Borgo San Sepolcro, a town of the province of Arezzo innence. He was a pupil of Pietro da Cortona, but rather Tuscany, in the valley of the upper Tiber, and close upon modelled himself after the style of Carlo Maratta. the frontiers of the papal state. It originated in the BORING. [CANNON, GUN, MINING, ARTESIAN WELLS, tenth century with two pilgrims, who having been to Pa- and other operations of which boring forms a part.] lestine brought back a piece of the stone of the Holy Se- BORKUM, an island about 14 m. in circumference, pulchre, and built a hermitage on this spot. The fame of situated in the North Sea about 18 m. from the coast of their sanctity attracted many people, and a number of houses East Friesland, and off the mouth of the Ems, is comwere built, to which the name of Borgo San Sepolcro was prehended in the circle or bailiwick of Pensum, which given. The town was enclosed by walls, and, after long forms part of the Hanoverian province of Aurich. The retaining its municipal independence, submitted in the six-middle of the island lies so much below the level of the teenth century to Cosmo I., grand duke of Tuscany. It is sea, that the water at high tide flows through the island a bishop's see, and has several churches, besides the and divides it into two parts. Borkuta is a parish, with a cathedral, with good paintings, and a seminary for clerical village and church, and about 500 inhabitants, who derive students. their subsistence from husbandry, cultivating vegetables and fruit, rearing cattle, fishing, and serving on board of Dutch and Hamburg whalers. The light-house on the island, which is built of stone and provided with pumps and parabolic reflectors, is about 150 ft. high, and serves as a landmark both by day and night for ships navigating these seas or making for the Ems; it is in 53° 35′ N. lat., and 60° 38' E. long.

There are other towns in Italy called Borgo, such as Borgo San Dalmazio near Cuneo in Piedmont, 3000 inhabitants; Borgo Sesia in the province of Valsesia, with 2500; Borgo Vercelli in the province of Novara, with 2000; Borgo d'Ales in the province of Vercelli, with 2400; Borgomanero in the province of Novara, with 6000.

There are also several places called Borghetto, small Borgo,' in the papal state.

BORLASE, WILLIAM, was born at Pendeen, in the parish of St. Just in Cornwall, Feb. 2nd, 1695-6, where his family had been settled from the reign of King William Rufus. He was the second son of John Borlase, Esq. of Pendeen: he was placed early at school at Penzance, where his master used to say he could learn, but did not ;' and was thence removed in 1709 to Plymouth under the care of the Rev. Mr. Bedford, at that time a master of eminence; he was entered of Exeter College, Oxford, in March 1712-13, where he took his bachelor's and master's degrees. He was admitted into deacon's orders in 1719, and was ordained priest in 1720. In 1722 he was instituted by Dr. Weston, bishop of Exeter, to the rectory of Ludgvan in Cornwall, on the presentation of Charles duke of Bolton; was married in 1724 to Anne, eldest surviving daughter and coheir of the Rev. William Smith, rector of the parishes of Camborn and Illuggan; and in 1732 presented by Lord Chancellor King to the vicarage of St. Just, his native parish, where his father had considerable property. This vicarage and the rectory of Ludgvan were the only prefer

BORGOGNO'NE, JA’COPO CORTEʼSI, called from his place of birth Borgognone, was born in 1621 in the city of St. Hippolite, in Burgundy (Ital. Borgogna). His father, Giovanni Cortesi, was a painter of sacred subjects, and very successful in his way. Owing to an accidental temptation, Jacopo went into the army for three years; after which he returned to his art, and studied at Bologna, where Guido, then at the height of his fame, was residing. Guido, happening to see a picture of his in a window, inquired into his circumstances, and took him home with him; which, during the remaining six months that he stayed in Bologna, afforded him a fine opportunity of improving his colouring. Here he occasionally saw Albano, from whom, among other things, he learned this maxim, 'That a painter, before setting to work upon any subject, should recal to mind something which he had seen in reality: a saying which Jacopo kept constantly in view. Baldinucci, having invited him to his house many years after to see some of his own pictures, which he had purchased, asked him in a burst of admiration, How he had given his battles so much truth, with expression soments he ever received. just, and accidents so various?'-he replied, that all he had painted he had really seen.

