History of Europe

political Opinions.-Auguste and Amadée Thier-
ry. Their opposite Principles.-Michaud-Ba-
rante-Salvandy.-Thiers: his Principles.-His
Merits and Defects.-His History of the Consul-
ate and Empire.-Lacretelle-Capefigue-Mich-
elet.-Military Histories and Memoirs.-Napole-
on Bonaparte.-His Merits and Defects.-His Dis-
regard of Truth.-General Jomini.-General Ma-
thieu Dumas.-General Pelet.-Count Segur.-
Baron Fain. The Memoirs of France during
the Revolution.-Bourrienne.-The Duchess of
Abrantes. Chateaubriand and Lamartine as
Writers of Memoirs.-Cousin-M. Lamenais-
M. Villemain-M. Ginguené.-M. de Tocque-
ville: his great Merits-his Errors.-Cuvier.-
Humboldt.-His indefatigable Energy.-Poets:
their Decline in France.-The Abbé Delille-Bé-
ranger-Paul Courier.-Decline of the Drama in
France.-Causes of the Decline of the Drama in
France. Romance Writers. Victor Hugo-
Geo. Sand-Eugene Sue.-Periodical Literature
of France since the Revolution.-Different Class
of Writers in the daily Press in France and En-
gland.-Causes of this Difference: Destruction of
the Influence of Property.-Owing also to Facili-
ty of Revolution in France.-Danger of this state
of things. The Stage in France: Talma.
Madlie. Georges-Madile. Mars-Madlle. Rachel.
-Architecture of Paris.-Modern French School
of Painting.-Le Gros-Vernet.-Conclusion.

CHAPTER XIX.

DOMESTIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND, FROM THE DEATH
OF LORD LONDONDERRY IN 1822, TO THE MONE-
TARY CRISIS IN DECEMBER, 1825.
Paper either a Representative of Specie or a Substi-
tute for it.-Light which Experience has thrown
on this subject.-Effect of the South American
Revolution on the Currency of Great Britain.-
Causes which augmented the Currency in 1823.
-The Change of Prices through Extension of
Currency is not immediate, but gradual.-Effect
of the Expansion of the Currency on Prices in
1823 and 1824.-Notice of the general Prosperity
in the royal Speeches in 1823 and 1824.-Symp-
toms of increased general Prosperity.-Mr. Wal-
lace's Picture of the Country from 1815 to 1823.
-Budget of 1823.-Budget of 1824.-Conversion
of the Dead Weight. Reduction of the 4 per
Cents to 34-Simplifying of the National Debt
Accounts, and Provision for the permanent Re-
duction of the National Debt.-Grants for new
Churches, Windsor Castle, and the National Gal-
lery.-Prosperous State of the Country during
the three Years it had an adequate Currency.-
Ministerial Changes from 1822 to 1825.-Liberal
Measures of the Cabinet.-Character of Mr. Hus-
kisson. Sketch of the Navigation Laws.-Re-
taliatory Measures of other Nations.-Mr. Wal-
lace's five Free Trad: Bills in 1822.-Menaces
of retaliatory Measures by Prussia.- Mr. Hus-
kisson's Argument in favor of the Reciprocity
System.-Answer by the Ship-owners. - Effect
of these Acts.-Effect of the Reciprocity Sys-
tem on British and foreign Shipping.-Effect of
the Reciprocity System on the Shipping of the
Baltic Powers.-Great Increase of the colonial
Trade has compensated Reciprocity Decline.-
Failure of the Reciprocity System to increase our
Exports.-Cause of the Failure of the Reciproc-
ity System in this respect.-Commencement of
the Free-Trade System.-Argument in its favor
by the London Merchants.-Reflections on this
Petition.-Indication this afforded of the Growth
of the Commercial Class.-Argument of the Pro-
tectionists.-Results of the System of Free Trade,
as proved by Experience. - State of the Silk
Trade. First Introduction of Free Trade in ref-
erence to it. Reduction of Duties on foreign

