The difficulty of erecting the bridge was increased by the depth of the river, which in one part is twenty-six feet at low water, with a rising tide of twelve to eighteen feet, by the rapidity of the current, which is often ten feet in a second, and by the shifting and sandy bottom.

Of the ecclesiastical edifices of Bordeaux the cathedral is the most worthy of notice. It is an antient Gothic edifice, not far from the old castle of Ha. Like some of the other finest monuments of this kind of architecture in France, it owes its origin to the English, though a church stood upon the same spot prior to their domination. It is irregular in its architecture, owing to the various dates at which it was built or repaired, but it commands admiration by the boldness of its arched roof and flying buttresses, the number and elegance of its spires and the richness of its ornaments, especially its altar. The nave is about 85 English feet high, 53 wide, and 193 long from the end of the church to the intersection of the transepts. (M. Millin.) The whole length of the church is about 413 feet. It is adorned with painted windows, sculptures, and bas-reliefs, and is dedicated to St. André, or Andrew. The front is adorned with two spires upwards of 150 feet high; they were restored in 1810 after having become much dilapidated. Near the cathedral is a tower built by one of the archbishops (Pierre) in 1440, and commonly called St. Pey-Berland. The staircase by which it is ascended has 200 steps. It is now used as a shot tower. The church of St. Michel, built by the English in the twelfth century, is a specimen of purer and more regular Gothic architecture than the cathedral. Its tower, built separate from the church in the fifteenth century, after the expulsion of the English, once remarkable_for its height, has suffered much from the weather. church of the Feuillans is only remarkable as the burialplace of Montaigne. Eleven Catholic and three Protestant churches are mentioned in Reichard's Descriptive Road-Book of France, and there is a magnificent Jews' synagogue, built in the time of Napoleon.

The

Margaux, Lafitte, Latour, and Haut Brion, are from the district of Médoc on the left bank of the river Garonne below the city. Bordeaux imports cotton, indigo, tobacco, sugar, coffee, cocoa, and other articles, from the French West Indian colonies; tin, lead, copper, coal, hardwares, timber for ship building, masts, hemp, hides, horns, salt beef, and salted salmon from England, Holland, Northern Europe, and America. Many vessels are built, and many hundred workmen employed in the vast building yards which extend along the Garonne. There are at Bordeaux two large fairs, one of which opens on the 1st of March, the other on the 15th of October. (Malte Brun; Balbi; Dictionnaire Geographique, par Robert; Macculloch's Dictionary of Commerce, &c.)

The shipping belonging to the port of Bordeaux amounted in 1833 to 78,915 tons; in 1831 it was as much as 98,737 tons, including 15 steam-vessels of the aggregate burthen of about 3000 tons. The number and tonnage of vessels that entered the port, exclusive of coasting vessels, in each of the three years ending with 1832, were as follows:

Inwards

Outwards

Ships. Tons. Ships. Tons. Ships. Tons. 2526 128,426 2341 108,370 2352 125,286 2469 131,421 2141 91,287 2479 126,800

Very few of the vessels belonging to Bordeaux are engaged in the cod fishery, and only two ships are employed in the whale fishery. Between one-fourth and one-third of the French colonial trade is carried on by the merchants of Bordeaux.

The quantities of wine and brandy exported from the Gironde in the same years were

Wine.

1829 imperial gallons 9,643,053
1830
1831

6,281,412 5,370,110

Brandy.

2,013,795

687,361

655,193

About a twentieth part of the wine and a tenth part of the brandy were sent to this kingdom.

