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CONTENTS OF VOL. II

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CHAPTER XIII.

ASIA MINOR AND GREECE: THEIR SOCIAL, POLIT
ICAL, AND STATISTICAL STATE-TURKEY.
Wars of Revolution in the West, and of Race in
the East.-Effect of these different Passions in
effecting the Dispersion of Mankind. They have
produced the greatest Wars recorded in History.
-Lasting Conquests of the East over the West.
-Wars of Races in the East of Europe.-Strife
of Races peculiarly vehement in the Turkish
Empire. Variety of Races in the Turkish Do-
minions.-Division of the Christians and Mus-
sulmans.-Turkish System of Government.-Di-
vision of Races in Turkey renders Government
more easy. The military Strength of the Em-
pire entirely derived from the Turks.-The whole
civil Business of the Country is conducted by
the Greeks. Great and rapid Increase of the
Christians compared to the Turks.-Picture of
the Servians by Lamartine.-General Decrease of
Population in Turkey.-Statistics of Turkey.-
In what does Turkish
Oppression consist?―The
Lives and Property of all belong to the Sultan.-
Great extent of Land in Turkey held in Mort-
main.-Injury done to Turkey by Importation.—
Universal Venality in the holders of Office.-Ru-
inous Weakness of the Executive.-Venality and
Corruption of Justice.-Contrary Principles of
good in Turkey: Weakness of Power.- And
Want of the Means of Communication.-Excel-
lent Qualities in the Turkish Character. -The
Theory of the central Government is compar-
atively mild.-Institution of Ayams.-The Vil-
lage System.-Small Revenue derived from Tur-
key.-Great Population of the Towns, and De-
cline of the Country.-Multitude of idle Servants
in the Country-Variable Strength of the Tur-
kish Empire.-Great Vicissitudes in the History
of Turkey-Independent Position of the larger
Pachas, and consequent Weakness of the central
Power.-Vast Influence of Constantinople on the
Fortunes of Mankind.-Its incomparable Situa-
tion.-Description of the City.-Description of
the City, as seen from the Sea.-Defects of its In-
terior-Population of Constantinople, and Equal-
ity of the Sexes.-Maritime Forces of Turkey
and Greece.-The Janizaries.-Turkish Cavalry.
-The Advantages of the Turks in this respect
are now lost.-In what the Strength of the Turks
now consists.-Where are the Turks now stron
gest in War?-Turkish Fortifications, and Mode
of defending them.-Causes of the obstinate De-
fense of fortified Cities by the Turks.-Russian
Mode of fighting the Turks.-Triple Barrier which
defends Constantinople.-The Danube as a fron-
her Stream The Balkan.-Country_between
the Balkan and Constantinople.-The Command
of the Sea, or the Support of Austria, is essential
to the Success of Russia. - Schumla: its De-
scription. Asiatic Defense of Turkey: The
Caucasus. Its Value as a military Barrier.-
Description of the Passes through the Cauca-
sus.-Description of Asia Minor.-Military Re-
sources of Asia Minor.-Mountainous Nature of
the Country, and Want of Roads -The Cauca-
sian Tribes.-Russian Policy of Intervention.-
Examples of the Application of this Principle.

-Intervention of Peter the Great in the Affairs
of neighboring States. Establishment of the
Russians in the Caucasus and on the Caspian.
-Acceptance of the Crown of Georgia by the
Emperor Alexander. Wars with the Cauca-
sians, and fresh Rupture with Turkey and Per-
sia. Battle of Elizabethpol.-Glorious Peace
with Persia.-Affairs of Wallachia and Molda-
via.-Russian System of Intervention regarding
them.-Repeated Insurrections of the Greeks.-
Mutual Exasperation of the Greeks and Turks.-
Insurrection of Ali Pacha.-Statistics of Greece.
-Defensible Nature of the Country.-Clarke's
Description of Greece.

CHAPTER XIV.

GREEK REVOLUTION-BATTLE OF NAVARINO-ES-

TABLISHMENT OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE.