Wools.-Reflections on these Changes.-Repeal
of Laws against Emigration of Artisans, and Com-
binations among Workmen.-Disastrous Effects
of the Change.-Argument in favor of the Repeal
of the Combination Laws. - Argument against
Combinations. - Reflections on this subject.-
Causes of the Frequency of Strikes.-System
which must be adopted on the subject.-Its Ad-
vantages.-Gloomy Aspect of Affairs in the West
Indies and Ireland.-Lord Dudley's Picture of
the Empire in the opening of 1825.-Picture of
the Country from the Annual Register.-Picture
of the Times from the Quarterly Review.-Sound
Condition of Trade and Manufactures to the end
of 1824. Which was owing to the extended Cur-
rency.-
y.-Causes of Danger which were now im-
pending. Excess of Imports over Exports.-
Drain of Specie produced by the South Ameri-
can Speculations.-The Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer's Budget.-Reduction of Taxation intro-
duced, and public Accounts of the Year.- Mr.
Robinson's Argument in favor of the Reduction
of the Duty on Spirits.-Vast Increase of Crime
which has arisen in consequence.· Reflections
on this subject.-Temperance Leagues. -Re-
newed Measures in favor of Free Trade.-Great
and wise Change in the Laws regarding our colo-
nial Shipping.-Reflections on this Decay.-Ap-
proach of the monetary Crisis.-Dreadful Sever-
ity of the Crash. -Increased Circulation forced
upon the Government.-The Crash was not ow-
ing to the Instability of the Banks, but to the mon-
etary Laws. Conclusions to be drawn from this
Catastrophe.

CHAPTER XX.

IRELAND FROM 1822 TO THE MONETARY CRISIS OF
DECEMBER, 1825.

Mr. O'Connell's Account of the Irish Peasantry.-
Statistics of the Condition of the Irish Poor.-
Ruinous Effects of the Power of the Landlord.-
Immense and redundant Population in the Coun-
try.-Munificent Grants of the English to Ire-
land. Great simultaneous Increase of Industry.
and Productions in Ireland. - Causes of the
wretched Situation of Ireland. - Effects of the
Roman Catholic Religion.-Splitting of Farm.s
for political Purposes. -- Pernicious Effects of
the Potato. Want of Poor-Laws. - Absentee
Proprietors.-Ribbonmen and Secret Societies.
-Orange Lodges.-Irregularity and Uncertainty
in the Administration of Justice.-Intimidation
of Juries and Witnesses.-Catholic Emancipa-
tion the only Remedy proposed by English Lib-
erals and Irish Malcontents. Effects of that
measure. Disturbed State of Ireland in 1823,
and Prosecutions for the Riot in the Dublin
Theatre.-Disturbed State of the Country.-Re-
newal of the Insurrection Act, and Composition
for Tithes.Debates on Irish Corruption and
Catholic Emancipation. - Improvement of the
Country in 1824. Mr. North's Description of
Irish Miseries.-Beneficial working of the Tithe-
Composition Bill. - Rise of the Catholic As-
sociation. Real Objects of the Association.-
Roman Catholic Question in reference to En-
gland. Parliamentary Reform, Alien Bill, and
Reversal of Scottish Attainders.-Reflections on
the Alien Act.-Act for the Uniformity of Weights
and Measures.-Chancery Reform.--Bill to sup-
press the Catholic Association.-Argument of
Ministers against the Catholic Association.-Ar-
gument in Support of the Association.-The Bill
is carried, and immediately evaded. Catholic
Question, and Majority in the Commons on it.-
Fate of the Bill in the House of Lords.-Duke
of York's Declaration on the subject.-Impres-
sion it produced over the Country. Mr. Brough-
am's Speech on the occasion.

CHAPTER XXI.

BRITISH EMPIRE FROM THE MONETARY CRISIS OF
DECEMBER, 1825, to the EMANCIPATION OF THE
CATHOLICS IN MARCH, 1829.