Bordeaux had an abbey, that of Ste. Croix of the Benedictine order, which was held in commendam when Expilly wrote, in 1762. There were also before the Revolution three seminaries for the education of the priesthood, a rich commandery of the order of Malta, and several religious houses both for men and women. The Chartreuse or monastery of the Carthusians in the suburb of St. Seurin was very magnificent. The church formerly attached to it is richly decorated. The vineyard of this Chartreuse is now converted into a public cemetery, like that of Père la Chaise at Paris. As a place of trade Bordeaux is eminent. Its commerce in the early part of the eighteenth century was very considerable, and Martinière (Grand Dictionnaire) enumerates among the articles of trade dried plums, resin, vinegar, and especially wine, of which in time of peace 100,000 casks were exported annually. This wine was the produce not only of the neighbourhood of Bordeaux, but also of Languedoc and the district of Montauban. The opening of the The population of Bordeaux in 1832 was 100,262 for the great Canal du Midi, which united the Garonne with the city, or 109,467 for the whole commune. The population Mediterranean, tended much to promote the trade of this of the town in 1810 was 93,699, and in 1820, 89,202. The place. It enables the Bordelois to supply the south of patois of the country is spoken by the Jews, by the uneduFrance with colonial produce almost as cheap as the Mar-cated classes, and the population of the outskirts; the other seillois. The loss of St. Domingo was injurious to Bor- inhabitants speak French. deaux, with which that colony had many important connexions, and to which much of its produce was consigned. But of late years this injury has been more than repaired by the increase of manufacturing industry, especially in articles of perfumery, in the distillation of various liqueurs, &c., in weaving stockings, carpets, and cottons, and the making of earthenware, porcelain, bottles, casks, hats, paper, vinegar, and nitric acid. Among the liqueurs prepared here, the aniseed is much celebrated. There is a royal snuff manufactory near the castle of Ha, in which 500 persons are constantly employed, many refining houses for sugar, some iron foundries, and ropewalks. These manufactures furnish articles for exportation, especially to the French colonies. Cattle, hides, provisions, flour, clover seed, brandy, almonds, prunes, chestnuts, walnuts, cork, turpentine, resin, tartar, cream of tartar, verdigris, linens, and colonial produce are shipped to various parts of Europe, to the French colonies, to America, or to India. Wine is however the staple export of Bordeaux, which is the principal outlet for the wines of the western districts of France, and even of the southern and midland districts. Claret is chiefly shipped at Bordeaux, and is the produce of the neighbouring country. The first growths, those of Château

This city has numerous establishments for education and the promotion of science. It has an Academie Universitaire and a Collège Royal, or high school; schools of architecture, hydrography, and navigation; botany and natural history; drawing and painting; medicine and surgery. There is a school for the deaf and dumb, founded in 1785. When Mr. Milford visited this institution in 1814 it contained 100 persons, chiefly young; the establishment was in high repute. There are several learned societies, as the Academie Royale des Sciences, Arts, et Belles Lettres; La Societé Royale de Médicine; La Societé Medico-Chirurgicale, &c. The public library contains 110,000 volumes, among which is a copy of Montaigne's Essays, with the author's marginal corrections. The botanic garden is maintained by the government for the purpose of naturalizing exotic plants, of which, as well as of indigenous plants, it contains a good variety. There are a museum of antiquities and a gallery of pictures, which occupy several rooms in one of the wings of the royal palace; and a cabinet of natural history, which is well kept up, in the hôtel of the Academie Royale. In the museum of antiquities are the inscriptions and bas-reliefs dug up in the city and its environs. There is an observatory. (Balbi Malte Brun, &c.)

Bordeaux has some fine hospitals, Le Grand Hôpital de | St. André is near the cathedral. It is spoken of by M. Millin (Voyage dans les Departments du Midi) as well managed, but in too close a situation. There are a lunatic asylum and a foundling hospital. The latter is near the river, in the south quarter of the city; the building is very extensive and commodious; and many hundred children, from infancy up to twelve years of age and more, are sheltered and brought up in it. In 1814 there were 700 children in it, and 2000 out-pensioners in the country. For an account of the Depot de Mendicité, and of the state of the wretchedly poor in this city, the reader is referred to the parliamentary report on the state of the foreign poor.