Elements remaining of Grecian Resurrection.-Re-
cent favorable Circumstances in the Condition of
Greece. Recent Spread of Information, and Pas-
sion for Independence.-Formation of the Socie-
ty of the Hetairists.-Different Gradations in the
Hetairists.-Extraordinary Secrecy preserved re-
garding the Affairs of the Society.-Their Eyes
are all fixed on Russia.-Cession of Parga in
1819. Consternation of the Pargiotes at their
Abandonment.-Heart-rending Scene at the Evac-
uation of the Town.-Debates on this Subject in
Parliament.-Effect of the Spanish Revolution
on Turkey and Greece.-State of Turkey at this
Period.Its Weakness in a military point of
View. Commencement of the Insurrection in
Wallachia. Ipsilanti's Insurrection in Molda-
via.-Ipsilanti's first Measures.-Reasons which
urged the Emperor Alexander to intervene in Tur-
key at this time.-Reasons which induced him to
remain neutral. Ethusiasm of the Turks, and
Measures taken against Ipsilanti.-Commence-
ment of the Insurrection in Greece Proper and
the Islands.-The Insurrection spreads over all
Greece. Violent Excitement at Constantinople,
and Murder of the Patriarch. Succession of
Murders by the Turks.-Vigorous Measures of
Sultan Mahmoud.-Atrocious Acts of Cruelty in
Asia Minor.-Massacres in Cyprus.-Universal
Spread of the Insurrection in Greece.-Official
Declaration of Russia against Ipsilanti.-Treach-
ery and Death of Theodore.-Defeat of the Insur-
gents at Galatz.-Disasters of Ipsilanti.-His to-
tal Defeat at Dragaschan.-Naval Successes of
the Greeks. Bloody Action in Cydonia.-Suc-
cesses of the Turks in the Morea.-Battle of Val-
tezza. Raising of the Siege of Athens, and De-
feat of the Turks in Thermopyla.-Siege of Tri-
politza: its Description.-Progress of the Siege.
-Storm and Massacre of Tripolitza.-Import-
ance of the Conquest, and subsequent Measures
of the Greeks. Fresh Massacre of the Chris-
tians in Smyrna.-Operations of Chourchid Pa-
cha before Janina. Fall and Recapture of Arta.
-Failure of the Greeks before Napoli di Roma-
nia and Patras.-Forcing of the Line of Cassan-
dra.-Operations in Crete.-War with Persia.--
Angry Negotiations with Russia.-Russian Ulti-
matum, and its Refusal by the Divan.-Ultima-
tum of the Turks.-Efforts of Lord Strangford,