At Ludgvan, a retired but delightful situation, Mr. Borlase soon recommended himself as a clergyman, a gentleBorgognone subsequently realized a handsome independ- man, and a man of learning. His mind being of an inence, and visited his native country for three years, but re- quisitive turn, he could not survey with indifference the turned to Italy, and painted for a considerable time in peculiar objects which surrounded him. The parish of Florence with great reputation. In 1655 he conceived Ludgvan contained rich copper-works, abounding with himself under a call to renounce the vanities of the mineral fossils, which Mr. Borlase collected from time to world, and accordingly betook himself to Rome, where he time; and his collection increasing by degrees, he was enbegged to be admitted into the order of Jesus, and was re-couraged to study the natural history of his native county. ceived as a novice. His feelings were doubtless modified by While engaged in this design he could not avoid being early association and the kindness he had met with from struck with the numerous monuments of remote antiquity religious orders. During his noviciate he painted, at the in several parts of Cornwall, which had till then been suggestion of his fellow-monks, pictures of sacred subjects, nearly neglected. Enlarging his plan, he determined to but could not keep entirely from such as suited his peculiar gain as accurate an acquaintance as possible with the relistyle. In such esteem was he held by the community to gion and customs of the antient Britons, to which he was which he belonged, that the second year of noviciate was encouraged by several gentlemen of his neighbourhood, who dispensed with; and he never gave his order reason to re- were lovers of British antiquities, particularly by Sir John pent of their confidence. His religious profession however St. Aubyn and the Rev. Edward Collins, vicar of Garth. did not make him idle, and he worked as vigorously as ever. His friendship and correspondence also with Dr. Lyttelton, He died of apoplexy, November 14th, 1676. then dean of Exeter, and afterwards bishop of Carlisle, and with Dr. Milles, who succeeded Dr. Lyttelton both as dean of Exeter and president of the Society of Antiquaries, were a further stimulus to the prosecution of his studies.

As he painted with great facility and rapidity, his pictures are very numerous. His execution was in dashing strokes, the colour laid on thick, and better suited therefore to a distant than a close view, a manner which has been ascribed to his living with Guido, and to his seeing the works of Paolo Veronese when at Venice; but partly ascribable perhaps to his habit of sketching before he was thoroughly practised in the art.

His pictures have excellencies corresponding to the peculiarity of his style. If,' says one of his biographers, they do not convey sounds, they express with horror to the mind the cries of the buffeting soldiers, the shrieks of the wounded, the lamentations of the death-stricken, the thunders of the bombarding, the bursting of mines,' and truly there is a freedom of design, a force and suddenness in the action, a unity of composition, with a most natural variety in the accidents, which seem to show the gallery-visiter a real battlefield.

Jacopo had a brother, Guglielmo Cortesi, also called Borgognone, a painter of merit, who sometimes assisted his brother in his paintings, but he never attained the same emi

In 1750, being at London, he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society, into which he had been chosen the year before, after having communicated a paper on the nature and properties of spar and sparry productions, particularly on the spars or crystals found in the Cornish mines. printed in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. xlvi. p. 250. His next Memoir was an account of the great alterations which the Islands of Scilly have undergone since the time of the antients who mention them, as to their number, extent, and position. Phil. Trans. vol. xlviii. p. 55. Various other communications from him, some relating to the antiquities, some to the natural history of his native county, are in volumes xlviii. p. 86; xlix. 373; 1. 51, 499; li. 13; lii. 418, 507; liii. 27; liv. 59; lvi. 35; lviii. 89; lix. 47; Ix. 230; Ixi. 195; lxii. 365; between the years 1752 and 1771.

The Antiquities of Cornwall were published at Oxford in February, 1753, under the title of Observations on the Antiquities, Historical and Monumental, of the County of

VOL. V.-2 B

Cornwall,' fol. Oxford, 1754. It passed through a second [ frequented by invalids from the Tyrol and the Valtelina, but edition at London in 1769. It was at the request of Dr. Lyt- the accommodations are bad. In the Valfurva, E. of Bortelton that his memoir on the Scilly Islands was published mio, is the chalybeate spring of Santa Caterina, which is as a distinct treatise in an enlarged form, entitled Obser- also in great repute. There is a rich iron mine in the same vations on the Antient and Present State of the Islands of neighbourhood." Scilly, and their importance to the Trade of Great Britain;' in a Letter to the Rev. Charles Lyttelton, LL.D., dean of Exeter, 4to. Oxf. 1756.