Bordeaux is the capital of the department of Gironde, the largest department in France. The arrondissement of Bordeaux comprehends 1668 square miles, or 1,067,520 acres, and is consequently larger than the county of Kent, but much less populous; it is subdivided into 18 cantons, or 153 communes. It had, in 1832, 245,348 inhabitants. Bordeaux is also the seat of a Cour Royale, or high tribunal, the jurisdiction of which extends over the departments of Gironde, Charente, and Dordogne. It is the capital of the eleventh military division, which includes the departments of Landes, Gironde, Dordogne, Lot, Lot et Garonne, and Basses Pyrénées.

The diocese of Bordeaux is doubtless very antient. Some have attempted to carry its origin as far back as to the first century, but it is scarcely needless to observe that this supposition is unsupported by proof. There were however bishops of this place about the year 300, for one of them assisted at the first council of Arles, held in 314. When the diocesan was raised to the rank of metropolitan is not certain. The archbishops took the style of Primates of Aquitaine, but this dignity was disputed with them by the Archbishops of Bourges. They had nine suffragans, the Bishops of Agen, Angoulême, Condom, Luçon, Périgueux, Poitiers, La Rochelle, Saintes, and Sarlat. At present the diocese is co-extensive with the department of Gironde; and the archbishop has six suffragans, namely, the Bishops of Agen, Angoulême, Luçon, Perigueux, Poitiers, and La Rochelle. Bordeaux is the native country of some eminent men, the poet Decius Magnus Ausonius; St. Paulinus, bishop of Nola, a father of the fifth century; Berquin, the author of the Idylles,' L'Ami des Enfans,' &c.; and Gensonné, one of the eminent men of the carly period of the Revolution. Montesquieu was born at the Château de Brède, about ten miles from Bordeaux.

BORDELOIS, or BOURDELOIS, the district of which Bordeaux was the capital. It included several subordinate districts, such as the Bordelois properly so called, Médoc, Les Landes de Bordeaux, and many others; and extended on both sides of the Garonne, the Dordogne, and the Gironde. It was bounded on the N. by Saintonge, on the E. by Périgord and Bazadois, on the S.E. and S. by Les Grandes Landes, on the W. side it was washed by the ocean. It is included in the present department of Gironde, to which we refer the reader for a fuller description of its physical features. Suffice it to say here that it includes one of the most important wine countries in France. The immediate neighbourhood of Bordeaux is well watered, no less than six brooks flow through that town, and to the west of it is a marsh the level of which is below that of the streams which cross it. The streams which flow toward the sea being prevented from reaching it by sand hills, form the etangs or pools which line the coast of the Bordelois. A great part of the Bordelois is a mere sandy heath, and in the midst of this are several marshes. [GIRONDE, DEPARTMENT OF.] BORE, a phenomenon which occurs in some rivers, near their mouth at spring tides. Bore is probably an Indian word, but we cannot suggest any etymology unless it come from the Hindustani bôr,' signifying deep. When the tide enters the river, the waters suddenly rise to a great height, in some rivers many feet above the surface of the stream, and rush with tremendous noise against the current for a considerable distance. Sometimes the waters do not subside till they have almost reached the limit of tide-water. As this swell does not occur in all rivers where there is a tide, it is evident that it must be caused by some conformation of the banks or bed of the river, or by both combined. It seems to be necessary, in order that there should be a bore, that the river should fall into an æstuary, that this æstuary be subject to high tides, and that it contract gradually; and lastly that the river also narrow by degrees.

The rise of the sea at spring tides pushes a great volume of water into the wide entrance of the estuary, where it accumulates, not being able to flow off quick enough into the narrower part. The tide therefore enters with the greater force the narrower the estuary becomes, and when it reaches the mouth of the river, the swell has already obtained a considerable height above the descending stream, and rushes on like a torrent.