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the English Minister, to avert a Rupture.-Alarm-
ing State of Constantinople, and Efforts of the
Embassadors.-Formation of a Constitution, and
Proclamation of independence of Greece.-Ca-
pitulation of Ali Pacha.-Perfidious Seizure and
Death of Ali Pacha.-Sensation this produced at
Constantinople.-Turkish Plan of the Campaign.
-Success of the Fleet, and Defeat of Chourchid
Pacha by the Souliotes.-Extension of the Insur-
rection to Chios.-Frightful Massacre in the Isl-
and by the Turks.-General Massacre in the Isl-
and.-Signal Retribution which befell the Turks.
-Operations of the Greek Fleet against the Turks.
-Successful Attack on the Turkish Fleet.-De-
struction of the Admiral's Ship.--Renewed Massa-
cre in Chios.-Unsuccessful Expedition of Mav-
rocordato into Epirus.-Insurrection, and its Sup-
pression, in Macedonia.-Grand Invasion of the
Morea.-Dangerous Position of the Turks, and
able Measures of the Greeks.-Disastrous Retreat
of the Turks. Further Successes of the Greeks.
-First Siege of Missolonghi.-Operations in Cy-
prus and Crete.-Fall of Napoli di Romania.-
Fresh naval Successes of the Greeks.-Destruc-
tion of another Turkish Ship of the Line.-Glo-
rious Results of this Campaign to the Greeks.-
Their Losses.-Dreadful Earthquakes in Asia Mi-
nor. Negotiations with Russia during the Year.
-The Congress of Verona declines to recognize
the Greek State.-Revolution at Constantinople
in favor of the Janizaries.-Dreadful Fire at Con-
stantinople in Spring 1823.-Preparations of the
Turks for the next Campaign. - Destruction of
Part of Drama-Ali's Corps by Niketas.-Divi-
sions among the Greeks-Plan of the Campaign
on the part of the Turks.-Dispositions of the
Greeks.-Early Successes of the Greeks.-Vic-
tory of the Grecks on Mount Helicon.-Divi-
sions among the Greeks in the Morea.-Revolt
of the Albanians, and Advance of the Pacha of
Scodra.-Nocturnal Surprise of the Turks, and
Death of Mark Bozzaris.-Commencement of the
Siege of Anatolico.-Operations in Candia dur-
ing 1823.-Naval Campaign of 1823.-Increased
Dissensions in the Morea.-Increasing Interest
in Greece abroad. Arrival of Lord Byron at Mis-
solonghi.-Continued Divisions of the Greeks.—
Contraction of the Greek Loan. - Preparations
and Plan of the Campaign by the Turks.-Oper
ations of the Turks in the Archipelago.-Attack
on Spezzia and Ipsara.-Capture and Destruc-
tion of Ipsara.-Glorious Resistance of the Psar-
riotes. Immense Spoil made by the Turks in
Ipsara. - Gallant Conduct of the Greeks after
this Disaster.-Defeat of the Turks in the Straits
of Samos.-Junction of the Turkish and Egyp
tian Fleets.Naval Victories of the Grecks.-
Land Operations in Eastern Grecce. - Results
of the Campaign by Sea and Land.-Renewed
Dissensions in Greece.-Death of Odysseus.—
Curious Statistics of Athens and Attica.-Favor-
able Prospects of Greece in the opening of 1825.
-Preparations of the Turks.-Landing of Ibra-
him Pacha at Modon.-Defeat of the Greeks by
Ibrahim Pacha.-Capture of Sphacteria by Ibra-
him.-Capture of Navarino.-Naval Successes
of the Greeks.-Victory of Sakhtouri over the
Capitan Pacha.-Successes of Ibrahim, and gal-
lant Resistance near Arcadia.-Further Success-
es of Ibrahim, and Capture of Tripolitza-Fresh
Defeat of the Greeks. Commencement of the
second Siege of Missolonghi, and Description of
the Place.-First Operations of the Siege.-Rais-
ing of the Blockade of Missolonghi by Sea.-At-
tack on the Town by a Mound, and its Defeat.-
A third Assault is repulsed.-Critical Position
of the Turks, and Preparations of the Sultan.—
Heroic Spirit of the Garrison.-Progress of the
Turks.-Noble final Resolution of the Garrison.
-Greek Plan of a general Sortie.-Commence.
ment of the Sortie.-Issue of the Sortie.-Vast
Effects of the Siege of Missolonghi, and general

Despondence in Greece.-Deplorable Condition
of Greece in the end of 1825 and opening of 1826.
-Commencement of the Negotiations for the In-
dependence of Greece.-Conclusion of the first
Protocol in favor of the Greeks.-Its Provisions.
-Operations in Attica.-Deplorable Situation of
Greece at this Period.-Naval Operations.-Pro-
gress of the Siege of Athens.-Unsuccessful At-
tempts to raise the Siege of Athens, and its Fall.
-Treaty of 6th July.-Its Provisions.-Counter
Manifesto of the Porte.-Strength of the allied
Squadron. Preparations of the Porte. - Final
Note of the Allies to the Porte.-Ibrahim's War
of Extermination in the Morea. Plans of the
Admirals in consequence.-Forces on both sides.
Commencement of the Battle. - The Battle,
and Defeat of the Turks.-Results of the Action.
-Ibrahim's Proceedings after the Battle.-Final
Rupture of the Turks with the allied Powers.-
Universal Transports in Greece at the Battle.--
Immense Sensation produced by the News over
Christendom.-Who was the Aggressor at Nava-
rino?-The Greek War was a Strife of Religion
and Race, not Principles.-The great Error com-
mitted was, that the European Nations did not
sooner interfere, and in behalf of the Greeks.-
Difficulty of the Eastern Question.-The Divi-
sion of Race and Religion in Turkey is no Bar
to the Establishment of a Christian Monarchy.-
Prosperous Condition of Greece since its Inde-
pendence.

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CHAPTER XV.

RUSSIA AND TURKEY, FROM THE ACCESSION OF

NICHOLAS IN 1825, TO THE PEACE OF ADRIANO-
PLE IN 1820.

