seems altogether to have escaped the observation of botanists. Entirely unacquainted with the writings of the two latter naturalists, but aware of the Prolepsis Plantarum of Linnæus, Göthe took up this important theory, and demon- | strated that all those organs to which so many different names were applied, and which, in fact, have so many dissimilar functions to perform, were all modifications of one common type-the leaf; that the bract is a contracted leaf, the calyx a combination of several, the corolla a union of several more in a coloured state, the stamens contracted and coloured leaves with their parenchyma in a state of disintegration, and the pistil another arrangement of leaves rolled up and combined according to certain invariable laws. All this he stated in such clear and precise terms, the arguments upon which he supported his propositions were so simple and so just, and the whole doctrine was explained in language so sober and philosophical, that the mere circumstance of its not having been immediately received all over the scientific world shows in the clearest light how baneful the influence of Linnean botany had already become; for this beautiful theory, which is the very cornerstone of structural botany, and which is now on all hands admitted to be unassailable, was treated as the idle dream of a poet, and neglected for above twenty years. It has however wrought a change in the ideas of mankind regarding the nature of plants which has already produced the most important results by banishing from the science the complicated and unintelligible distinctions and descriptions with which botany was formerly encumbered, by fixing the manifold combinations of the organs of plants at their true value, and by introducing more just ideas of vegetable physiology. Here we must bring our sketch of the history of botany to a close. There is no longer any great discovery to announce as having produced a sudden and universal change in the science; its general principles are apparently well understood, and all that botanists of the present century have been able to do has been to work out those principles in detail, to substantiate or modify them by isolated observations, to combine into one consistent whole the multitude of species whose attributes are as numerous as themselves, and gradually to reduce into lucid order the seemingly discordant materials which constitute the vegetable kingdom. The rapidity with which this has been effecting of late years has been in proportion to the disappearance of the Linnean school; where the system of Linnæus has continued to prevail, as in Sweden, Spain, Portugal, and Italy, progress has been the slowest; where it has only maintained a doubtful struggle with the principles of Ray, as in Germany and England, advance has been more rapid; but it has only been in France, in which the doctrines of Linnæus never could take root, that the march of discovery has been steady and uninterrupted. At the present moment Great Britain, Germany, and France are in the same position; they are all freed from the prejudices of the Swedish school, and are proceeding with equal steps, all guided by the same sound and recognized principles. The useful purposes to which botany is applied are so numerous, that we can only find room for a short explanation of the most remarkable. Agriculture and horticulture are the two arts with which its relation is the most obvious; for although a considerable part of all the practices in each of them grew out of mere experience, or was discovered by chance, yet there is no possibility of improving them except by other fortunate accidents, or of advancing them at a more rapid rate unless by the application of vegetable physiology. The world, especially that part of it to which these arts belong, is little accustomed to trace to their source the common practices with which it has been familiar from its infancy; and it is far from suspecting that many of the operations which are intrusted to the most ignorant rustics have one by one and piecemeal been hit upon during the careful study of nature by philosophers whose names it never heard. Gardening and husbandry may be defined as the arts, firstly, of improving the quality of various useful plants, and, secondly, of increasing the quantity which a given space of earth is capable of producing. To improve the quality of any one plant, and to render it better adapted to the uses of mankind upon scientific principles, is a very complicated process, and is to be effected in many different ways, all of which require an intimate knowledge of the nature of the vital actions of plants, and of the degree in which they are affected by either external or internal causes. For example, a particular kind of flax produces fibres which are too coarse for the manufacturer; it is impossible to know how those delicate elementary tubes are to be rendered fine without being aware of the manner in which vegetable tissue is affected by light, air, and earth. The flavour of some fruit is too acid; it is the botanist only who could have discovered how to increase the quantity of saccharine matter. Potatoes are sometimes watery and unfit for food; we learn from vegetable physiology that this is often caused by the leaves, in which the nutritious flour of the potato is originally formed, not being sufficiently exposed to solar light, the great agent in causing the production of vegetable secretions. The leaves of the tea plant are harmless and only slightly stimulating in certain latitudes, they become narcotic and unwholesome in others; this apparent puzzle is explained by the connexion that exists between climate and vegetation, a purely botanical question. Certain races of plants may exist, of which one is too vigorous, the other too debilitated