Gloomy Prospects of the Nation in the beginning
of 1826. Acts of Rioting in various Places.-
King's Speech on the subject, and letting out
of bonded Grain.-Real Causes of the Distress,
and its Remedy.-Argument by Ministers in Sup-
port of the Bill suppressing small Notes. - Ar-
gument against the proposed measure.--The Bill
is carried by a large Majority in both Houses.-
Vast Importance of this Decision.-Way in which
the Changes it induced were brought about.
Way in which Prices affect this Desire for polit-
ical Change.--Error in the Debates in Parliament
on both sides of this question. - Vital Points
overlooked on both sides. What should have
been done with the Currency.-Measures of Re-
lief proposed by the Government.-Banking Sys-
tem in Scotland and Ireland.-Sir Walter Scott
prevents the Suppression of small Notes in Scot-
land and Ireland.-Commencement of the Emi-
gration Question.-Appointment of a Committee
on Emigration. Debate on the subject in the
House of Commons.-Reflections on this sub-
ject, and its vast Importance.-Prevailing Errors
on the subject.-Finances.-Motion for the Re-
peal of the Corn Laws.-Argument for the Re-
peal of the Corn Laws.-Answer by Sir Francis
Burdett.-Division on the question, and Interim
Admission of foreign Grain. - Character of Sir
Francis Burdett.-Excessive Heat and Drought
of Great Britain in 1826.-Dissolution of Parlia-
ment, and Elections.-General Interference of
the Priests in the Irish Elections.--Opening of
the new Parliament.-Temporary Relaxation of
the Corn Laws.-King's Message regarding Port-
ugal. How this had come to pass.-Mr. Can-
ning's Speech on the subject in the House of
Commons.-Vast Effect of this Speech, and the
Expedition sets out for Lisbon.-Reflections on
this point.-Improved State of the Country in
the beginning of 1827. — Death of the Duke of
York.

His Character.-Illness and Retirement
of Lord Liverpool.-His Character, and its Adapt-
ation to his Times.-Difficulty in the Choice of
his Successor, and Mr. Canning's Appointment.
-What made his Tory Colleagues resign?-Com-
position of the new Cabinet. - Importance of
these Events on England's future History. -
Manner in which the Changes were received in
Parliament.-Character of Lord Eldon, who now
retired from public Life.-His Character as a
Statesman. The Catholic Bill is rejected.-Mr.
Peel's Speech against Catholic Emancipation.-
Ministerial Measure on the Corn Laws.-Result
of the Debate in the Commons and Lords. -
Important and curious things occurring in the
course of the Debate.-Finances of 1826-1827-
1828.-Other Proceedings in Parliament-Silk-
weavers, Ship-owners.-Penryn and East Ret-
ford are convicted of Bribery: Commencement
of the Reform Question.-Proud Position of Mr.
Canning. His susceptible Disposition and in-
creasing Illness.-His last Illness and Death.-
Reflections on this Event. Had he lived, he
would have disappointed their Expectations..
Review of his last Acts. - His Character as a
Statesman and Orator. Lord Goderich made
Premier, and Reconstruction of the Cabinet.-
Weakness of the new Cabinet, and its Cause.-
Impolitic Reduction of the Yeomanry.-Disso-
lution of the Goderich Cabinet.-The Duke of
Wellington appointed Premier, and his Cabinet.
-Mr. Huskisson's Resignation on the East Ret-
ford Question, and that of his Friends.-Recon-
struction of the Cabinet by Wellington.
tice of the Battle of Navarino in the King's
Speech. Grant to Mr. Canning's Family.
Finance Committee and Catholic Question.

No-

Corn-law Bill-Bill for the Suppression of small
Notes. - Repeal of the Test and Corporation
Acts.-Argument for the Repeal. - Answer of
Ministers.-The Bill is carried in both Houses.
- Reflections on this subject.-Rapid Increase
of Disturbances in Ireland. Facilities which
the Forty-shilling Freeholders gave to their De-
signs.-The Catholic Association gets the com-
plete Command of the Forty-shilling Freehold-
ers.- - Mr. O'Connell elected for the County
of Clare.-Immense Results of this Triumph.-
Mr. Lawless's Progress to the North. Mr.
Sheil's Description of Ireland at this period.—
The Catholic Association interferes to moderate
the Transports. - Proclamation of Government
against the Meetings. Meeting on Penenden
Heath. The King in vain urges more vigorous
Measures against the Catholics. · Difficulties