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All the Wars of Europe, from 1815 to 1830, were
Wars with the Mohammedans. Rupture with
the Mohammedan Powers on the Accession of
Nicholas. Advantages gained by Russia over
Persia.-Repeated Defeats of the Persians by the
Russians.-Statistics of Russia at this Period.
State of the Negotiations between Russia and
Turkey.- Measures contemplated against the
Janizaries.-New Statute regarding the Janiza-
ries. Insurrection of the Janizaries.-Vigorous
Measures of Sultan Mahmoud. - Defeat of the
Janizaries.--Cruel Executions in Constantino-
ple.-Effect of this Revolution on the Negotia-
tions with Russia.-Civil Reforms of the Sultan.
Conferences at Ackerman, and Demands of
Russia.-The Russian Demands are acceded to
without Reservation.- Its Provisions. - Their
disastrous Consequences to Turkey.- Sultan
Mahmoud continues his Reforms.-Internal Re-
forms of Nicholas in Russia.-Operations in Per-
- Battle of Djevan-Boulak.- Battle of the
Abbarane. - Fall of Sardarabad and Erivan. —
Capture of Tauris.-Peace with Persia.-Prepa-
rations of Russia for a War with Turkey.-Fresh
Rupture with Persia, and Conclusion of the Peace
at Tourkmantchai.-Mutual Recriminations of
the Russians and Turks.-Forces of the Rus-
sians.- Passage of the Pruth, and Commence-
ment of the Campaign. - Preparations of the
Turks. Forces they had collected in Europe
and Asia.-Russian Plan of the Campaign, and
its Dangers. Which was mainly based on the
Command of the Sea.-Passage of the Danube
by the Russians. First Operations: Fall of
Kustendji.-Siege of Brahilov: its Description.
-Commencement of the Siege.-Bloody Repulse
of the Assault.-Fall of the Place --Further Suc
cesses of the Russians, and Turkish System of
Defense.-Capture of Anapa by the Russians.-
Combat of Bazardjik.-Further Cavalry Actions.
- General Cavalry Action before Schumla. -
Blockade of Schumla, and Plans of the Russians.
-Journey of the Emperor to Odessa, and Meas-
ures adopted there.-Position of the Russians.
Defensive Measures of the Turks.-Operations

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before Schumla.-Surprise of a Russian Redoubt.
-Attack on Prince Eugene and Eski-Stamboul.
-Retreat of the Russians from the South of
Schumla.-Operations before Varna.-Attack on
Wittgenstein-Siege of Varna.-Advance of the
Turks to raise the Siege.-Bloody Defeat of the
Russians.-The Siege is not interrupted.-Fall
of Varna.-Reflections on this Surrender.-Op-
erations before Widdin. Abandonment of the
Siege of Silistria, and Retreat of the Russians
beyond the Danube.-Disastrous Retreat of Witt-
genstein. - Commencement of the Campaign in
Asia.- Description of the Theatre of War.
Siege of Kars, and its Description.-Its Fall.—
Appearance of the Plague in the Russian Army.
Capture of Akhalzikh.-March upon Akhal-
zikh. Paskewitch's Plan of Attack, and its
Chances. Nocturnal Attack on the Turkish
Camp. Its perilous Chances.-Desperate Con-
flict on the Heights.-Total Defeat of the Turks.
-Assault of the Town.-Frightful Assault of the
Town. Reduction of Alskhur and Ardagan.--
Operations on the Russian Flanks, and Results
of the Campaign.-Paskewitch's Plans, and For-
mation of Mohammedan Corps. - Vigorous de-
fensive Measures of the Porte in Asia during the
Winter.-Assassination of the Russian Minister
at Teheran, and Siege of Akhalzikh by the Turks.
-Siege of the Fortress by the Turks.-Extreme
Danger of the besieged. Their Deliverance.-
Measures of Paskewitch against the Persians.-
Opening of the Campaign with the Turks.-De-
feat of Hadgi Hassan. Paskewitch's Disposi
tions, and Position of the Turks.-Paskewitch's
Plan of Attack.-Subsequent Movements of Pas-
kewitch. - Advance upon Kainly, and Disposi-
tions of Attack.--Battle of Kainly.-Success of
the Russians in the Centre and on the left.-De-
feat of the Seraskier.-Storming of the intrenched
Camp at Milli-Duz.-Results of these Conflicts.
-Advance of Paskewitch against Hassan-Kale,
and its Fall.-Fall of Erzeroum.-Further Move-
ments.-Submission of the Pacha of Mush, and
of Baibout.-Disaster before Khart.-Retreat of
Paskewitch to Erzeroum.-Defeat of the Turks
in Guriel, and subsequent Checks of the Rus-
sians. Advance of Paskewitch against Baibout.
-Total Defeat of the Turks, and Termination of
the Campaign.-Conclusion of an Armistice, and
Summary of the Campaign.-Preparations of the
Turks for the Campaign in Turkey in Europe.-
Preparations of the Russians.-Operations dur-
ing the Winter. - Retirement of Wittgenstein,
and Appointment of Diebitch to the Command-in-
Chief Naval Forces of the Russians and Turks.
-Russian Plan of the Campaign, and Turkish,
and Repulse of the latter at Sizepolis.-Com-
mencement of the Campaign on both Sides.-
Bloody Combats at Eski-Arnautlar.-Commence-
ment of the Siege of Silistria, and its Descrip-
tion-First Operations of the Siege, and Red-
schid Pacha's Movement against Pravadi.-Die-
bitch throws himself on the Turkish Communi-
cations:--Description of the Country, and Move-
ments of the Armies.-Turkish Movements.-Bat-
tle of Kouleftscha.-Fresh Dispositions of Die.
bitch.-Victory of the Russians.-Measures of
Diebitch after the Battle.-Progress of the Siege
of Silistria, and its Fall. Description of the
Passes of the Balkan.-Diebitch's Preparations
for passing the Balkan.-Passage of the Balkan.
-Subsequent Movements of the Turks and Rus-
sians. Successful Attack on the Turks at Sliw-
no--Advance upon Adrianople and its Capture.
-Extended Positions of the Russians. - Un-
bounded Alarm at Constantinople, London, and
Vienna. Treaty of Adrianople.-Convention re-
garding Wallachia and Moldavia.-Irruption of
the Pacha of Scodra.-Affairs of Greece in 1828.
-Progress of the Greeks in 1829.-Convention
of March 22, 1829, regarding the Limits of Greece.
-Reflections on this Convention.-Remarkable