BORNEO is the largest island in the Indian Archipelago, and the largest in the globe, if we except the continent of Australia. It occupies the centre of the Indian Archipelago, and is divided by the equator into two nearly Dr. Borlase continued to exert his usual diligence in his equal parts, though the most southern point, Cape Salatam, pastoral duties and the study of the scriptures. He made is only a little more than four degrees S. of the equator, and a paraphrase of the books of Job and the books of Solomon, the most northern, Cape Sampanmangio, extends a few miand wrote some other pieces of a religious kind. He nutes to the north of 7° N. lat. The most eastern exoccupied himself in superintending his parish, and particu- tremity, Cape Konneeoogan, reaches nearly 119° 30' E. larly the improvement of the high roads, which were more long.; and the most western shore, about one degree N. of numerous than in any parish in Cornwall. The belles- the equator, is in about 109° 30' E. long. lettres and painting also formed part of his amusements. The correction and enlargement of his History of Cornwall for a second edition engaged some part of his time; and when this was completed he minutely revised his Natural History. His Private Thoughts concerning the Creation and Deluge, after being sent to the printer, were recalled when a few pages were printed, chiefly owing to his severe illness in Jan. 1771. From this time his health began to decline. He died Aug. 31st, 1772, in his seventy-seventh

The areca palm is extensively planted, and its fruit eaten both in its unripe and mature state; in the latter it is a great object of commerce. Another palm-tree cultivated here is the sagwire or gomuti (Borassus flabelliformis), which affords the principal supply of that saccharine liquor, which is used as a beverage and for the extraction of sugar; the interior of the fruit is used by the Chinese as a sweetmeat. The betel pepper (Piper betel) is another article of agriculture, and also the gambir (Nauclea Gambir), a climbing plant, of which the inspissated juice, also called gambir, is similar to the catechu, and is an article of extensive traffic. Tobacco is raised everywhere in small quantities, for domestic consumption only.

eastern peninsula from the neighbourhood of Cape Sam- | troxylon Sugo) is not cultivated in the southern and westpanmangio as far as Cape Konneeoogan. ern districts, because its medullary matter, which serves as The interior of the country is very little known. Till bread, is less valued than rice; but in several parts of the lately it was supposed that it was covered with extensive eastern coast, where the soil is less favourable to the cultiranges of mountains of considerable height, but this sup-vation of rice, it is planted very extensively. According to position has not been confirmed by the Dutch expedition, the calculation of Crawfurd, an English acre planted with which was undertaken in 1823 from the western shores for sago-trees yields above 8000 pounds of raw meal a year. the purpose of getting possession of the gold and diamond mines. The expedition, it is said, advanced about 300 miles inland without meeting with such obstacles as mountains would have opposed to their progress. But the northeastern portion of the island is known to contain mountains which rise to a considerable elevation. The rivers are numerous and of considerable size at their outlets, but their length is not known, as none of their sources have been visited. They are commonly navigated fifty miles and upwards from their mouths, but not farther, which may lead us to conjecture that at this distance from the coast the land has a considerable rise. The largest rivers seem to be the Banjarmassin and Borneo on the southern coast, the Pontianak and the Sambas on the western; another Borneo on the north-western, and the Passir on the eastern. It is probable that the island contains some considerable lakes, and it is remarkable that here, as in the peninsula without the Ganges, the natives assign an extensive lake as the common source of all the large rivers. Towards the northern extremity, and at no great distance from Cape Sampanmangio, is the lake of Keeneebaloo, which is said to be 100 miles in circumference, with an average depth from five to six fathoms. The Dutch, in their late expedition, came also to a large lake, called Danao Malayu, which extends from twenty-five to thirty miles in length, with an average breadth of above twelve. But its situation is not yet known with sufficient accuracy to be laid down on the maps.