---

with which the question was beset.-Commence-
ment of yielding in the Cabinet.-Mr. Dawson's
Speech at Londonderry.-Ambiguous Letter of
the Duke of Wellington, and explicit one of the
Lord-Lieutenant. -Increased Violence of the
Catholic Leaders.-Difficulties which Ministers
had with the King on the subject. King's
Speech. Immense Sensation which this Speech
excited in the Country.-Argument of Mr. Peel
in favor of the Catholics.-Answer of the Anti-
Catholics. Division on the question, and vio-
lent Resistance to the Bill in the Country.-
Speech of the Duke of Wellington in the Lords
on the subject.-The Bill is carried in the Peers,
and by a large Majority.-Great Reluctance of
the King to the Bill. Bill for disfranchising
the Forty-shilling Freeholders.-Mr. O'Connell's
Claim for a Seat before the Bill is rejected.-The
second Clare Election. His violent language
and Ingratitude.-Character of Mr. O'Connell.--
Explanations of his Inconsistencies in the Catho-
lic Faith.-His good Qualities.-Catholic Eman-
cipation a Victory gained by the highly-educated
Classes over the People.-Aided by the Contrac-
tion of the Currency, and the Power of the Catho-
lic Clergy. -Great Difference between the Re-,
sults of Emancipation and what was predicted by
all Parties.-Emancipation was a wise and great
Measure. Religious Differences unavoidable,.
when Religion is thought of at all.-Unworthy
Spirit in which Emancipation was received by
the Roman Catholics.-How it was that Catholic
Emancipation failed.-Its beneficial Effects on
the English Government.-Emancipation would
have equally failed if granted earlier, or if it had
been more complete.-Emancipation has brought
a righteous Retribution to both Parties.-First Ef-
fect of Emancipation in inducing Reform.-Ef-
fects of Reform in inducing Free Trade.-Effects
of these Changes on the Population and Catho
lics of Ireland.-Beneficial Effect of these Chan-
ges on the United Empire. Reaction against
Catholicism in Great Britain and in America.

CHAPTER XXII.

DOMESTIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE PASS-
ING OF THE CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL IN 1829, TO
THE FALL OF THE WELLINGTON ADMINISTRA-
TION IN 1830.

The Interval between Emancipation and the pass-
ing of the Reform Bill was entirely occupied by
the Question of Reform.-Great Want of Rep-
resentation for the commercial Towns. - The
Interests of the Boroughs now at Variance with
those of the Country.-Effects of the Contrac-
tion of the Currency on the desire for Reform.-
Effect of Catholic Agitation, and its Success in
stimulating Reform. Division among the To-
ries from the Effect of the Contraction of the
Currency. Catholic Emancipation powerfully
aided the desire for Reform.-Great Effect of
the entire Suppression of small Notes in March,
1829.-Motion on the Distress of the Silk-Weav-

ers.-The Budget of 1829.-Statement of Mr. Att-

wood as to the Causes of Irish Distress and Agi-

tation. Mr. Waithman's Exposition of the Ef-

fect of the monetary System on Manufactures.-

Relations with Portugal, and Refusal of the En-

glish Government to interfere in its Concerns.-

The Expedition to Terceira; and is beat off by

the British Squadron.-Great Distress in Great

Britain and Ireland during the whole of 1829.-

Serious Riots in many Places; and in Ireland,

where the Agitation for the Repeal of the Union

commenced.-Serious Riots between Protestants

and Catholics in Ireland. - Meeting of Parlia-

ment.-Interesting Debate on the public Distress

in the House of Lords.-Duke of Wellington's

Reply-Narrow Division, and declared Changes

in Parliament.-Critical and painful Position of

the Duke of Wellington. Reflections on the

Duke's Explanation.-Sir James Graham's Mo-

tion for a Reduction of the Salaries of public

Officers. Mr. Hume's Motion for a Reduction

of the Army and Navy lost. Mr. Thomson's

Motion for a Revision of the System of Taxation.

-Ministers beat on a minor Question.-Motion

of Mr. Attwood on the Currency. - Financial

Measures, and great Reductions of Government.

-Taxes remitted on Beer, Leather, and Cider.-

Great Satisfaction at the Budget, and its entire

Failure to relieve the general Distress.-Mr. Bar-

ing's Speech on the Abandonment of the Sinking

Fund. Reflections on the Abandonment of the

Sinking Fund.-Which arose from the Repeal of

so many indirect Taxes.-Which was occasioned

by the Contraction of the Currency. Which

also produced the cry for Reform.-Disinclina-

tion of the Whigs generally to parliamentary Re-

form. Various Motions on parliamentary Reform

made in Parliament during the Session of 1830.

-Rise of the political Unions, and their great

Influence.-Illness and Death of George IV.