In England the bore is observed in some rivers, more especially in the Severn, Trent (Stark's Gainsborough), Wye, in Solway Frith, and probably in other rivers and estuaries also, in which the water rises suddenly a few feet, and then rushes on against the current of the river. The bore is called in some parts of England, for instance in the Trent and Severn, the Eagre or Hygre. (Gibson's Camden, i. 268; Stark.) The most remarkable bores hitherto described are those of the Ganges and Brahmapootra. In the Hoogly branch of the Ganges the bore is so quick, that it takes only four hours in travelling from Fultah to Nia-serai, above Hoogly town, a distance of nearly 70 m. At Calcutta it sometimes causes an instantaneous rise of five feet, which would occasion great damage among the smaller vessels, if it did not run along one bank only, so that the barges, on hearing the noise which precedes it, can be safely brought to the other side of the river, or to the middle, where the swell is indeed considerable, but not so sudden as to endanger vessels which are skilfully managed. In the channels between the islands at the mouth of the Megna or Brahmapootra, the height of the bore is said to exceed 12 ft., and it is so terrific in its appearances, and so dangerous in its consequences, that no boat will venture to navigate there at spring-tide; but it does not ascend to any great distance in this river, which is probably owing to the great width of the channel of the Megna.

The phenomenon observed in the mouths of the Indus must be of the same kind. Burnes remarks (London Geog. J. vol. iii.) that the tides rise in the mouths of the Indus about 9 feet at full moon; and flow and ebb with great violence, particularly near the sea, where they flood and abandon the banks with equal and incredible velocity. It is dangerous to drop the anchor unless at low water, as the channel is frequently obscured, and the vessel may be left dry. The tides are only perceptible 75 m. from the sea.' The boats of Alexander experienced these dangerous tides in the Indus (Alexander, vol. i. p. 301), and his historian, Arrian, is the first who has described them. (Anab. vi. 19.) On the N. coast of Brazil, especially on the shores of the provinces Parà and Maranhão, a similar phenomenon is observed in some rivers, and in the channel which extends between the coast and a series of islands from Cape Norte to the mouth of the river Macappà; but it does not occur at the mouth of the Amazon river, as is stated by Malte Brun. This phenomenon, which is called by the Indians pororóca, is particularly strong in the Araguari river, which runs into the sea near Cape Norte, and in the rivers Guama and Capim near Parà, and also in the river Meary in Maranhão. The description of the pororóca does not differ materially from that of the bore of the rivers in India, except that it rises to 15 feet, and forms three or even four swells, which follow in rapid succession. If the last circumstance be true, the pororóca must be the effect of circumstances different from those which we have supposed to unite to produce the bore. It is also said that some parts of these rivers being obstructed by shoals, the pororóca is only observable on these shoals, and that it disappears in deep water, for which reason the barges are moored in these parts, where they are only exposed to a strong agitation of the waters. (Rennell's Hindoostan; Ayre's Corografia Brasilica; and Eschwege's Brasilien.)

BORECOLE, a kind of cabbage with curly leaves, and no disposition to form a heart or head. It is chiefly valued for winter use. After the more delicate kinds of vegetables have been rendered unfit for cooking by the severity of frost, this form of the cabbage tribe is in its state of greatest excellence. The interior leaves are thin, tender, and excellent. Several sorts are met with in gardens, the best of which, as being the hardiest, are the dwarf or Colebrook-dale borecole, and what is called German greens, or Scotch kail. These plants are raised in all respects like other hardy cabbages, and the duration of their crop is prolonged by sowing the seed at intervals of about a month, commencing at the end of March, and ceasing with the beginning of August. As they are apt to produce long naked stems, it is usual to earth them