The climate of this island, as far as it is known, is very hot and moist, owing to the extensive marshes along the coast, and the wide-spreading forests which cover the hilly country at the north-eastern_extremity. It is particularly destructive to Europeans. In the districts situated on the western shores the wet season takes place during the southeast monsoon, from April to September; but on the northern shores, along the straits of Macassar, and in the Java seas, it occurs with the north-eastern monsoon, from September to April. The average summer-heat is vaguely estimated at 84° Fahrenheit.

A country with a good soil and abundance of moisture, situated under the equator, must be extremely rich in vegetable productions.

Most, if not all, of the tribes inhabiting Borneo cultivate the ground. Rice (oryza sativa), being the chief article of food over nearly the whole of the island except the eastern coast, is principally cultivated. Where the land can be flooded, two crops are generally got within the year. The cultivation does not depend on the seasons, and therefore within the compass of a few acres rice may be seen in every state of progress. In one little field, or rather compartment, the husbandman is ploughing or harrowing; in a second he is sowing; in a third transplanting; in a fourth the grain is beginning to flower; in a fifth it is yellow; and in the sixth the women, children, and old men are busy reaping. It yields twenty-five to thirty-fold of the seed. Maize (Zea Mais), which yields a hundred-fold, is not much cultivated. Two kinds of pulse, Phaseolus Max and Phaseolus radiatus, are cultivated extensively. Of roots they cultivate especially yams (Dioscorea alata), of which they grow many varieties, which are planted in the poorer districts, sweet potatoes or batatas, the kantang (Ocymum Tuberosum), the mandioca (Iatropha manihot), and a species of dioscorea (D. triphylla), which they call gadang, and which also grows wild in every part of the island. The Arum esculentum, Lin., is cultivated in the upland soils. The culinary plants most extensively cultivated are the cucumber and the chili or capsicum. Both are used in immense quantities, especially the latter, which is as universally consumed by the natives as salt. There is a great consumption of oil as an article of food, and as the natives have no substitute from the animal kingdom, they cultivate many plants which produce oil. Such are especially the coco-nut tree (cocos nucifera), the ground pistachio (Arachis hypogaa), the ricinus or palma Christi, the sesamum, and a tree called by them kánari, the kernel of which is as delicate as a filbert and abounds in oil. The sago palm (Me

Of fruit-trees there are the banana (Musa Paradisiaca), and the bread-tree (Artocarpus incisa). The banana grows in the greatest perfection, and at least thirteen distinct species are cultivated. The bread-fruit is common, but held in very little estimation. There are two varieties, one with seed and another without the latter is the true bread-fruit, and is cultivated in some districts; the former grows wild. Fruits, more strictly so called, are found in Borneo in the greatest variety, and some of the richest and finest on the globe. The greater number are indigenous; but several of the most delicate of other equatorial regions have been introduced and are now naturalized. The mangustin is considered the most delicious of all fruits. It is a peculiar production of the Indian islands and the Malay peninsula, and all attempts to propagate it elsewhere have proved unsuccessful. The natives give the preference to the durián (Durio Zibethinus), another indigenous tree of these islands, which will grow nowhere else. The fruit of one species is larger than a man's head. Besides these, there are two species of jack trees (Artocarpus integrifolia), the mango (Mangifera Indica), some species of orange and lemon-trees, which are partly indigenous and partly exotic; the pumplenoos (Citrus decumana), which is indigenous; the citron; the pine-apple, which though three times the size of those raised in our hothouses, is not much esteemed by the natives, nor by the resident Europeans; the jambu (Eugenia), which is indigenous, and found in a wild state; the guava (Psidium pomiferum), the papaya (Carica papaya), the custard-apple (Anona squamosa et reticulata), the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale), the dukuh, next in esteem to the mangustin and durián, the rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), the pomegranate (Punica granatum), the tamarind (Tamarindus Indica), and some others.

The horticulture of Borneo comprises also the calabash, the gourd, the pumpkin, the musk-melon, the water-melon, and a variety of cucumbers, most of which are exotic, and not distinguished either by size or flavour, except the cucumbers. The attempts to introduce the fruits of temperate countries have not been successful.

