posing in its general character. It is not unlikely that even the absurdities and extravagancies of this architect carried along with them their own antidote; and after the mere fashion of the time had passed away, served by their very excess to lead to the rejection of such puerilities.

BORROWDALE, a valley in Cumberland, remarkable for beauty of scenery. Its lower boundary may be placed at the stream which forms the waterfall at Barrow, about 2 m. S. of Keswick. From Grange Bridge it runs S., tending slightly to the W., to the N. skirt of Scawfell, the nucleus of the Cumbrian group of mountains. It is watered in its whole length by the river Grange, which takes its rise in two streams from Scawfell: one coming from Sprinkling Tarn, through Sty Head Tarn, the other descending from Esk Hause (the slack, to use a provincial term, or depression between Scawfell and Bowfell), which, with the bluff face of rock called Great End, forms the true termination of the great valley of Borrowdale. At the head of Borrowdale stands the Pikes, which is 3160 ft. above the sea. These streams, after their junction, form a powerful mountain torrent, which traversing Derwentwater, takes the name of Derwent after it issues from that lake. The level ground of the valley hardly begins before their junction; from which to Grange Bridge is about 6 miles. The breadth is very various. At the gorge where Castle Crag juts out into the centre of the valley, there is only room for the bed of the river; and this is one of the most beautiful spots in England: higher up the valley expands, varying in width from a quarter of a mile to a mile and upwards. Generally it is narrow, and the sides are lofty and abrupt: it is broadest at Rosthwaite, where the main valley throws off a branch running E. by the hamlet of Stonethwaite. This again divides itself into two branches: one hardly more than a mountain ravine forms the small valley of Greenup, which is separated from Grasmere by a mountain; the other running nearly parallel to Borrowdale, is called Langstreth, a wild upland valley about 4 m. long, and in some places about m. broad, entirely devoted to pasturage, and terminated by Bowfell.

Borrowdale is a chapelry of the parish of Crosthwaite, and the living is a perpetual curacy in the gift of the vicar of that parish. The chapel, which was rebuilt and a little enlarged, about twelve years ago, is near Rosthwaite. It is divided into four hamlets, Grange, Rosthwaite, Seathwaite, and Stonethwaite. Borrowdale formerly belonged to the abbey of Furness.

The flat bottom of the valley contains about 2000 acres : there are about 800 acres of arable land, of which about 120 acres are ploughed annually. Hay is grown in the meadows; but in the upper valley it frequently is not housed before September, the climate being wet and cold. The mountain sheep-walks form the chief dependence of the farmer. There is a good deal of copse-wood, but very little timber in the valley; hazel-nuts are so plentiful as in good seasons to form an article of some account to the small proprietors. A sheep-fair is held on the first Wednesday in September. There is slate of good quality in the hill side opposite Castle Crag, but it has not been worked for upwards of 20 years. Forinerly a quarry was worked on the top of that eminence; it is now we believe discontinued. Traces of fortification attributed to the Romans were formerly visible on it; but the combined effects of quarrying and planting have rendered it difficult to find them, and perhaps they are entirely obliterated. The most remarkable product of the valley is graphite, plumbago, or black-lead (provincially wad), which is found in one spot near the head of the valley, of quality far superior to any which has been discovered elsewhere. The population of Borrowdale was in 1801, 342; 1811, 310; 1821, 346; 1831, 356. They are almost exclusively employed in mining and agriculture.

There is a tolerably good carriage-road from Grange Bridge to the farm of Seatollar, between four and five miles; from thence to Seathwaite it is hardly practicable except for carts. From thence there is a horse-track across the well-known pass of Sty Head to Wasdale and the west coast. This, though scarcely passable except by the country horses (for the ascent from Borrowdale is very steep, and the descent to Wasdale Head is as steep and considerably longer, comprising probably not less than 1250 feet of perpendicular descent, the whole of which is seen at a glance), is more frequented than might be supposed, not only by tourists, but as the readiest means of communication between the central mountain district and the coast. Horses laden with heavy