Aldobrandini (Clement VIII.), and thus the Aldobrandini | inheritance came into the Borghese family. Paolo's son, Giovan Battista, prince of Sulmona and Rossano, duke of Palombara, &c., was ambassador of Philip V. of Spain at the court of Rome, where he died in 1717, and was buried in the splendid family chapel at Sta. Maria Maggiore. He left numerous legacies for charitable purposes, and remitted to all his vassals their arrears of rent, fees, and other dues, which they had owed him since the year 1700. His son, Marc Antonio Borghese, was made viceroy of Naples for the emperor in 1721. Another Marc Antonio, a descendant of the viceroy, was Prince Borghese in the second half of the last century, who was well known as a patron of the fine arts, and a great collector of statues and other antiquities, with which he enriched his fine villa on the Pincian Hill. He left two sons, the eldest Don Camillo, who early embraced the part of the French, and went to Paris, where he married in 1803 Marie Pauline Bonaparte, Napoleon's sister, and widow of General Leclerc. He was made in 1805 prince of the French empire, afterwards duke of Guastalla, and lastly governor-general of the departments beyond the Alps, which included the former states of Piedmont and Genoa, then annexed to France. In his new capacity, Prince Borghese fixed his residence at Turin, where he held a sort of court, and seems to have behaved so as to conciliate the inhabitants. He sold to Napoleon his fine museum of the villa Borghese, at Rome, for thirteen millions of francs, the amount of which he received in demesnial estates situated in Piedmont. On the fall of Napoleon Prince Borghese returned to Rome, and afterwards fixed his residence at Florence, where he built a magnificent palace, and lived in great splendour. He gave splendid balls, which were much frequented by foreigners, and especially by the English at Florence. At the same time he did not neglect his Roman residence, and he replaced in great measure by fresh acquisitions of statues and rilievi for his villa, the former collection which is in the museum of the Louvre. Prince Don Camillo died in 1832; his wife Pauline had died in 1825. As they left no issue, his younger brother, who till then went by the title of Prince Aldobrandini, has assumed the title of Prince Borghese.

Alexander VI. to forsake Alfonso, and apparently to countenance Charles's invasion of the kingdom of Naples. Charles even required Cardinal Cesare Borgia to accompany him to Naples as hostage for his father's fidelity. Cesare however had not gone farther than Velletri, on his flight from the French camp and return to Rome, when both he and his father turned against the French, after whose retreat from Italy they renewed their connexion with the Aragonese dynasty at Naples. Cesare joined his father and brother (the Duke of Gandia) in waging a war of extermination against the Orsini, Colonna, Savelli, and other baronial families of the Roman state, whose castles and lands they seized. In June, 1497, John Borgia Duke of Gandia was murdered in the night, and his body thrown into the Tiber, by unknown assassins. His brother Cesare was strongly suspected of the murder, as he had expressed his jealousy of his brother's secular rank and honours, while he himself felt no relish for his ecclesiastical dignities. The charge however against Cesare rests on mere suspicion, but his character was so bad, that he was considered capable of any deed, however atrocious. Soon afterwards Cesare resigned his cardinalate, and in 1498 was sent by the pope to France with the bull of divorce between Louis XII. and his wife Jeanne, daughter of Louis XI., after which Louis XII. married Anne of Britanny. On this occasion Louis made Cesare Duke of Valentinois in Dauphiny, from which circumstance he has been generally styled by the Italian historians Duca Valentino. In May, 1499, he married Charlotte, sister of Jean D'Albret, king of Navarre. The French having again crossed the Alps and taken the Milanese, Louis XII. sent a body of troops under Yvon d'Alègre to join those of Cesare Borgia, who was then waging war against the petty Lords of the towns of Romagna, who refused to acknowledge the supremacy of the court of Rome. He began by taking Imola, and afterwards besieged the castle of Forli, which was bravely defended by Caterina Sforza; but the place was stormed, the garrison massacred, and Caterina sent prisoner to Rome, where she was liberated through D'Alègre's intercession. The French being recalled to Lombardy, Cesare returned to Rome, which hẹ entered in triumph in February, 1500, when the pope created him Duke of Romagna and Gonfalionere of the Holy See. He then turned his arms against Giovanni Sforza, whom he drove out of Pesaro; he likewise took Rimini from the Malatesti. The people of Faenza defended themselves bravely for nearly a year on behalf of their young prince Astorre Manfredi, then fifteen years of age; at last they surrendered on condition that both Astorre and his brother Evangelista should be free. Borgia however sent them both prisoners to Rome, where they were cruelly put to death in 1501. He then attacked Bologna, but was stoutly resisted by Giovanni Bentivoglio, with whom he concluded a truce. In the same year he marched against Florence, but was obliged to desist by peremptory orders from the pope. He next accompanied the French army in its invasion of Naples, under d'Aubigny, and was present at the taking of There have been several cardinals of the Borghese fa- Capua, where the greatest atrocities were committed by the mily, one of whom, Scipione, nephew to Paul V., figured in invaders. Borgia seized upon a number of women whom the disputes between that pope and the republic of Venice. he sent to his palace at Rome; others were publicly sold. He began the Villa Borghese. (Tournon, Etudes Statis-In 1502 he took Urbino and Camerino, where he put to tiques sur Rome; Moreri's Dictionary; Valery, Voyages death Giulio da Varano and his sons. en Italie, &c.)