Cotton is extensively cultivated. Two species of it are known, the shrub-cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), and the tree-cotton (Gossypium arboreum): of the former there are many varieties. Many plants which have a fibrous bark afford materials for cordage. Such are the rami (Ramium majus, Rumph.), a species of urtica or nettle, which is cultivated and used for almost every purpose for which we use hemp, but particularly for the manufacture of fishing-nets; ganja or hemp (cannabis sativa), not employed in the manufacture of cordage, but used for its juices as a narcotic; the bagu (gnetum gnemon), the waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus), the cocoa-nut tree, the sagwire, or gomuti. The most useful however in domestic and rural economy is the rattan (Calamus Rotang), which is constantly used for cordage. There are a great many varieties, from the size of a goose-quill to several inches in diameter. One variety is cultivated on account of its fruit; but the others grow wild, and afford an abundant supply for domestic use and exportation. The bamboo is found everywhere both in the wild and cultivated state.

Among the forest-trees are two kinds of palm-trees, the nibung (Caryota urens), and the nipah (Cocos nypa), of which the former is the true cabbage-tree. The teak is not found in Borneo, and the common timber-trees are the

bitanger, a species of uvaria, the marboa (Metrosideros), I on the north-eastern extremity on the peninsula of Unsang the pinaga, and the suren. Other trees are used for cabinet and its neighbourhood. or fine work, but most of them have not yet found a place in our botanical catalogues. The forests of Borneo contain many trees which yield gums or resins useful in the arts. The most important of these products is dammar, a kind of indurated pitch or turpentine, which exudes spontaneously from the pine-trees of that name through the bark, and is either found adhering to the trunk and branches in large lumps, or in masses on the ground under the trees. It is used for all purposes to which we apply pitch, but chiefly on the bottoms of ships and vessels. It is exported in large quantities to the continent of India, especially to Bengal and China. In different districts vines or trailing plants grow, the milky juices of which form, when inspissated, a true caoutchouc.

Plants which yield dyeing materials are numerous. Indigo, the most important and valuable, grows wild, and is also cultivated. Next to it the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) deserves notice, and then the arnotto (Bixa Orellana). Turmeric (Curcuma longa, L.) is cultivated to a considerable amount, but less used for dye than as an aromatic for seasoning food. Dyeing woods are the sappan, or Brazil wood (Casalpinia Sappan), but it is less esteemed than that of Luconia or Sámbawa. The root of the mangkudu (Morinda) is extensively employed as a dye-stuff for giving a red colour. The antiaris, or poison-tree (Upas), is also found in the forests of Borneo, and its inner bark is used by the natives for wearing apparel.

The sugar-cane is indigenous, and extensively cultivated by the natives, and still more by the Chinese, who also distil arrack from it. The pepper vines (Piper nigrum, Lin.) are cultivated, but grow also in a wild state, and their produce forms a considerable article of exportation. There are also some species of nutmeg-trees, but their produce is not equal to that brought from the Banda islands. The culitlawan (Laurus culitlawan, Lin.) yields the clove-bark, which name is derived from the resemblance of its taste and fragrance to that of the clove: this bark is exported to China. The cayaputi (Melaleuca leucodendron), which in less warm climates is only a shrub, here becomes a tree, and yields the cajeput-oil; it is only found on the south-eastern coast. The cinnamon is not found here, but the cassia-tree is common, especially in the northern districts. Ginger is widely diffused, and in pretty general use among the natives, but in quality it is inferior to that of Malabar or Bengal.

Among the most remarkable vegetable productions of Borneo and the adjacent island of Sumatra is the camphortree (Dryobalanops camphora, Colebr.). It is found no where in the world but in these two isiands, and even here not to the south of the line, nor beyond the third degree of N. lat. It is a large forest-tree, used for building vessels, and the camphor is exported, especially to China. The price of this camphor, compared with that of Japan, is in the ratio of 20 to 1. The frankincense or benzoin (Styrax benzoin) is collected from a tree growing in the same districts, though it is occasionally found to the S. of the line. It is an object of cultivation, and the gum is obtained by making incisions in the bark; the greatest part of the produce is exported to Mohammedan and Catholic countries. The incense called aquila wood, eagle wood, or lignum aloes, is collected in some of the eastern districts.