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FRANCE FROM THE DEATH OF LOUIS XVIII. TO THE
ACCESSION OF THE POLIGNAC ADMINISTRATION.

Great Advantages of Charles X. on his Accession
to the Throne.-Character of Charles X.-His
Defects. The Duke d'Angoulême is declared
Dauphin.-The Secret Camarilla of Ecclesias-
tics.-Entry of the King into Paris.-Abolition
of the Censorship of the Press. Dangers of this
Step.--Increase of the Jesuits' Influence at the
Court, and their Efforts in the Country.-Strength
of the Jesuit Party in the Legislature and the
Administration.-Their Opponents in the Cham-
bers and the Press. - General Prosperity in
France. Injudicious Measure regarding the
Army. Opening of the Chambers: comparative
Strength of Parties.-Flourishing State of the
Finances.-Restoration of the Estates of the Or-
leans Family.-Law of Indemnity to the Sufferers
by the Revolution.-Argument of M. de Martig.
nac in favor of the Measure.-Embarrassment of
the Government from other Claims.-Argument
against the Project by the Liberals.-Beneficial
Results of this Measure.--Distribution of the In-
demnity large Share which fell to the Duke of
Orleans and other Liberals.-Law against Sacri-
lege.-Law regarding religious Societies of Wo-
men. Measure of M. de Villèle for the Reduc-
tion of the Debt. - Coronation of the King at
Rheims.-Prosecutions against the Liberal Press.
-Death and Character of General Foy.-Death
and Character of M. de Serres.-Recognition of
the Independence of St. Domingo.-Negotiations
for the Independence of the Spanish Colonies.-
Legislative Measures regarding St. Domingo.-
Law of Entail: its Necessity.-Argument against
the Law by M. Pasquier.-Answer of the Gov-
ernment.-Result of the Debate.-Reflections on
this Subject.-Statistics of Finances of 1826 and
1827.--Measures of the Jesuits. - Preceptor to
the Duke of Bordeaux.-Denunciation of the Jes-
uits by Count Montlouis.-Answer of the Jes-
uits.-Law against the Liberty of the Press.-Its
Provisions.-Universal Indignation which it ex-
cites.--Passing of the Law in a mitigated Form.
-Riot at the Funeral of the Duke de la Rouche-
foucauld.-Review of the National Guard.-Dis-
banding of the National Guard.-Its immediate
Success, and ultimate Effects.-Reflections on
this Event.-Treaty of 6th July on Greece, and
Convention regarding the Slave-Trade.--Finan-
cial Projects and Embarrassment of the Govern-
ment.-A Dissolution resolved on.-New Crea-
tion of Peers, and Dissolution of the Chambers.-
Formation of the Parties, and Preparations for a
moral Struggle on both Sides.-Elections and
Riots in Paris.--Mutual Recriminations of Min-
isters and the Jesuits.-Dissolution of the Villèle
Administration.-Reproaches addressed to him
from both Parties.-Character of M. de Martig-
nac.- -The new Ministry had not the Confidence
of the King. Answer of the King to the Address.
-Legislative Measures of the Session.-It pass-
es the Peers.-New Law regarding the Press.—
Law against the Jesuits. Indignation excited
among the Jesuits; but the Pope approves the
Measure-Preparations for a Change of Minis.
try. Opening of the Chambers. Remarkable
Speech of Prince Polignac.-State of Parties in
the Assembly.-Law for the departmental Munic-