The House of Borghese has estates in the papal territory, in the kingdom of Naples, and in Tuscany. In the immediate neighbourhood of Rome alone it is possessed of 45,000 acres of ground, besides the estate of Palombara in Sabina. The vast town palace Borghese at Rome has a rich gallery of paintings. Besides the celebrated villa on the Pincian Mount, the family has the fine villa Aldo- | brandini, called also Belvedere, at Frescati, and other mansions on their various estates. The villa Borghese or Pinciana at Rome has been described in several works. (Montelatici, Villa Borghese fuori di Porta Pinciana, con gli ornamenti, figure, &c., Roma, 1700; Lamberti, Sculture del Palazzo della Villa Borghese, and lately by Visconti, Rome, 1821.)

The army of Borgia was composed chiefly of mercenaries; BO'RGIA, or BORJA, a family originally from Valencia and he had several condottieri under him, such as Vitelin Spain. Alfonso Borja was raised to the pontificate in lozzo Vitelli of Città di Castello and Baglioni of Perugia, 1445 by the name of Calixtus III. One of his sisters mar- Oliverotto of Fermo, Paolo Orsino, and others. These men, ried Geoffroy Lenzoli, likewise a Spaniard, who assumed either jealous of his power or afraid of his ambition and the name and arms of Borja, there being no male heir of that treachery, deserted his cause while he had gone to Lomfamily. Geoffroy had two sons, one of whom became Pre-bardy to meet King Louis XII. On his return to Romagna, fect of Rome, and the other, Rodriguez, was afterwards Pope Borgia resorted to his usual stratagems. He affected a reAlexander VI. Before his exaltation to the Pontificate conciliation with the revolted condottieri, and induced them Alexander had four sons and one daughter by Vanozia, a to repair to Sinigaglia, where he went himself, accompanied woman whose parentage is not exactly known. The eldest by a troop of men. He there seized upon their persons, exson John was made Duke of Gandia in Spain by King Fer- cept Petrucci of Siena and Baglione of Perugia, who were dinand of Aragon: the next, Cesare Borgia, is famous in fortunate enough to escape, and put them to death, together Italian history. When his father was elected pope, in 1492, with many of their followers. Sinigaglia was plundered on Cesare was studying at Pisa. He immediately went to that occasion. Machiavelli, who was with Borgia as envoy of Rome, where he was soon after made Archbishop of Va- the Florentine republic, gives a graphic account of the whole lenza in Italy, and afterwards cardinal. Cesare was early tragedy in his characteristic cool and concise style. When noted for his profligacy as well as for his abilities and deep Alexander VI. received the news, he arrested Cardinal cunning. His younger brother Geoffroy having married, in Orsini and other members of the same family, and ordered 1494, Sancia, natural daughter of Alfonso II. King of them to be put to death in prison. Borgia at this time was Naples, was made Duke of Squillace. The arrival of the the terror of all Central Italy, from the Adriatic to the MeFrench under Charles VIII. at Rome, in 1495, obliged diterranean: he aimed at making himself, with the counte