The elephant inhabits only the north-eastern parts of the island, especially the peninsula of Unsang, the most eastern part of the globe where this animal is found; the rhinoceros also is said to exist here. The royal tiger is not known, but the leopard is common. Among the wild animals the buffalo attains here its greatest size and strength. There are also deer and wild hogs. The flesh of the buffalo, as well as of the two latter animals, is jerked, and exported under the name of dendong to China. The variety of the ape and monkey tribes is endless; and among them is the orang-outang, or the man of the woods,' as the name implies.

Of domestic animals only horned cattle and hogs are numerous. There are neither sheep nor asses, and horses seem not to be common. The flesh of the ox is jerked, and with the horns and hides sent to China, the latter always in the hair and not tanned. Common fowl and ducks abound in most places.

Among the numerous birds the most remarkable is the hirundo esculenta, whose nests are carried to China, and fetch an enormous price. This bird however is only found

Both sea and river fish abound, particularly the former. The waters which surround this and the neighbouring islands are so tranquil, and the numerous banks afford the fish upon them such abundance of food, that no part of the world has a better supply of fine fish, especially where the shores are flat. The edible fish are here very numerous, among which the pomfret, the calcap, and the sole are the most delicate. A great variety of fish are dried in the sun, and form a considerable article of commerce; fish in this state is an article of as universal consumption among the Indian islanders as flesh in cold countries. Some kinds of fish, especially shrimps, are reduced to a state half pickled and half putrid, and form an article of internal commerce under the name of blanchand. But the tripang swala, or sea-slug (holothurion), is a valuable article of exportation to China. This animal is only found among the rocks which line the north-western and north-eastern coasts of Borneo, and extends hence eastward to New Guinea, and southward to the north-eastern shores of Australia, where the sea is dotted with numerous coral reefs. Besides the tripang, fish maws and shark's fins are also exported to China, where they are considered great delicacies. Tortoises are very abundant, especially on the northern and north-eastern coast. Those found farther west are smaller, and the shell is thinner and less valuable. Tortoise-shells are exported to China, whence many of them find their way to Europe, on account of their low price. Pearls and mother-of-pearl oysters are fished along the north-eastern coast, but they are not so much esteemed as those of the Sooloo Islands.

The lac insect is found in the forests, but as its produce is inferior to that of Bengal and Birma it forms only an inconsiderable article of trade. Bees abound here, as all over Southern Asia, but only in a wild state. They make a little honey, and great quantities of wax, which is exported to China.

The mineral riches of Borneo are little known. Iron is found in the southern part. Copper has of late been discovered, and worked in Sambas, on the western coast. Silver seems only to occur united with gold; but antimony is plentiful at Sadang and Sararwah; gold, however, and diamonds constitute perhaps the most important branch of the commercial riches of this island.

The inhabitants of Borneo are either aborigines or foreign settlers. The former are divided into a great number of tribes. The Dayacks occupy the western and southern districts, the Biajoos and Itaan the peninsula extending to the north-east, and the Tiroon live on the western coast. In the interior are the Kayan, the Dusun, the Marut, the Tataoeli, &c., but they are not farther known. It does not seem that any part of the interior is inhabited by tribes akin to the Australian aborigines. The foreign settlers are Malays, Javanese, Bugis, Macassars, Chinese, and a few Arabians. All the inhabitants, with the exception of the two last named, belong to one race, which is called the Malay race. Their persons are short, squat, and robust. The medium height may be reckoned for the men about five feet two inches, and for the women four feet eleven inches, which is about four inches less than the average stature of Europeans. Their lower limbs are large and heavy, and their arms rather fleshy than muscular. The face is of a round form, the mouth wide, the chin somewhat square, the cheekbones are prominent, and the cheek consequently rather hollow; the nose is short and small, never prominent, but never flat; the eyes are small, and always black; the complexion is generally brown, but varies a little in the different tribes, the Dayacks inhabiting the interior of the island being fairer than those of the coast; the hair is long, lank, harsh, and always black. The languages of the different aboriginal tribes differ widely from one another, and they have no literature, though some of the foreign settlers, as the Javanese and Bugis, have cultivated their languages, and have many books written in them.