packs of wool, &c., traverse it; and the path is kept in some sort of repair by the parishes. Two roads diverge from this main line; one a mere horse-path, leading by Stonethwaite and Langstreth over the high pass called the Stake, (which is hardly surpassed in grandeur even by Sty Head) to Langdale, and thence to Ambleside, or Coniston; the other, which is just practicable for light carts, from Seatollar to Buttermere. Both these routes are very beautiful. There is a small inn at Rosthwaite, the only one in the valley. Borrowdale belongs to the central division of the Cumbrian slate formation, which contains the highest peaks and the most romantic scenery. The most remarkable objects in it, next to the wad mine, are the Bowder stone, an immense detached block of stone, estimated to contain 23,000 cubic feet, and a remarkable group of yew-trees (celebrated in verse by Wordsworth) between Seatollar and the wad mine, on the W. side of the valley. The largest is said to be 21 ft. in girth, and is in perfect freshness and vigour: it is one of the most imposing vegetable productions which we have seen in England. BORROWSTOUNNESS. [LINLITHGOWSHIRE.] BORSOD, BORSCHOD, or BORSSODSKA, a co. in the prov. of the Hither Theiss, in the N. part of the kingdom of Hungary, is bounded by the following counties: on the N. by Gömör and Torna, on the E. by Abaujvar, Zemplin, and Szabolts, and on the S. and W. by Heves and Szabolts. Its area is 1365 sq. m. The mountains which traverse it in the W., are the last declivities of the Tserhat and Neitra branches of the Carpathians, both of which subside in this county; the first separating into two branches at Hámor, and forming the celebrated valley of Dios Györna. Both branches also throw out a number of subsidiary ones into the N. and S. of the county. The highest points of the Tserhat range within its borders are the Osztra, N. of Verbo, and the Nyáryuk near Vsinyo. The last branches of the Neitra range occupy a corner of Borsod between the Bodva and Sayó, and the mountains in the N.E. parts, likewise branches of that range, subside into the plains between Hidas and Nemeti, and the Karapta. The S.E. districts are one continued and beautiful plain, irrigated by rivers in every quarter. The principal rivers in Borsod are the Sayó, which enters its N.W. border at Putnok, and winds in a S.E. direction to Onod, where it receives the Lesser Hernád, and thence joins the Theiss, after having received the Greater Hernád. The Hernád skirts the county for a short distance in the E. The Bodva passes into it from Torna, and flows past Szendrő and Edelény, and the Theiss touches its S.E. extremity. The soil of Borsod is in general highly productive and equally adapted for grain, the vine, and the rearing of cattle. The finest wheat in Hungary is raised in the neighbourhood of Miskoltz, and of this wheat as well as of rye, barley, oats, and buck-wheat, considerable quantities are exported. Much wine is made, and of a superior quality; the best is the growth of Miskoltz, St. Peter, Karsàn, and Harsánye. The other vegetable productions are fruit, including almonds and chestnuts, tobacco (particularly in the S. districts), hemp, flax, and timber in abundance from the mountainous parts. The extent of available soil is estimated at about 731,530 acres, about four-fifths of the whole surface of the country; and of these there are actually under the plough 307,800, converted into vineyards 40,000, and used as meadows 38,160. The remainder consists mostly of grazing land, woods and forests. The mountains, valleys, and pasture grounds, support a great quantity of cattle, sheep, and swine; the woods abound in game, and the rivers in fish. A great number of horses are likewise bred in the county.

A

Borsod possesses considerable mineral resources; copper is raised at Rudo Bánya, and excellent iron, from which the best common and cast steel in all the kingdom is manufactured, near Uppony, Tapoltsán, and other places. beautiful kind of marble is obtained from Felso-Jarkány; clay-slate, of which there is a large export, is raised near Visuyó; and coals are dug at Sayó Németi and Dios Györ. In every respect indeed Borsod has justly been designated Hungary in miniature.