nance of the pope, independent sovereign of Romagna, the politan poets, the natural enemies of her family, and from Marches and Umbria. On the 18th August, 1503, Alex-whom Guicciardini probably derived the report, for he states ander VI. died, after a great supper, at which Cesare was it as a rumour which it is difficult to believe ;' and yet present, who felt himself dangerously ill at the same time, upon this subsequent writers, and Gibbon among the rest, and it has been said, though without sufficient evidence, have grounded their assertions of the charge. Of any parthat they both drank by mistake some poisoned wine which ticipation in the murder of her husband, or in any of her they intended for Cardinal di Corneto. The death of the brother's atrocious deeds, she has never been accused. At pope ruined Borgia's fortunes. His troops were defeated by Ferrara she was highly praised by Strozzi, Tibaldeo, Ariosto, Baglione and Orsini Giordano (Duke of Bracciano), he was and other poets of the court. Bembo dedicated his Asolani driven out of the Vatican, and most of the towns of Romagna to her, and Aldo Manuzio, in the dedication prefixed to his rose against him. Cardinal Della Rovere, who was elected edition of Strozzi's works, speaks of her as an accomplished pope, and was an old enemy of the Borgias, arrested Cesare princess and a liberal patroness of his art; the historians and obliged him to give orders to his lieutenants to deliver Giraldi, Sardi, Libanori, mention her in terms of the highest up the fortresses they held of him. Borgia took refuge at commendation. All this can hardly be mere flattery, for Naples, where he offered his services to Gonzalo of Cordova, even flattery from so many different writers could not have who however, notwithstanding a safe-conduct he had given been lavished on a person so profligate and debased as she him, arrested him, and sent him prisoner to Spain. He has been represented. A drama full of horrible but gratuiwas confined by King Ferdinand in the fortress of Medina tous fictions concerning her life was published and perdel Campo, where he remained about two years. Having formed at Paris in 1833, under the title of 'Lucrece Borgia.' found means to escape, he went to his brother-in-law, the A likeness of Lucrezia is found in a medallion in the collecKing of Navarre, who was then at war with one of his feu- tion of R. Heber, Esq. Lucrezia died at Ferrara in 1523. datories. Cesare served in the Navarrese army as a volun- (Roscoe, Bossi, and Mazzuchelli.) teer, and was killed in 1707 by a musket-shot at the siege of the small town of Viana near the Ebro. His body was buried without any honours in a church of Pamplona. (Tomasi, Vita di Cesare Borgia.)

BORGIA, LUCRE'ZIA, sister to Cesare, was betrothed while yet a child to a Spanish nobleman, but her father having become pope, married her, in 1493, to Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, with whom she remained four years, when her father dissolved the marriage, and gave her, in 1798, to Alfonso Duke of Bisceglia, natural son of Alfonso II. King of Naples. On this occasion she was created Duchess of Spoleto and of Sermoneta. She had by Alfonso a son Rodrigo, who was brought up at the papal court, but died young. In June, 1500, Alfonso was attacked on the steps of St. Peter's Church by a party of assassins, and stabbed in several places; he was carried to the_pontifical palace, where he died two months after. Cesare Borgia, as usual, was suspected of the crime. Lucrezia then retired for some time to Nepi, but was afterwards recalled to Rome by her father, and intrusted with the affairs of the government during his absence. Such at least is the report of Burchard, the correctness of which however is doubted. (Roscoe's Dissertation on Lucrezia Borgia, in the 1st vol. of his Life of Leo X. and also Bossi's Notes to the Italian translation of that work.) Towards the end of 1501 she married Alfonso d'Este, son of Ercole Duke of Ferrara, and made her entrance into Ferrara with great pomp on the 2nd February, 1502. Gibbon, in his posthumous work, Antiquities of the House of Brunswick, has assumed that the negotiations for Lucrezia's marriage with d'Este took place while her former husband was still living, and that he was put out of the way to make room for his successor, an assumption perfectly gratuitous, as the negotiation did not begin till nearly a twelvemonth after her husband's death.

