results of the Reform Bill on the Imperial Parliament.-Reflections on this Change in the Constitution of England as affecting our extern- al Relations, and as affecting our internal and Social State. The vast Emigration is chiefly ow- ing to the Changes produced by the Reform Bill. -Principle of the old Constitution.-Which is proved by the Acts of the House of Commons.
- Equal Distribution of the public Burdens. Causes of the Difficulties of the representative System. What first broke up the old Constitu- tion.-The Reform Bill was an Effect, in the first instance, of the Increase of realized Wealth, and of the Fall of Prices occasioned by the Contrac- tion of the Currency.-How this fall engender- ed the Passion for Reform.-Which explains the universal Hostility at the close Boroughs.-And which was only rendered worse by the Talent which got in by the close Boroughs.-Which ex- plains the Changes of general Opinion during the Reform Movement. The new Constituencies were some time of discovering their own Power. -Great Mistake in the Estimate of the Effect of the Reform Bill. - Command of the House of Commons gained by the Shop-keepers.-Errors on both sides during the Contest. Great and early Fault of the Conservatives.- What they should have done. - Error of the Conservatives in throwing out the Duke of Wellington's Ad- ministration.--The Duke of Wellington's Decla- ration against Reform.-Faults of the Liberals, first in forcing on Reform at all at this time.— Great Error in the uniform Representation in the Boroughs.-Mistake of the Whigs as to the In- fluence in the Boroughs.-Which led to the prac- tical Disfranchisement of the Colonies and ship- ping Interests. And they were subjected to the Government of adverse Interests. The urban Constituencies have got for themselves an entire Exemption from direct Taxation. — - Prospective Abandonment of our colonial Empire.-Which is defended by the Government and Free-Traders.— Labor was unrepresented.-Want of the Repre- sentation of Intelligence and Education.-Dan- gers arising from this circumstance.-Talent has taken Refuge in the Press: its Danger.-Vast Increase of Corruption under the Reform Bill.- Which Evil would not be removed, but increased, by the Ballot and lowering the Suffrage.-Great Fault of the Liberals in the Way the Reform Bill was carried.-Danger of coercing the House of Peers. Wisdom of the Duke of Wellington's Advice to the Majority in the Peers to withdraw. -Summary of the Faults on both sides.-The producing Classes were still the Majority in Num- ber and Value.-The Reform Bill has strength- ened Government by enlarging its Basis.-Where the Risk now lies.-Way in which the moneyed Classes had got the Command of the producing.
Enormous Sums spent by working Classes in Great Britain on Drink.-Is this the Result of a general Law of Nature? - Great political Truth evolved by the Reform Bill.-Its Ex- emplification in France and England. - Great Law of Nature on the subject.- Which is in-
Objects to which great popular Movements have been directed.-The real Evils of Society are not so certainly removed by these Convulsions. -Prosperity of the Bourgeois Class.-The In- terests of the Bourgeoisie were adverse to those of Labor. Effect of the Spread of Machinery. Steam, and Railways. -Increased Strength of the Government.-Dangers to which this led.- The Republicans: their Chances of Success.- The Napoleonists: their Chances.-The Orlean- ists: their Chances.-The Duke of Orleans re- mains in Retirement. - Important Conversation between the Baron de Glandevès and Lafitte.- Arguments for and against the Duke's being called to the Crown.-Project of giving the Lieuten- ancy-General to the Duke of Orleans, and the Crown to the Duke of Bordeaux.-First Placards in the Orleans interest.-Situation of the Duke of Orleans.-Interview between M. Thiers and the Duchess of Orleans.-Irresolute Conduct of the Duke of Orleans.-Meetings of the Deputies and Peers. Meeting at the Chamber of Peers.- Reunion of the Republicans at Lointier's.-Scene at the Hôtel de Ville.. Continued Indecision at the Hôtel de Ville.-Easy Defeat of the Na- poleonists.-Panic of the Orleanists at Lafitte's.— Arrival of the Duke of Orleans at Paris, and his Interview with M. de Mortemart.-The Duke accepts the Lieutenancy-General of the King- dom.-M. Guizot's Proclamation of the Princi- ples of the Government.-Visit of the Duke of Orleans to the Hôtel de Ville.-His Reception there.-Reflections on this Interview.-Efforts of the Orleanists to popularize the new Dynasty.