The pop. is estimated at about 170,000, more than onehalf of whom are Roman Catholics; the county contains 10 m. t., 167 vil., and 57 prædia, or privileged settlements. Many of the Jews settled in it are farmers; but the enterprising Greek has contrived to monopolize the trade of this and several other provinces in Hungary, and he has no

VOL. V.-2 G

Foederis, tum exterorum Scriptorum Græcorum. Accedit Horatii Vitringa Animadversionum ad Johannis Vorstii Philologiam sacram Specimen,' 8vo. Franeq. 17073 6. An edition of the Septuagint, with prolegomena,' &c., 2 tom. 4to. 1709; 7. Antiquitatum Græcarum, præcipue Atticarum Descriptio brevis, 12mo. Franeq. 1713. Of this work, which became a school-book, there have been various editions; it was republished with improvements by Jo. Frid. Leisner, 8vo. Lips. 1749. It was translated into English by Percival Stockdale, 8vo. Lond. 1772; again in an abridged form, but with notes, by the Rev. John Seagar, 8vo. Lond. 1830; and lastly, with an appendix, by George Barber, 12mo. Cambr. 1833. A French translation by M. le Grange was published at Paris in 8vo. 1769. 8. Animadversiones ad Scriptores quosdam Græcos. Accedit Specimen Animadversionum Latinarum,' 8vo. Franeq. 1715; 9. In the same year he published a new edition of Weller's 'Grammatica Græca nova, 8vo. Amst., adding two chapters on accentuation and syntax, shorter and more methodical than those of Weller: this work was re-edited with Bos's and other notes by I. F. Fischer, 8vo. Leips. 1756. Bos's notes and emendations on Aristides are included in Jebb's edition of that author, 2 tom. 4to. 1722-30.

BOSCAN, ALMOGAVER, DON JUAN, was born at Barcelona in the year 1500 of a noble family. On his outset in life he devoted himself for a short time to the profession of arms. He afterwards travelled, but the countries which he visited are not mentioned in the brief notices that remain of him. Although in all probability he went to Italy and became intimately acquainted with its literature, it appears that he did not yet entertain the idea of transplanting the forms and manner of Italian poetry into Spain; for the poetry that he wrote in his youth was all in the ancient Spanish lyric style. It was not until 1526, when, after having lived at the court of Charles V., and having formed an intimate friendship with Andrea Navajero, the envoy from Venice, he ventured to follow the counsel of this accomplished Italian, and assumed the character of a reformer of the lyric poetry of his nation, by writing sonnets in the manner of Petrarch.

women.

The metrical structure of the sonnet had long been known in Spain; but the genius of Castilian poetry was adverse to that form, and a thousand voices were raised against him and his friend and more highly-gifted fellow-reformer, Garcilaso de la Vega. Some insisted that a preference should be given to the old Castilian metre, on the ground of euphony. Others went farther, and asserted that the ear could perceive no distinction between the new hendecasyllabic verse and true prose. Finally, a third party discovered that Italian poetry was effeminate, and was fit only for Italians and In fact, the attempt was considered nothing short of treason against poetry; and one of this sort of zealots, Cristobal de Castillejo, goes so far in his satires against these innovators, whom he calls Petrarquistas, as to compare them to the followers of Luther, the perverters of another doctrine, the subverters of the old faith. Boscan states that this violent opposition made him reflect seriously and hesitate in his noble task; but as he was soon convinced of the futility of the reasons urged against his literary reform, he persisted in carrying it on; and through his perseverance, and the great talents and powerful example of his friend Garcilaso, his party rapidly increased, and obtained the superiority.

The urbanity of his manners and his abilities recommended Boscan to the family of Alba, which was then one of the most brilliant among the Castilian nobility, and to which many Spanish poets constantly paid their homage.

Boscan was for some time Ayo, or first governor, to the young Don Fernando de Alba, who was afterwards the terror of the enemies of the Spanish monarchy. He appears, however, to have resigned this employment, in order to divide his time between study and the society of literary friends. The year in which he died is not exactly known; it is only ascertained that his death happened before the year 1544.