for the purposes of the cultivator; the botanist shows how an intermediate race may be created, having the best qualities of both. Certain vegetable productions are susceptible of being produced in particular latitudes, others are not, or not to any useful purpose: for instance, in England the vine will never yield grapes capable of making such wine as even that of champagne, nor will tobacco ever acquire that peculiar principle which gives it so great a value if grown in other countries; and yet both these plants flourish in the soil of England. The botanist can explain why this is, and thus prevent the commencement of speculations which can never end except in loss and disappointment. The quantity of produce which may be procured from a given space of ground varies very much according to the skill of the cultivator, but that skill is in reality the mere application of the rules of vegetable physiology to each particular case; an application that is most frequently made unconsciously, but which nevertheless is made. We are too apt to overlook causes in effects, and to ascribe the improvements we witness to a mere advance in art, without considering that that advance must have had a cause, and that the cause can only be the working of some master hand, which is afterwards blindly followed by the community. The crops of orchard fruit are doubled and trebled in many places; old exhausted races are replaced by young, vigorous, and prolific ones; the cider and perry farmer will feel the benefit of this, but he wil' forget that he owes the change to the patient skill of a vegetable physiologist. The produce of the potato is augmented in the same proportion; twice at least the ordinary quantity of this important article of food may now be obtained from every field: the peasant will feel the additional comfort thus diffused around him, but he will never have heard of the name of Knight; nor will he know after a few years that the produce of the land was ever smaller. Nor is it alone to articles of food that this science is to be applied; next in importance to food are fire and shelter, both of which are mainly furnished by timber. The laws of nature which regulate the production of this substance are among the most curious in science; we possess the most absolute control over them; we hold in our very hands the means of regulating their action, and if we neglect them, as is too often the case, it is not science which is to blame, but those who undervalue and neglect her. Because trees will grow without assistance, and because, in spite of neglect and ignorance, timber is perpetually renewing itself upon the carth, we forget that either its rate of production may be accelerated, or its quality improved. The writer of this has seen plantations, in this country, made for particular purposes at a large expense, totally ruined, with reference to the objects of those who planted them, from ignorance of the simplest laws of vegetable physiology. Some allusion has already been made to the important results which arise out of the study of the connexion between vegetation and climate. The quality of all vegetable productions is influenced essentially by external causes; intensity of light, atmospheric pressure, humidity, temperature, and seasons, are the great agents which modify the tissue, which control development, and which regulate the formation of sensible properties. Various combinations of these and other external causes are what constitute diversities of climate, and it is therefore obvious that the connexion between the latter and vegetation is of the most intimate nature. But as this is a branch of the science of comparatively modern origin, there are few instances of its application: one of the most striking was the declaration of Mr. Royle, that cotton might be obtained in the East Indies equal to the finest from America, a prophecy which has already been fulfilled in consequence of the practical adoption of plans similar to those which he theoretically suggested. Can tea be cultivated as advantageously elsewhere as in China, and what are the causes of the failure of the attempt in Brazil, in Madeira, and in the Indian Archipelago? Here is a single question of immense importance, involving the interests of millions of human beings, and affecting the pecuniary interests of Great Britain as much as any commercial problem ever did; the botanist, and the botanist only, can give a safe and certain answer to it. utility of systematic botany in the most striking light. Instead of endless experiments leading to multitudes of incongruous and isolated facts, the whole history of the medicinal or economical uses of the vegetable kingdom is reduced to a comparatively small number of general laws; and a student, instead of being compelled to entangle himself in a maze of specific distinctions, is only obliged in practice to make himself acquainted with the more striking groups; and having accomplished this, he is enabled to judge of the properties of a species he had never seen before, by what he knows of some other species to which it is related. Some idea of the extent to which this power of judging of plants à priori is practically useful may be formed from this-that supposing the vegetable kingdom to consist of 100,000 species, arranged in 6 or 7000 genera, the vast mass of characters required to distinguish them will be collected under about 300 heads, a knowledge of not more than two-thirds of which will be required for the purposes of the general observer. Thus the common hedge mallow is a mucilaginous, inert plant, whose woody tissue is tough enough to be manufactured into cordage; it has certain botanical chabelongs to a group of plants consisting of not fewer than 700 species. It is only necessary to understand the