ipalities, and its Defeat.-The King withdraws his
Measures-State of the Legislature at the Close
of the Session.-Conferences of the King and the
extreme Royalists. - Change of Ministry, and
Prince Polignac Premier. - Importance of the
Change.

CHAPTER XVII.

FRANCE FROM THE ACCESSION OF THE POLIGNAC
MINISTRY TO THE FALL OF CHARLES X.

Prince Polignac: his Biography.-His Character.
-Character of M. de la Bourdonnaye.-M. de
Bourmont.-M. de Montbel, M. de Courvoisin,
and M. de Chabrol. Extreme Violence of the
Liberal Press at the Ministry, and Preparations
of the Liberals.-Lafayette's triumphant Journey
in the South.-Retreat of M. de la Bourdonnaye.
-M. Guizot: his Biography.-His Character
as a Writer and Statesman.-M. Berryer.-M.
Thiers.-Prince Polignac's Memoir.--Vast Influ-
ence of the Press in France. - Vehement Hos-
tility of the Press to the Polignac Ministry.-
Opening of the Chambers.-Votes on the Presi-
dency, and Address of the Chambers.-Debate
on the Address.-M. Berryer's Argument against
it. Answer of M. Guizot and the Liberals.
Vote on the Subject.-Measures of Ministers in
consequence. -The King's Answer to the Ad-
dress.-Prorogation of the Chambers, and gener-
al Agitation it excited.-Prosecutions against the
Press-Report of the Finance Minister.--Its im-
portant statistical Details.-Indirect Taxes and
general Revenue.-Public Debt.-General Pros-
perity which prevailed in the Country.-General
Prosperity and Discontent.-Expedition of Al-
giers.-Grounds of the Quarrel with Algiers, and
Negotiations with England on the Subject.-Mag-
nitude of the Expedition, and its Departure.-
Landing at Sidi-Feruch, near Algiers.--Battle of
Sidi-Feruch.-Second Victory of the French.-
Commencement of the Attack on Algiers, and
Fall of the Emperor's Fort.-Fall of Algiers.--
Statistics of Algiers. Secret Agreement with
Russia for extending the French Frontier to the
Rhine. Dissolution of the Chambers. - Result
of the Elections.-Resolution of the Cabinet.—
Resolution of the Cabinet on a Coup-d'état.-Re-
port on the Ordonnance by M. de Chantelauze.-
Lamartine on this Report.-The Ordonnances.-
Signing of the Ordonnances.-Reflections on the
Ordonnances.-Total Want of Preparation for the
Coup-d'état on the part of Ministers.-First Ef-
fect of the Ordonnances.-Commencement of the
Insurrection: Signing of the Protest.-The first
Disturbance.-Attitude and extraordinary Secu-
rity of the Court.-Rapid Progress of the Insur-
rection. Meeting of the Liberal Chiefs at Casi-
mir Perier's. Marmont's Plan of Operations,
and Commencement of the Conflict.-Vehement
Contest on the 28th.-Measures of the Govern-
ment and Marshal Marmont.-Marmont's offens-
ive Measures, and their temporary Success.
Operations of the second Column.-Disaster of
the third Column.-Proceedings of the Liberal
Chiefs-State of Affairs at St. Cloud, and firm-
ness of the King.-Feelings of the Combatants
during the Night.-Forces on the opposite Sides
on the morning of the 29th.-Mission of M. Ara-
go to Marmont.--Decisive Resolution of the Dep-
uties at M. Lafitte's.-Interview with M. de Se-
monville and M. d'Argout.-The Louvre is car-
ried by the Insurgents. Decisive Effects of this
Success.-Marmont's first Interview with Charles
X. at St. Cloud.-Deliberation in the Council.-
The King submits, dismisses his Ministers, and
sends for M. de Montemart-Ineffectual Attempt
to make a Ministry under M. de Montemart.-
Completion of the Revolution at Paris. -Last
Attempt at a Negotiation.-The Duke of Orleans
refuses the Lieutenancy-General of the Kingdom.
-Violent Scene between the Duke d'Angoulême |