Character of George IV. variously given by op-

posite Parties.-Great Events of his Reign.-His

remarkable Talents.-His Failings and Vices.-

William IV.: his Character and Failings.-His

personal Character, and Queen. - Precarious

Condition of Ministers after the Accession of

William IV.-Debate on the question of a Re-

gency in the event of the King's Death.-Prose-

cution of the Press, and West India Question.-

Prorogation and Dissolution of Parliament, and

French Revolution.-Result of the Elections fa-

vorable to the Liberals.-Distracted State of Ire-

land, and entire Failure of the Emancipation to

pacify it. Successive Efforts of the Agitators,

and their Influence on the Elections.-Opening

of the Manchester and Liverpool Railway, and

Death of Mr. Huskisson. Reflections on the

Railway System, and its rapid Growth.-Its vast

and lasting monetary Effects, and moral and po-

litical Effects.-Political Effects of the Railway

System. Its Evils and Dangers in the unduc

sway of the Capital.-Its political Effects.-Mil-

itary Results of the Railway System. On the

whole, it augments the Means of defending Na-

tions.- - Disturbances and Incendiarism in the

Southern Counties. King's Speech. - Lord

Grey's Declaration on Reform.-Duke of Wel-

lington's famous Speech against the Reform.-

Immense Effect produced by this Declaration.-

Mr. Brougham's Plan of Reform.-Postponement

of the King's Visit to the City.-General Con-
sternation on the occasion. Speech of Mr.
Brougham on the occasion. Division on the
Civil List leaves Ministers in a Minority.

CHAPTER XXIII.

DOMESTIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE FALL

OF THE WELLINGTON ADMINISTRATION IN 1829,

TO THE PASSING OF THE REFORM BILL IN 1832.

Reflections on the Fall of the Wellington Ministry.

-Causes which rendered the Change so decisive.

---

-What had set these Causes in Motion.-What

made the Duke's Declaration against Reform so

important. The Difficulty in forming the new

Ministry fixes Mr. Brougham's Claims. - Char-

acter of Earl Grey.-His Character as an Orator,

and in private.-His Defects and Errors, but no-

ble Use of Power when acquired.-He was mis-

led by others as to the Effect of the Reform Bill.

-Character of Lord Brougham.-His Merits as

a Judge. His Character as a Statesman.-His

Style of Oratory.-Lord Palmerston his Euro-

pean Reputation. His versatile Talents and

Character. His Character as a Diplomatist and

Orator. His Errors. Lord John Russell..

His Intrepidity and Self-confidence.—Lord Mel-

bourne. Sir James Graham: his administrative

Powers. His Inconsistencies.-Earl Grey's An-

nouncement of his Principles of Government.-

Distracted State of England during the Winter.

-Agitation and increased Misery in Ireland.-

Agitation for the Repeal of the Union, and Prose-

cution of Mr. O'Connell, who is allowed to Es-

cape. The Budget, which is defeated.-Descrip-

tion of Taxes to be taken off and put on.-Com-

mittee on the Reform Bill.-Feeling, and Peti-

tions of the Country.-Introduction of the Re-

form Bill by Lord John Russell.-Argument of

the Ministers in favor of the Bill.-Ministerial

Plan of Reform.-Qualification of Voters: The

£10 Clause.-Plan as to Scotland and Ireland.

-Astonishment in the House at the Bill.-

Argument against the Bill.- Clear Division of

Conservatives and Reformers which ensued

in the Country. - Agitation in the Country. -

Courageous Petition from the Merchants and

Bankers of London against the Bill. Second

Reading of the Bill carried by a Majority of one.

-General Gascoigne's Motion is carried against

Government by eight.-Dangers on both sides in

ulterior Measures. Liberal Settlement on the

Royal Family.-Efforts made to win the King by

his Vanity.-Means by which the King was in-

duced to dissolve Parliament.-How the King's

Resistance is overcome.-Violent Scene in the

House of Commons. Scene in the House of

Peers when the King dissolved Parliament.