Boscan's poetry is divided into three books. The first contains his Mar de Amor (the Sea of Love), and exhibits the fantastic flights of the old Spanish muse.

The second consists of his Sonetos and Canciones, which, although written in imitation of those of Petrarch, still display the spirit of the old poetry, in which the mild disposition of Boscan contrasts throughout with the enthusiastic vein of his model.

The third book is occupied chiefly by a paraphrastic translation of the Greek poem of Hero and Leander, the first of the kind which appeared in the Spanish language. It is elegantly written, with a pure diction and an easy versification. To this free translation succeeds a love elegy, the Capitulo, abounding in pleasing images, but too much diluted in words, like most Italian poems of the same kind. In the Answer to Don Diego Mendoza, the best of Boscan's epistles, he describes with delicacy and taste the charms of domestic happiness and rural life. A narrative poem in the Italian style, called Octava Rima, closes this third book. A festive meeting of Venus, Cupid, and other mythological personages, forms the fable, rather carelessly executed, of this last poem, which is otherwise full of grace and animation. Simplicity and dignity, poetic truth and feeling, are the characteristics of Boscan; but his chief merit consists in his courage and perseverance in carrying on the literary reform which was to enable Spain to rival Italy. His modesty moreover contributed not a little to attract to his party the more liberal of his countrymen. Had he commenced his labours by trying to beat down the old school he would probably have failed, for the party he had to contend with was little disposed to improvement, and far less to be taught by an arrogant master.

The eighth volume of the Parnaso Español, by Sedano, contains a supplement to the biographical_notices which Nicolas Antonio collected under the article Boscan.'

BOSCAWEN, EDWARD, second son of Hugh Lord Viscount Falmouth, was born 19th August, 1711. He was placed in the navy early in youth, and at the age of twenty-one was lieutenant of the Hector. In 1740 he became captain of a twenty-gun ship, the Shoreham; and in the following year, under Admiral Vernon, acquired an honourable distinction for his intrepidity at the taking of the fortified city of Puerto Bello, on the Isthmus of Darien. Shortly after, at the siege of Carthagena, he led on a body of seamen, and resolutely attacked and took possession of a fascine battery of fifteen 24-pounders, while exposed to the fire of five guns from an adjoining fort. On the death of Lord Beauclerk, in the attack upon Boca Chica, Boscawen succeeded to the command of the Prince Frederick of 70 guns. In 1742 he returned to England, married the daughter of William Glanville, Esq., of Kent, and in the same year was elected a member of parliament for Truro, in Cornwall. After the declaration of war with France, he took the command of the Dreadnought, captured in April, 1744, the French ship Medea, and landed at Spithead with 800 prisoners As captain of the Namur of 74 guns, he greatly signalized himself under Admirals Anson and Warren, in the engage ment of Cape Finisterre, when a capture was made of ten large French ships of war. In the commencement of the action he was struck in the shoulder with a musket ball. He was made in the same year rear-admiral of the blue, and commander-in-chief of the sea and land forces appointed for the war in India; and he sailed in November from St. Helen's Road, in the Isle of Wight, with six ships of the line, five frigates, and 2000 soldiers. In July, 1748, his fleet appeared before the fort of St. David's, which is 15 m. S. of Pondicherry. Having marched his army to Pondicherry, and begun the siege, he was obliged, in consequence of the sickness of his men, and the approach of the monsoons, to return to his ships; and is said to have made the retreat with prudence and skill. He soon afterwards obtained possession of Madras, which, in consequence of the declaration of peace, was delivered up to him by the French. In 1750 he arrived in the Exeter at St. Helen'`s, and found that in his absence he had become rear-admiral of the white. In the course of the following year he was made a lord of the board of admiralty, an elder brother of the Trinity House, and again a representative for Truro. In company with Admiral Mostyn, he sailed in April, 1755, from Spithead with twenty-four ships, to intercept the French squadron bound to America with supplies. Off the coast of Newfoundland he fell in with them, and captured two 64-gun ships, with 1500 prisoners, including the French commander Hoquart, who had twice before been defeated and taken prisoner by Boscawen. On his return to Spithead with his prizes, he received for this important service the thanks of the House of Commons. The scene of war was now transferred to North America. A fleet of 151 ships (Ann. Reg. vol. i. p. 70), with 14,000 men, was fitted out, and Boscawen, now promoted to the rank of admiral of the blue, was