and Marmont.-Abdication of Charles X.-Revo-
lutionary Army which set out from Paris for Ram-
bouillet.-Falsehoods told the King by Marshal
Maison.-Journey to Maintenon, and Farewell to
the Guard.-Journey to Cherbourg. Adieu to
the last of the Guard at Valognes.-Last Inter-
view of the King and Prince Polignac.-His Em
barkation at Cherboug.-Reflections on the Fall
of the Restoration.-Charles's Error in the Con-
flict. Difference between the Situation of France
and England in this respect.-Secret Objects of
the Liberal Opposition in France at this Period.
-Great Error in the King in the Ground he took
for Resistance.--Extraordinary Want of Prepara-
tion on the part of the Government.-Great Fault
of Government in not at once arresting the Lead-
ers of the Liberals. - Ruinous Effects of the
Treachery of the Troops.-Ruinous Effects of
this military Treachery on the Cause of Freedom
in France. Great Error of the military Command-
ers on this Occasion.-Cause of this in the Com-
position of the French Army.-Military Errors
committed on the Occasion.-Mode of combating
an urban Insurrection.-Dangerous Influence of
the Parti-prêtre on the Government. - Strange
Vehemence of the Opposition which the Resto-
ration experienced in France.-Though the Con-
stitution was then as popular as the Country could
bear. Obloquy thrown on the Bourbons from
their having succeeded after the national Disas-
ters. Effect of the Continuance of Peace in
France. Which thwarted the strongest Passions
of the Revolution.-Which was the Reason why
the Expeditions to Spain and Algiers were un-
dertaken. Political Reasons on which these
Projects were founded.-Ruinous Effects of the
Destruction of the Aristocracy in France.-Gen-
eral Absence of the Restraint of Religion in the
Towns. Number of natural Children in the
great Towns.-Effect of this in a political Point
of View. It produced 80,000 bastard Combat-
ants in Paris. Curious Circumstance which
mitigated these Evils.-Decline in the material
Comforts of the working Classes.-Causes of this
miserable State of the working Classes.-Way in
which the Division of Land affected the Industry
of the Country.-Immense Burdens on the Land
in France.-Crowding of the Inhabitants of Towns
from these Causes.-Effect of the Destruction.
of commercial Capital during the Revolution.-
Excessive general Competition, and wretched
State of the working Classes. Want of any
Representation of the working Classes.-Were
the Ordonnances illegal?- Previous Instances
of royal Ordonnances not objected to.-Reasons
why Coups d'état are necessary in France.-Con-
duct of the King.

CHAPTER XVIII.

LITERATURE OF FRANCE DURING AND AFTER THE

RESTORATION.

Great Effect of the Revolution on the Literature
of France. Its distinguishing Features.- Vio-
lent Antagonism between the opposite Schools.
-Character of the romantic School.-Pernicious
Character of their Works of Imagination.-Cor-
rupt Character of their Drama.-Chateaubriand.
-Sketch of his Life.-His Character as a Writ-
er. His Beauties.-His Influence in reviving
the Spirit of Christianity.-Peculiarity of his
Style on religious Subjects, and its Apology.—
His Defects.-Madame de Stael as a political
Writer. Her Character as a Novelist. - Her
Merits as a Critic.-Her Merits as a Philoso-
pher. Guizot: his early Rise. His peculiar
Style of Thought.-His Style of Writing.-His
Mode of reviewing human Affairs.-His chief
Publications. - Lamartine. - His Defects as a
Historian.-His Defects.-His Want of Authori-
ties in his Writings, and personal Vanity.-Sis-
mondi. His social and political Essays.-His

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