Violence at the Elections. - Dreadful Riots in

Scotland. Results of the Election. Prepara-

tions for Insurrection by the political Unions.-

Universal Delusions which prevailed among the

People. Rare Examples of Resistance to the

general Cry.-King's Speech on opening Parlia-

ment. The Reform Bill is carried by a Majority

of 136. Discussion on particular Boroughs -

Appleby.-Motion to give Members to the Colo-

nies negatived without a Division.-Marquis of

Chandos's Motion on £50 Tenants carried.-Bill

read a third time, and passed.-Efforts to intim-

idate the Peers. Lord Grey's Speech in the

House of Lords.-Bill thrown out by a Majority

of forty-one.-Vote of Confidence in the Com-

mons carried by 131.-Disorders in London and

in the Country. Great Meeting of political

Unions at Birmingham. - Riots at Derby_and

Nottingham.-Commencement of Riots at Bris-

tol.-Frightful Disorders.-Immense Destruction

of Property. The Riots are at once suppressed

when the Military are ordered to act.-Good Ef-

fects of these dreadful Scenes.-Disturbances in

other Quarters.-Proclamation against political

Unions.-The new Reform Bill introduced.-In-

creased democratic Character of the new Bill.-

Division on the Bill, and Sir R. Peel's Speech

against it. Third Reading carried in the Com-

mons by 116, and Lord J. Russell's closing Dec-

laration.-General Distress in the Country, and

Mr. Hunt's Motion regarding it. Declining

State of the public Revenue.-State of Ireland.

-Dreadful Tithe outrages in Wexford and New-

tonberry. Resolution of the Cabinet to create

Peers. The King is violently agitated, and re-

luctantly consents. Secret Negotiations with

the Waverers.-Revolutionary Meetings to coerce
the Peers.-Second Reading of the Bill carried
by a Majority of nine.-Lord Lyndhurst's Amend-
ment carried by thirty-five.-Ministers resign, and
their Resignation is accepted.-The King sends
for the Duke of Wellington to form a Ministry.-
Vehement Excitement in the Country.--The Duke
fails in forming an Administration. - Lord Eb-
rington's Motion in the House of Commons car-
ried by eighty.-The King submits, and gives Au-
thority to create Peers.-The King's Circular to
the Opposition Peers to leave the House of Peers.
-Reflections on this Event, and on the Act.-
The Bill passes both Houses, and receives the
royal Assent.-The Scotch and Irish Bills passed.
-Vast Effects of the Reform in Scotland and Ire-
land. Its lasting and important Effects.-Gen-
eral Results of the Reform Bill on the Imperial
Parliament.-Reflections on this Change in the
Constitution of England as affecting our extern-
al Relations, and as affecting our internal and
social State. The vast Emigration is chiefly ow-
ing to the Changes produced by the Reform Bill.
-Principle of the old Constitution.-Which is
proved by the Acts of the House of Commons.
-Equal Distribution of the public Burdens.
Causes of the Difficulties of the representative
System.-What first broke up the old Constitu-
tion.-The Reform Bill was an Effect, in the first
instance, of the Increase of realized Wealth, and
of the Fall of Prices occasioned by the Contrac-
tion of the Currency.-How this fall engender-
ed the Passion for Reform.-Which explains the
universal Hostility at the close Boroughs.-And
which was only rendered worse by the Talent
which got in by the close Boroughs.-Which ex-
plains the Changes of general Opinion during the
Reform Movement.- The new Constituencies
were some time of discovering their own Power.
-Great Mistake in the Estimate of the Effect of
the Reform Bill.. Command of the House of
Commons gained by the Shop-keepers.-Errors
on both sides during the Contest.- Great and
early Fault of the Conservatives.- What they
should have done. - Error of the Conservatives
in throwing out the Duke of Wellington's Ad-
ministration.--The Duke of Wellington's Decla-
ration against Reform.-Faults of the Liberals,
first in forcing on Reform at all at this time.-
Great Error in the uniform Representation in the
Boroughs.-Mistake of the Whigs as to the In-
fluence in the Boroughs.-Which led to the prac-
tical Disfranchisement of the Colonies and ship-
ping Interests.-And they were subjected to the
Government of adverse Interests. The urban
Constituencies have got for themselves an entire
Exemption from direct Taxation. - Prospective
Abandonment of our colonial Empire.-Which is
defended by the Government and Free-Traders.-
Labor was unrepresented.-Want of the Repre-
sentation of Intelligence and Education.-Dan-
gers arising from this circumstance.-Talent has
taken Refuge in the Press: its Danger.-Vast
Increase of Corruption under the Reform Bill.-
Which Evil would not be removed, but increased,
by the Ballot and lowering the Suffrage.-Great
Fault of the Liberals in the Way the Reform Bill
was carried.-Danger of coercing the House of
Peers. - Wisdom of the Duke of Wellington's
Advice to the Majority in the Peers to withdraw.
-Summary of the Faults on both sides.-The
producing Classes were still the Majority in Num-
ber and Value.-The Reform Bill has strength-
ened Government by enlarging its Basis.-Where
the Risk now lies.-Way in which the moneyed
Classes had got the Cominand of the producing.