appointed commander-in-chief of the expedition. In February, 1758, accompanied by General, afterwards Lord Amherst and General Wolfe, he sailed with these forces for Halifax, and on the 2nd of June arrived off the fortress of Louisbourg, which, with the islands of Cape Breton and St. John, were taken, after some severe engagements, by the English admiral. In the following year, 1759, he was stationed with fourteen ships of the line and several frigates in the Mediterranean, and pursued the French fleet of Toulon, consisting of twelve large ships of war, through the Straits of Gibraltar to the Bay of Lagos; where he overtook them and fought a furious battle, which terminated in the burning of two of the enemy's ships, and the taking of three others, with 2000 prisoners. The French admiral, De La Clue, was carried on shore and died, in consequence of being struck by a cannon-ball which carried off both his legs. Upon the return of Boscawen to England, the thanks of parliament were again conferred, with a pension of 3000l. a year, and he was sworn a member of the privy council. At this time he received also the additional appointment of general of the Marines. In the summer of 1760 his fleet was lying unemployed in the Bay of Quiberon, on the western coast of France, and it is worth recording, as honourable to the humanity of the admiral, that when a great many among his crews were suffering from the scurvy, to which seamen were at that time very liable, he landed on a little island near the river Vannes, and daily for several months employed himself with a party of his men in cultivating a garden, in order to supply the sick with fresh and wholesome vegetables. On January 10th, 1761, he died at Hatchland Park, his residence, near Guildford, at the age of fifty, and was interred in the church of St. Michael Penkevel in Cornwall, where a beautiful monument by Rysbrach was erected to his memory. The mind of Boscawen appears to have been wholly intent upon his professional pursuits, and but little influenced by the spirit of political parties. His ability and courage as a naval and even as a military officer were highly appreciated by Lord Chatham, who is said to have often observed, that when he proposed expeditions to other commanders he heard of nothing but difficulties; but that when he applied to Boscawen, expedients were immediately suggested.

BOSCOVICH, ROGER JOSEPH, was born at Ragusa, May 11, 1711 (May 18, 1701, according to Lalande), and entered the order of Jesuits in 1725. He was appointed professor at the Collegio Romano in 1740 (Lalande), and was employed in various scientific duties by several popes. He was at Vienna on the part of the republic of Lucca in a dispute between that state and Tuscany, and at London in a similar character on behalf of his native place (1762). He was recommended by the Royal Society as a proper person to be appointed to observe the transit of Venus at California, but the suppression of his order prevented his acceptance of the appointment. After this event he was made professor at Pavia and subsequently at Milan. In 1773 he was invited to Paris, where the post of Directeur d' Optique pour la Marine was created for him. He left France in 1787, either because he found he might more easily publish an edition of his works in Italy, as Delambre supposes, or on account of the hostility of Condorcet and D'Alembert, as Lalande affirms, or because he disliked the irreligion of the French savans, as Hutton states, apparently from Fabroni (the Italian eulogist of Boscovich, whose éloge we have not been able to find). He settled however at Milan, where he was received with distinction, and was appointed to measure a degree in Lombardy. He was seized with melancholy, amounting almost to madness (Hutton from Fabroni), and died February 13, 1787.