structure of the common mallow to recognize all the remainder of the group, and to be aware of their uses and properties; so that a person in a foreign country who finds a plant agreeing with the mallow in those marks by which the Malvaceous order is known, although he should never have seen or heard of the plant before, would immediately recognize it to be mucilaginous and inert, and would expect to find its vegetable fibre tough enough to be manufactured into cordage. It is this class of facts which alone can lead with any certainty to the discovery in one country of substitutes for the useful plants of another; it has shown the similarity between the violet roots of Europe and one of the kinds of ipecacuanha of South America; that the astringency of the alum-root of the United States finds a parallel in those of the geraniums of England; that madder has its representative in the Isle of France, cinchona in India, and that Indian-rubber trees exist in the East as well as in the West. The cases hitherto cited refer chiefly to the objects of vegetable physiology; systematic botany bears upon practice not less usefully, but in a different way. If the only advantage of classifying plants were to acquire the power of discovering their scientific names, even that would have a certain kind of interest, because it would insure a uniformity of language in speaking of them; if it had the addi-racters, which are readily observed and remembered; and it tional property of demonstrating the gradual connexion that is discoverable between all the beings in the organized part of the creation, of proving that there is an insensible transition from one form of living matter to another, without break or interruption, and of explaining in a clear and intelligible manner the nature of that universal harmony of which philosophers are used to talk, the interest and importance of botanical classifications would be still further enhanced; but the practical importance of them would still be extremely limited. It is only when we look to the coincidence between botanical affinities and sensible properties, and to the external indications of internal qualities, that we perceive the great features of its utility to man. If the qualities of every plant required to be ascertained by a circuitous and tedious series of experiments, no life could be long enough for the task, nor, if it were, could any memory however powerful remember so extensive a series of facts; and if, under such circumstances, botanists whose whole life is occupied in the study should be unable to master the difficulties, systematic botany could never be applied at all It is not however every kind of systematic botany which to any useful purpose, because it must of necessity be far leads to these Important results: it is not arrangements, beyond the acquirement of those persons who would be however clear, which depend upon accordances in one or most likely to have occasion to employ it. But it was long two arbitrary and unimportant points of structure; but it since suspected that plants which agree with each other in is that philosophical view of nature which separates to the organization also agree in the secretions which may be sup-greatest distance species which are the most dissimilar in posed to be the result of that organization. Linnæus, in their organization, and which places side by side such as his dissertation upon the properties of plants, declares that are more like each other than anything else, filling up all species of the same genus possess similar virtues; that those the space between such extremes upon exactly the same of the same natural order are near each other in properties, principle; till at last, take a species where you will, it will and that those which belong to the same natural class have be found in the midst of its nearest kindred and most also some relation to each other in their sensible properties. natural allies. This, which is called the natural system, This doctrine is now admitted on all hands, among men of will be explained hereafter under the head of CLASSIFIscience, to be incontrovertible, and places the practical CATIONS in botany. A Glossary of the Technical Terms most commonly employed in Botany. Abnormal, contrary to general rules Aciculate, needle-shaped Acinus, a bunch of succulent berries, as of Acrogen, a plant which grows at its end Aculeate, covered with prickles Adventitious, appearing accidentally Amentum, a catkin; the male inflorescence | Arista, the beard or awn of grasses Asci, the cases in which the spores of Anfractuous, doubled abruptly in several different directions Angiocarpous, having seeds enclosed in a Annotinous, a year old Anther, the case containing pollen some mosses Apothecium, the shield, or mass of reproduc- Appendiculate, having some kind of ap- Apetalous, having no petals Estivation, the arrangement of the parts of Apocarpous, where the carpels are distinct the flower before they expand Alabastrus, a flower-bud Albumen, a substance interposed in some seeds between the embryo and the seed coats Alburnum, the young wood; sap-wood from each other Arachnoid, resembling a spider's web Aril, a peculiar wrapper of some seeds, as Ascidium, a hollow leaf looking like a water vessel; as the pitcher of Nepenthes Attenuated, gradually tapering to a point without becoming flat Auriculate, having two lobes (like ears) at the base Axis, the root and stem either taken toge- Axil, the acute angle formed by the junc- Baccate, fruit covered with soft flesh Beard, a tuft of long hairs Biconjugate, in two pairs, placed side by Bidentate, having two teeth Bijugous, in two pairs, placed end to end Bipartite, divided into two deep lobes Brachiate, when branches stand nearly at right angles to the stem from which they proceed