Enormous Sums spent by working Classes

in Great Britain on Drink.-Is this the Result

of a general Law of Nature? - Great political

Truth evolved by the Reform Bill. Its Ex-

emplification in France and England. - Great

Law of Nature on the subject. ·

Which is in-

tended to limit Population in the later Stages of

Society.

CHAPTER XXIV.

FRANCE AND EUROPE FROM THE ACCESSION OF

LOUIS PHILIPPE IN 1830, TO THE OVERTHROW

OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS IN THE

SAME YEAR.

Objects to which great popular Movements have

been directed.-The real Evils of Society are

not so certainly removed by these Convulsions.

-Prosperity of the Bourgeois Class.-The In-

terests of the Bourgeoisie were adverse to those

of Labor. Effect of the Spread of Machinery,

Steam, and Railways. -Increased Strength of

the Government.-Dangers to which this led.-

The Republicans: their Chances of Success.-

The Napoleonists: their Chances.-The Orlean-

ists: their Chances.-The Duke of Orleans re-

mains in Retirement. - Important Conversation

between the Baron de Glandevès and Lafitte.—

Arguments for and against the Duke's being called

to the Crown. - Project of giving the Lieuten-

ancy-General to the Duke of Orleans, and the

Crown to the Duke of Bordeaux.-First Placards

in the Orleans interest.-Situation of the Duke

of Orleans.-Interview between M. Thiers and

the Duchess of Orleans.-Irresolute Conduct of

the Duke of Orleans.-Meetings of the Deputies

and Peers.-Meeting at the Chamber of Peers.-

Reunion of the Republicans at Lointier's.-Scene

at the Hôtel de Ville. Continued Indecision

at the Hôtel de Ville.-Easy Defeat of the Na-

poleonists.-Panic of the Orleanists at Lafitte's.-

Arrival of the Duke of Orleans at Paris, and his

Interview with M. de Mortemart.-The Duke

accepts the Lieutenancy-General of the King-

dom.-M. Guizot's Proclamation of the Princi-

ples of the Government.-Visit of the Duke of

Orleans to the Hôtel de Ville.-His Reception

there.-Reflections on this Interview.-Efforts of

the Orleanists to popularize the new Dynasty.—

Conversation between the Duke of Orleans and

the Republicans.-Noble Speech of Chateaubri-

and.-Chateaubriand refuses the Port-folio of for-

eign Affairs.-Acceptance of the Crown by Louis

Philippe.-Speeches on the Occasion of his ac-

cepting the Constitution.-Changes in the Con-

stitution of the Revolution.-Peers who resigned,

and Ministers who were appointed. - Grievous

Distress in Paris.-Reception of the Revolution

at Lyons, Bordeaux, and in the Provinces.-Rec-

ognition of Louis Philippe by the English Gov-

ernment.-Manner in which he is received by the

continental Sovereigns.-His Recognition by the

Cabinet of Vienna, and by Prussia.-Character

of Louis Philippe: opposite Views of it.-Ex-

planation of its seeming Contradictions.-Feat-

ures, good and bad, of his Character. - Vicissi-

tudes of his Life, and Impress they had affixed to

his Character.-Extreme Difficulties with which

he had to contend.-Dissensions in the Council,

and Violence of the National Guard Deputation.-

Suspicious Death and Testament of the Duke de

Bourbon. - Injurious Reports spread abroad by

the Bequest of the Duke's Property to the Duke

d'Aumale.-Attitude of M. de Lafayette, and its

Dangers. Disturbances in Paris. -First legis-

lative Measures of the new Government.-Dis-

cussions on the Electoral Law.-First financial

Measures of the new Government.-Proceedings

Minister of the Interior on the subject.-Attempt

to revolutionize Spain from Paris. Which is

secretly favored by Louis Philippe and his Min-

isters.-The Enterprise is undertaken, and fails.

-State of Belgium and its Dispositions.-Causes

of Discord among the Inhabitants.-Revolution-

ary Party in Belgium, and its great Increase by

the Events in Paris in July.-Commencement of

the Revolution.-Progress of the Insurrection.-

Negotiations of the Insurgents with the King.-
Demands of the Leaders of the Revolution. -
Speech of the King on opening the Chambers.-
The Army is directed by the King and Chambers
on Brussels.-Prince Frederick attacks Brussels.
-The Dutch Troops are in the end defeated, and
retire to Antwerp. - The Insurrection extends
generally, and the Separation of Belgium and
Holland is pronounced by the Chamber.-State
of political Feeling in Germany.-Disturbances
in Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne. - Convulsions
in all the North of Germany.-In Dresden, Leip-
sic, and Brunswick.-Political Contests in Switz-
erland. - Convulsions in Italy. - Change in the
Order of Succession in Spain.-Its Motives and
political Objects.--Promulgation of the Decree.
-Resumé of the Influence of the Revolution in

France over Europe.