— Conversation between the Duke of Orleans and the Republicans.-Noble Speech of Chateaubri- and.-Chateaubriand refuses the Port-folio of for- eign Affairs.-Acceptance of the Crown by Louis Philippe.-Speeches on the Occasion of his ac- cepting the Constitution.-Changes in the Con- stitution of the Revolution.-Peers who resigned, and Ministers who were appointed. - Grievous Distress in Paris.-Reception of the Revolution at Lyons, Bordeaux, and in the Provinces.-Rec- ognition of Louis Philippe by the English Gov. ernment.-Manner in which he is received by the continental Sovereigns.-His Recognition by the Cabinet of Vienna, and by Prussia.-Character of Louis Philippe opposite Views of it.-Ex- planation of its seeming Contradictions.-Feat- ures, good and bad, of his Character.- Vicissi- tudes of his Life, and Impress they had affixed to his Character.-Extreme Difficulties with which he had to contend.-Dissensions in the Council, and Violence of the National Guard Deputation.- Suspicious Death and Testament of the Duke de Bourbon.-Injurious Reports spread abroad by the Bequest of the Duke's Property to the Duke d'Aumale.-Attitude of M. de Lafayette, and its Dangers. Disturbances in Paris.-First legis- lative Measures of the new Government.-Dis- cussions on the Electoral Law.-First financial Measures of the new Government.-Proceedings against the popular Societies. Speech of the Minister of the Interior on the subject.-Attempt to revolutionize Spain from Paris. Which is secretly favored by Louis Philippe and his Min- isters. The Enterprise is undertaken, and fails. -State of Belgium and its Dispositions.-Causes of Discord among the Inhabitants.-Revolution- ary Party in Belgium, and its great Increase by the Events in Paris in July.-Commencement of the Revolution.-Progress of the Insurrection.-
Negotiations of the Insurgents with the King.- Demands of the Leaders of the Revolution. Speech of the King on opening the Chambers.- The Army is directed by the King and Chambers on Brussels.-Prince Frederick attacks Brussels. -The Dutch Troops are in the end defeated, and retire to Antwerp.-The Insurrection extends generally, and the Separation of Belgium and Holland is pronounced by the Chamber.-State of political Feeling in Germany.-Disturbances in Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne. - Convulsions in all the North of Germany.-In Dresden, Leip- sic, and Brunswick.-Political Contests in Switz- erland. Convulsions in Italy. - Change in the Order of Succession in Spain.-Its Motives and political Objects.--Promulgation of the Decree. -Resumé of the Influence of the Revolution in France over Europe.
FRANCE FROM THE OVERTHROW OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS IN OCTOBER, 1830, To THE ABOLITION OF THE HEREDITARY PEERAGE IN SEPTEMBER, 1831.
Change in the Attitude of France in reference to the Continental Powers. Cabinet Divisions, and Fall of the Ministry.-Commencement of the Tri- al of the late Ministers.-Conduct of the accused before the Trial.-Disturbed State of Paris be- fore this.-Commencement of the Trial.-Disso- lution of the Administration.-Formation of M. Lafitte's Ministry.-M. Lafitte's Statement of the Principles of his Ministry.-Progress of the Tri- al of the Ex-ministers.-Arguments of M. Sauzet for the accused.-Condemnation and Punishment of the accused. The accused are safely con- veyed to Vincennes, and thence to Ham.-Dis- affection of the National Guard, and the Misery of the Capital. - Demands of Lafayette.-Dis- missal of M. de Lafayette from the Command of the National Guard.-Changes in the Cabinet.—- Favorable Accounts from Algiers. Great addi- tional Expenditure for the Army and its Forces. -Competition for the Crown of Belgium, and its final Separation from Holland.-Crown of Bel- gium offered to Duke de Nemours. - Protocol, Jan. 20, 1831, fixing Limits of Holland and Bel- gium.-Views in London and Paris on Louis Phi- lippe's Refusal.-Weak and distracted State of Belgium.-Perilous State of Italy.-Insurrections in Bologna, Modena, Reggio, and Parma.-Inter- vention of Austria in Italy.-Entry of the Aus- trians into Bologna, and Suppression of the Insur- rection.-Affairs of Germany, and precautionary Measures there. - Defensive Measures in Aus- tria-State of Feeling in Prussia.-Great Fer- mentation in the lesser States of Germany. - Troubles in Saxony and Hesse-Cassel.-Insur- rection in Hanover. - Violence of Parties, and Misery in Paris.-Alarming Budget of 1831, and its Effects.-Universal Indignation it excited.