John Duke of Gandia left a son who perpetuated the family of Borgia. One of his descendants was canonized as St. Francis de Borgia. Another Borgia was Viceroy of Peru, and died in 1658. Lastly, Cardinal Stefano Borgia (Prefect of Propaganda), a learned and amiable man, who died in 1804, while accompanying Pius VII. on his journey to Paris. The Museum Borgia at Velletri, rich in Egyptian and Mexican antiquities, belonged to this cardinal. He has left several learned works, among others a History of Benevento, in 3 vols. 4to.; De Cruce Veliterna Commentarii, Roma, 1780; Bassirilievi in terra cotta dipinti in varij colori trovati nella città di Velletri, Roma, 1785; Storia della città di Tadino; De Cruce Vaticana, &c.

BORGNE, LAKE. [MISSISSIPPI.]

BO'RGO, an Italian appellative, which occurs in the name of several towns, as Borgo San Donnino, Borgo Taro, &c. Borgo is a word of Teutonic origin, 'burg,' which is said to have been first adopted by the Romans on the German frontiers of the empire to signify an assemblage of houses not enclosed by walls, Burgus or Burgum. It was afterwards applied to the fortified villages of the German soldiers in the service of Rome. Vegetius (lib. 4, c. 10) calls Burgus 'Castellum Parvulum.' The Germanic nations, in their invasions of Italy, introduced the appellation into that country, where it was generally applied to the houses and streets built outside of the gates of a walled town, corresponding to the Roman suburbia. The French fauxbourg had a similar meaning, being derived from fors burg or foris burg, a 'burg outside of the town.' Several districts in the Italian cities have retained their original name of Borgo, although they are now enclosed within the walls. The district of Rome which is between the bridge of San Angelo and St. Peter's church is called Il Borgo. So there are several districts at Florence called Borgo, as Borgo dei Pinti, because they were originally outside of the city walls. There are however also towns standing by themselves which have the name of Borgo, and were colonies built by the citizens of some neighbouring town (such as Borgoforte on the Po, which was built by the citizens of Mantua in the beginning of the thirteenth century), or they were originally small assemblages of houses built near the castle of some feudal lord, which have gradually become towns after the castle has disappeared.

Borgo San Donnino, between Parma and Piacenza, formerly a feudal castle of the house of Pallavicini, is now a town of 5000 inhabitants, with some fine buildings and an old cathedral. It is the chief town of the province of the same name, and a bishop's see; has a secondary school or college with forty-five boarders, two elementary schools for boys, and several manufactures.

At Ferrara Lucrezia appeared as the patroness of literature. Bembo, who was then at that court, conceived an attachment for her which appears to have been of a platonic nature. (Mazzuchelli: art. Bembo and Lucrezia Borgia.) Ten autograph letters of Lucrezia to Bembo are preserved in the Ambrosian library, together with a lock of her hair which she sent him in one of them, and some Spanish verses addressed to her by Bembo. Bembo continued to correspond with the Duchess of Este long after he had left Ferrara and till 1517. His later letters to her are in the style of respectful friendship. Lucrezia was the mother of three sons by Alfonso, who had a high opinion of her, and intrusted her with the care of the government while he was absent in the field, in which capacity she seems to have conducted herself so as to gain general approbation. In the latter years of her life she became more rigid in her manners and more assiduous in the practice of devotion and charitable works. In short, her behaviour after she be- Borgo Taro is a small town also in the duchy of Parma, came Duchess of Ferrara affords no grounds for censure. situated in the Apennines near the sources of the river Her former conduct, while at Rome with her father, has Taro, 30 m. S.W. of Parma, with about 2000 inhabitants, a been the subject of much obloquy, which seems to rest how-secondary school with twenty-five boarders, and two eleever chiefly on inferences from her living in a flagitious mentary schools. A mountain road, practicable only for court, where she witnessed the most profligate scenes. Still mules, leads from Borgo Taro over the Apennines by there is no individual charge substantiated against her. the village of Centocroci to Chiavari in the Riviera of The accusation of incest, besides being improbable, as Genoa. The castle of Compiano near Borgo Taro was Roscoe has shown, is not even grounded on Burchard's one of the state prisons of the French empire under NaDiarium, but on some epigrams of Pontano and other Nea-poleon.