CHAPTER XXV.

FRANCE FROM THE OVERTHROW OF THE KINGDOM

OF THE NETHERLANDS IN OCTOBER, 1830, TO

THE ABOLITION OF THE HEREDITARY PEERAGE

IN SEPTEMBER, 1831.

Change in the Attitude of France in reference to the

Continental Powers.- Cabinet Divisions, and

Fall of the Ministry.-Commencement of the Tri-

al of the late Ministers.-Conduct of the accused

before the Trial.-Disturbed State of Paris be-

fore this.-Commencement of the Trial.-Disso-

lution of the Administration.-Formation of M.

Lafitte's Ministry.-M. Lafitte's Statement of the

Principles of his Ministry.-Progress of the Tri-

al of the Ex-ministers.-Arguments of M. Sauzet

for the accused.-Condemnation and Punishment

of the accused. The accused are safely con-

veyed to Vincennes, and thence to Ham.-Dis-

affection of the National Guard, and the Misery

of the Capital. -Demands of Lafayette.-Dis-

missal of M. de Lafayette from the Command of

the National Guard.-Changes in the Cabinet.-

Favorable Accounts from Algiers. Great addi-

tional Expenditure for the Army and its Forces.

-Competition for the Crown of Belgium, and its

final Separation from Holland.-Crown of Bel-

gium offered to Duke de Nemours.

Jan. 20, 1831, fixing Limits of Holland and Bel-

Protocol,

gium.-Views in London and Paris on Louis Phi-
lippe's Refusal.-Weak and distracted State of
Belgium.-Perilous State of Italy.-Insurrections
in Bologna, Modena, Reggio, and Parma.-Inter-
vention of Austria in Italy.-Entry of the Aus-
trians into Bologna, and Suppression of the Insur-
rection.-Affairs of Germany, and precautionary
Measures there. - Defensive Measures in Aus-
tria.-State of Feeling in Prussia.-Great Fer-
mentation in the lesser States of Germany..
Troubles in Saxony and Hesse-Cassel.-Insur-
rection in Hanover. - Violence of Parties, and
Misery in Paris.-Alarming Budget of 1831, and
its Effects.-Universal Indignation it excited.-
Deplorable Situation of Commerce and Credit.-
General Indignation of the Democrats.-Extrav-
agant Ideas generally afloat in Society at this
time.-State of Corruption into which the Sys-
tem of Centralization had sunk France.-Moral
Statistics of Paris at this Period.-Tumult in the
Church of St. Germain l'Auxerrois.-Sack of the
Church-Sack of Archbishop's Palace at Nôtre
Dame.-Attacks on Individuals, and deplorable
Weakness of Government.-Fall of Lafitte, and
Appointment of Casimir Périer in his stead.
Views of Parties on this Change of Ministry.—
Change in the Electoral Law.-Proscription of
the elder Branch of the Bourbons.-Violent Op-
position of the Liberal Journals to Casimir Pé-
rier, and Formation of the National Association.
-Casimir Périer's Speech on the Principles of
his Government.-Continued in reference to for-
eign Affairs.-Louis Philippe's Efforts to concil-
jate the Electors.-Disturbances in Paris.-The

King's Progresses into Normandy and Cham-
pagne. Unfavorable Issue of the Elections for
the Crown-King's Speech.-Defeat of the Gov-
ernment on the Choice of President and Vice-
President.-Affairs of Holland and Flanders.-
What the London Congress should have done.-
Views of Talleyrand and Lord Palmerston.-Rea-
sons which led them to support the Belgians.-
Leopold of Saxe-Cobourg elected King of Bel-
gium.-Change which this Election made on the
Views of Holland and Belgium.-Change in the
Policy of Great Britain regarding Belgium. —
Change in the Language of England and France
regarding Luxembourg.
tiation, and secret Treaty of France and England.
-Progress of the Nego-
-The five Powers deviate from the Act of