Boscovich was a man of very varied attainments and considerable mathematical power. The different accounts of him partake of the bias of their several authors. His countryman, Fabroni, rates him as a man to whom Greece would have raised statues, even had she been obliged to throw down a hero or two to make room. Lalande, to whom a voluminous and miscellaneous writer was a brother in arms, affirms he had as much talent as D'Alembert, though not so much of the integral calculus. The Jesuits were not in favour with the Encyclopedists, so that probably there is some truth in the account of Lalande with respect to D'Alembert. Delambre says, 'in all his dissertations we see a professor who loves to converse much better than to observe or calculate,' which seems to us perfectly true; but

at the same time Boscovich was a man of talent, though not of first-rate power or energy; exceedingly fertile in ideas of merit, but not of first-rate merit. The excessive number and length of his dissertations has rendered his name less known than it deserves to be, since there is not among them any one point d'appui for the highest sort of renown. Boscovich was one of the earliest of the continental Newtonians, and introduced the doctrine of gravitation at Rome. His first appearance as a writer on this subject is in an explanatory tract published at Rome in 1743; but in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Theoria,' &c., Venice, 1758, he endeavours to apply the same principle to the actions of molecules on each other. It is remarkable that in spite of the prohibition of the Copernican theory (and in consequence of the Newtonian) by the superintendents of the Index Expurgatorius, two Jesuits published an edition of Newton in 1739, and a third began to teach it at Rome in 1740. But previously to this (1736) he had distinguished himself by a solution of the problem of finding the sun's equator and rotation by observation of the spots, which Delambre calls one of the most elegant which had been given. It was the first of its kind.

In 1750 he began to measure an arc of the meridian from Rome to Rimini, by order of the pope, and the account of this celebrated and useful operation (which was carried on in conjunction with Christopher Maire, another Jesuit) was published in 1755. But Boscovich informs us, that while he was riding about or waiting for his observations, he was engaged in composing Latin verses on the eclipses of the sun and moon. These verses were published at London in 1760 by Millar and Dodsley, in six books, entitled 'De Solis et Lunæ defectibus.' It is lucky for the fame of Boscovich that the degree he measured was not as poetical as his poem is long and minute: the first has always been held a good observation, and the second is best described by Delambre's remark, that it is uninstructive to an astronomer and unintelligible to any body else. We have noticed it because we conceive it is the best channel through which an Englishman who reads Latin (and Boscovich wrote no other language) can make a personal acquaintance with this author. Being published in England it is frequently found among the second-hand booksellers; and the notes, which are often more poetical than the text, contain a large collection of his opinions.

The degree of the meridian above-mentioned, his theory of comets, application of mathematics to the theory of the telescope, and to the perturbations of Saturn and Jupiter (of which Lagrange said that the motto Iræ olim, nune turbat amor natumque patremque' was the only good thing in it), the discussion relative to the invention of the doublerefraction micrometer, the application of the differential calculus to problems of spherical trigonometry, together with his dissertations on various points of physics, will be noticed in their proper places, so far as they influence the history of the several sciences advanced or applied. We will now merely notice 1. The Elementa Universæ Matheseos,' &c., Rome, 1754, a course of mathematics for his pupils; 2. The collection of works alluded to above, 'Opera pertinentia ad Opticam et Astronomiam,' &c., 5 vols. Bassano, 1785; and 3. The work on the degree of the meridian above-mentioned, De Litterariâ Expeditione per Pontificam Ditionem ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus,' &c., Rome, 1755. This work is much more esteemed than the French translation, Paris, 1770, as the map given in the latter is incorrectly reduced. (Biog. Univ.) We may refer for information to the usual authorities and also to the éloge of Lalande (besides that of Fabroni above-mentioned) in the Journal des Savans,' 1792, p. 411.

BOSJESMANS, literally bushmen,' is the name which the Dutch colonists at the Cape of Good Hope have given to a wild and roaming race of people, who live about the northern skirts of the colony, and as far as the Orange river, without any settled habitations or kraals, and who do not rear cattle or constitute tribes like the Hottentots. It seems however ascertained that the Bosjesmans are a branch of the Hottentot race, which separated from the rest long before the establishment of the Europeans in Southern Africa, and took to a wandering life in the northern and more inland parts of the country. As we know nothing of the origin of the Hottentots, it is impossible to say whether the Bosjesmans remained in a wild state while other tribes became settled and partially civilized, or whether they were stragglers from the settled Hottentot