- Deplorable Situation of Commerce and Credit.— General Indignation of the Democrats.-Extrav- agant Ideas generally afloat in Society at this time.-State of Corruption into which the Sys- tem of Centralization had sunk France.-Moral Statistics of Paris at this Period.-Tumult in the Church of St. Germain l'Auxerrois.-Sack of the Church-Sack of Archbishop's Palace at Nôtre. Dame.-Attacks on Individuals, and deplorable Weakness of Government.-Fall of Lafitte, and Appointment of Casimir Périer in his stead. Views of Parties on this Change of Ministry.— Change in the Electoral Law.-Proscription of the elder Branch of the Bourbons.-Violent Op position of the Liberal Journals to Casimir Pé- ner, and Formation of the National Association. -Casimir Périer's Speech on the Principles of his Government.-Continued in reference to for- eign Affairs-Louis Philippe's Efforts to concil- iate the Electors.-Disturbances in Paris.-The
King's Progresses into Normandy_and_Cham- pagne. Unfavorable Issue of the Elections for the Crown.-King's Speech.-Defeat of the Gov- ernment on the Choice of President and Vice- President.-Affairs of Holland and Flanders.- What the London Congress should have done.- Views of Talleyrand and Lord Palmerston.-Rea- sons which led them to support the Belgians.- Leopold of Saxe-Cobourg elected King of Bel- gium.-Change which this Election made on the Views of Holland and Belgium.-Change in the Policy of Great Britain regarding Belgium. — Change in the Language of England and France regarding Luxembourg. - Progress of the Nego- tiation, and secret Treaty of France and England. -The five Powers deviate from the Act of Separation, and the King of Holland declares War.-Commencement of Hostilities, and Posi- tion and Forces on the two Sides. Total De- feat of the Belgians.-Intervention of the French Army in Flanders.-Armistice, and Withdrawal of the French Troops.-Renewed Conferences, and Reasons which made the Northern Powers acquiesce in them.-Great Advantages gained by Holland by this Irruption.-Forcible Intervention of the French at Lisbon.-The French compel the Submission of the Portuguese Government.- Vehement Excitement in Paris from these Events. -Argument of the Opposition on foreign Affairs. -Answer of Ministers.-Violent Scene in the Chamber on the Debate on Poland.-Vehement Excitement in Paris on the fall of Warsaw.- Bloody Law against the Bourbons.-Speech of M. Pagès against the Law.-Striking Speech of M. de Martignac, which causes the Rejection of the Clause.-Question of the Abolition of the he- reditary Peerage.-Argument for the Abolition.- Answer of the Defenders of the Peerage.-The Lower House pass the Bill by a great Majority. -Creation of Peers to force it through the Upper House, where it passes. - Reflections on this Event.-Previous Degradation of the hereditary Peerage. Experience of Great Britain in regard to a hereditary Peerage.-Reason of the Superi. ority in general of the Aristocracy as Statesmen. -Increased Vigor and Capacity this gives to the higher Branches of the Aristocracy.-Importance of the Interests of the hereditary Peers being identified with those of Production.
POLISH REVOLUTION AND WAR, FROM ITS COM- MENCEMENT IN NOVEMBER, 1830, TO ITS TERM- INATION IN SEPTEMBER, 1831.
Terrible Wars which have ever prevailed between Europe and Asia.- Causes of this perpetual Strife.-Opposite Sources of their Strength and Weakness.-Disastrous Effects of the Conquest of the Byzantine Empire by the Turks, and of the Partition of Poland.-Sin of Europe in the Partition of Poland.-Vast Increase of the Pow- er of Russia from the Partition of Poland.-Faults of the Poles which led to their Subjugation.-It was the Impatience of Taxation which ruined Poland. Mysterious Connection between Po- land and the Cause of Democracy.-Prosperity of Poland under the Russian rule from 1815 to 1830. This Prosperity increased the Passion for Independence. -Secret Societies in Poland. - Different Plans of the Conspirators. - Original Plan, which proved abortive. Supineness of Constantine, and Progress of the Conspiracy.- Insurrection of 29th November at Warsaw. Rapid Progress of the Insurrection, and Retreat of Constantine from Warsaw.-Appointment of a provisional Government.-First Act of the new Government, and Negotiation with Constantine. -Constantine sends back the Polish Troops, and retreats into Russia.-Enthusiasm on the Arrival of the Polish Troops in Warsaw.-Chlopicki seiz- es the Dictatorship.-Chlopicki: his Biography
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