The aboriginal tribes have not attained a high degree of civilization. Agriculture however seems generally diffused among them, as well as the most necessary arts of life. They cultivate chiefly rice, and collect gold-dust and diamonds. They trade also in rattans, dammar, and other products of their forests. Their dress consists only of a small wrapper round their loins. Their houses are wooden buildings, often large enough to contain upwards of 100 persons. In the construction of their boats and some of their utensils

they display considerable ingenuity. These tribes, though,
otherwise mild and simple, are cannibals, or at least some
of them are. They kill their prisoners, and eat their flesh.
Among other tribes the skulls of enemies are piled as tro-
phies round their habitations, and in some a youth is not
entitled to a wife until he has produced the head of a man.
Some devour the heart of an enemy when they have killed
him. Some who live on the coast have embraced the
Mohammedan religion, but the greater part are idolaters.
Polygamy is in general use among those who are able to
maintain many wives and large families. One part of the
Biajoos inhabits the north-western coast, but another leads
a maritime life, and may be considered as sea-gipsies, or
itinerant fishermen. They live in small covered boats, and
shift to leeward from islard to island with the variations
of the monsoons. Their fishing-boats, in which they live
with their whole families, are about. five tons burthen, and
their principal occupation is the catching of the sea-slugs,
for which they frequently dive in seven or eight fathoms

water.

The number of the Chinese settlers is considerable. In every part of the island some families are found near the mouths and on the banks of the rivers. They follow the occupations of merchants, mechanics, and labourers; cultivate the ground, distil arack, make sugar, search for golddust, and trade to the interior as well as on the coast. They are not rich, being too fond of good living, and addicted to gambling, opium, and merry-making.

quantity of silver is always combined with it. According to the calculation of Crawfurd the annual produce of the mines of Borneo is 88,362 ounces: Eschwege, in his Pluto Brasiliensis,' states that of the mines of Brazil as not ex ceeding 8000 marks, or 64,000 ounces.

The diamonds are found in the territories of the princes of Banjarmassin and Pontianak. The principal mines are at a place called Landak, whence the diamonds of Borneo are called Landak diamonds. These precious stones are not found here, as in Brazil, in the rivers, but they are dug by means of perpendicular and lateral shafts. The mines are only wrought by the Dayacks, but those of gold are mostly worked by the Chinese. The Bugis resident merchants are the great dealers in diamonds. In this island there is one of the largest diamonds in the world; it is either in the hands of the Prince of Matan, or in the possession of the Prince of Pontianak. It weighs 367 carats, and its real value, according to Crawfurd, is 269,3787. which is 34,8227. less than that of the Russian diamond, and 119,773. 10s. more than that of the Pitt diamond.

To the north east of the territories of the princes dependant on the Dutch, and along the north-western coast, extends the kingdom of Borneo Proper. It is not well known at what point on the coast its south-western boundary lies, but towards the north-east it extends to the mouth of the river Kimanis, which is traversed by the 11th parallel. It consequently contains a sea-coast of between 600 or 700 miles, and is said to extend from 100 to 150 miles towards The Bugis, who come from the island of Celebes, are re- the interior of the island. But no part of Borneo is less markable among the nations of Southern Asia for their in- known; the approach to the coast is very dangerous for vesdustry and activity. They chiefly apply themselves to trade, sels of considerable burden, and it is rarely visited by Euto manufactures of Bugis cloth, and the working of raw ropeans. Still the intercourse between Borneo Proper and silk into cloth. Many of them are possessed of property Singapore is greater than with any other part of the island, amounting to above 100,000 dollars. They are generally but it is entirely carried on by Bugis merchants and Bugis poor when they come from Bugisland, but they are ex- navigators. The capital is Borneo. From Sadang, towards tremely economical and even penurious in their manner of its western frontier, great quantities of antimony are brought living. The daily expenses of a Bugisman's family, how-to Singapore. The mountain which contains the antimony ever great his property may be, does not amount to above is about one day's journey from the coast. The sultan, as three or four wings; when the meanest Chinese labourer well as a considerable portion of the population, are will contrive to spend a rupee, and a wang is only the Malays. twelfth part of a rupee. These Bugis are very active seamen, and visit all the islands and countries round Borneo. Their small vessels, or proas, generally cost from 150 to 300 dollars; and the whole outfit, as far as respects sails, cordage, provisions, stores, &c., for one of their voyages seldom exceeds the sum of forty or fifty dollars, while the value of the cargo is generally from 20,000 to 40,000 dollars. The crew receive no wages, but only a share of the adventure, according to certain regulations. Many of these proas are lost at sea; but few are taken by pirates, as the men defend themselves desperately and never surrender. More than a hundred come annually to the harbour of Singapore.

The Malays are the most numerous of the foreign settlers. They occupy nearly the whole coast, only a few tracts along it being still in possession of the Dayacks. Though rather indolent they are not deficient in military spirit, and have formed a great number of small states, and subjected the aborigines. But these petty sovereigns are not absolute, their power being limited by a state-council and a nobility. The only European nation that has hitherto permanently settled on this island is the Dutch, who have got possession of about one third of the coast, and extended their dominion far inland in some places, so that the rich gold and diamond mines are in their possession. All the Dutch establishments are on the southern and western coast, and they govern the territories of the sovereigns of Banjarmassin, Succadana, Pontianak, Mampava, Sambas, and Matan, and of some others farther inland. This great tract of country is governed by three residences, established at Banjarmassin, Pontianak, and Sambas, with two subordinate residences at Mampava and Landak.

In the territories possessed by the Dutch there are two places of considerable trade, Banjarmassin and Pontianak. Gold is found at six different places, at Ombak, Sanga, Larak, Banjar-lant, Sambas, Pontianak, and Montradak, but especially at the two latter places. The metal is found in alluvial deposits, which are channelled by the beds of numerous rivers, and the situation of the gold is generally very superficial, not usually above five or six feet from the surface. Forty feet is the common width for the stratum which contains it. The ore is in general very rich, containing in a hundred parts, rarely more than fourteen, and frequently only three parts of dross, but a small

The north-eastern part of the island is under the sultan of the Sooloo Islands: it extends from the river Kimanis on the north-western coast as far as Cape Konneeoogan, which forms the northern entrance of the Straits of Macassar. This part also is rarely visited and little known. The inhabitants, the Tiroons, are notorious pirates, like the Sooloo islanders, and they cruize especially in the seas of Mindoro and Celebes, and among the Philippines. Their country produces immense quantities of sago, which is sold to the Chinese, who seem to have the whole commerce of this coast in their hands. There is no important trading place on this coast. At the Island of Balambangan, opposite Cape Sampanmangia, the English had formerly a settlement, but it was soon abandoned.

The coast extending from Cape Konneeoogan to Cape Salatam seems to be divided among a great number of petty sovereigns, and here the aboriginal tribes are still in possession of the sea-shores. Its commerce however is chiefly carried on by the Bugis, who have settled on different places along the coast, but especially at Passir, a town of some note, which is sometimes visited by European vessels.

The commercial intercourse of Borneo with China is much more extensive than with Europe, which is partly to be attributed to the great number of the Chinese who have settled on the island, and still more to the circumstance of many of its productions being either entirely unfit for European markets, or too high-priced. To the first class belong the edible swallow nests, the sea-slugs, and the aquila woods; to the second the camphor. The Chinese ports with which this commerce is most active are Canton, Amoy, Ningpo and Shanghae. It is remarkable, that the Chinese junks, though unarmed, pass unmolested through these seas, where European vessels are in continual danger of being attacked by the numerous pirates.

Among the European nations, the Dutch, who exercise authority over one-third of the coast, carry on a most active commerce, exporting pepper, gold, and other products. But the commercial intercourse with Singapore is far from being inconsiderable, as upwards of forty vessels annually go there from the kingdom of Borneo Proper.

(Dr. Leyden's Description of Borneo in the Asiatic Journ.; Crawfurd's History of the Indian Archipelago; Asiatic Journal; Stavorinus's Voyages).