Bract, the leaf or leaflet from the axil of which a flower grows Bulb, a scaly, underground bud Caducous, falling off sooner or later Calcar, a spur or horn; as in the nasturtium Campanulate, bell-shaped Cancellate, a leaf which has veins without Capitulum, a collection of flowers in a head Carpel, one of the parts of a compound Chalaza, a spot on a seed indicating the place where the nucleus is united to the seminal integuments Ciliated, fringed with hairs like an eyelash Cinereous, ash-coloured Circinate, rolled inwards from the point to the base Circumscissile, dividing into two parts by a spontaneous transverse separation Cirrhous, terminating in a tendril Clavate, club-shaped Claw, the stalk of a petal Columella, a central part of the fruit of a moss, round which the spores are deposited Column, the combination of stamens and style in Orchideous and other plants Comose, having hairs at one or both ends, if speaking of seeds; being terminated by coloured empty bracts, if applied to inflo rescences Conduplicate, doubled together Coriaceous, of a leathery texture Cormus, a solid, roundish, underground stem, as in Crocus Corneous, of a horny texture Corniculate, shaped like a slender horn Corolla, the second of the two envelopes that surround the stamens and pistil Corona, a combination of fertile and barren stamens into a disk, as in Stapelia Corymbose, when the branches surrounding a common axis are shortest at the top and longest at the bottom, so as to form a level-topped whole Costa, the midrib of a leaf Cotyledons, the leaves of the embryo Crateriform, shaped like a goblet Crenelled or Crenated, having rounded notches at the edges Crested, having some unusual and striking appendage arising from the middle Cruciate, when four parts are so arranged as to resemble the arms of a Maltese cross Cucullate, hooded, rolled inwards so as to Cupule, the cup of the acorn, the husk of the filbert, chestnut, &c. ; a peculiar combination of bracts Cuspidate, abruptly rounded off with a projecting point in the middle Cuticle, the external skin Cyathiform, cup-shaped, more contracted at the orifice than crateriforin Cyme, an inflorescence having a corymbose form, but consisting of repeatedly-branched divisions Cymbiform, having the form of a boat Decandrous, having ten stamens Deltoid, having the form of a triangle or Dendroidal, resembling a small tree Dentate, with sharp-pointed notches and intermediate curves instead of re-entering angles Depauperated, imperfectly developed; looking as if ill-formed from want of sufficient nutriment Depressed, flattened from point to base Diadelphous, having the stamens in two parcels Dioecious, having stamens on one plant and branches Dicotyledonous, having two cotyledons Didynamous, having two pairs of stamens of unequal length Didymous, growing in pairs, or twins; only applied to solids and not to flat surfaces Confluent, growing together so that the line Digitate, fingered, diverging from a comof junction is lost to the sight Conjugate, growing in pairs Connate, growing together so that the line of junction remains perceptible Connective, the fleshy part that combines the two lobes of an anther Connivent, converging, as the anther of a potato blossom Conoidal, approaching a conical form Continuous, proceeding from something else without apparent interruption Contorted, twisted in such a way that all the parts have a similar direction, as the segments of the flower of an Oleander Convolute, rolled together Corculum, the rudimentary axis which connects the cotyledons of the embryo Cordate, heart-shaped mon centre, as the fingers from the palm Dimidiate, half-formed, or halved, or split into two halves Dipterous, having two wings Discoidal, with the central part of a flat body differently coloured or marked from the margin Disk, a fleshy circle interposed between the stamens and pistils Dissepiments, the vertical partitions of a compound fruit Distichous, arranged in two rows Divaricating, diverging at an obtuse angle Dodecandrous, having 12 stamens Dolabriform, hatchet-shaped Drupe, such a fruit as the peach, consisting of a stem surrounded by flesh or fibrous matter Ducts, spiral vessels that will not unroll Dumose, having a compact bushy form Duramen, the heart-wood of timber Echinate, covered with hard sharp points Elaters, little spirally-twisted hygrometrical threads that disperse the spores of Jungermannias Elementary organs, the minute parts of which the texture of plants is composed Emarginate, having a notch at the point Embryo, the rudimentary plant before germination commences Endocarp, the hard lining of some peri carps Endogen, a plant which increases in diameter by addition to its centre, as a palmtree Enneandrous, having 9 stamens Ensiform, having the form of a straight and narrow sword blade Epicarp, the external layer of the pericarp Epidermis, the skin of a plant, in the language of some writers; the cortical integument according to others Epigynous, growing upon the top of the ovary, or seeming to do so Equitant, when leaves are so arranged that the base of each is enclosed within the opposite base of that which is next below it; as in Iris Estivation, see Estivation Exogen, a plant which increases in diameter by the addition of new wood to the outside of the old wood; as an oak-tree Farinaceous, mealy Fasciated, banded Fasciculated, collected in clusters Fastigiate, when the branches of any plant are pressed close to the main stem, as in the Lombardy poplar Filament, the stalk of the anther Filiform, slender and round like a thread Fistular, tubular but closed at each end; as the leaf of an onion Flabelliform, fan-shaped Flagelliform, resembling the thong of a whip Flexuose, wavy Floccose, covered with little irregular patches of woolliness Floret, a little flower Floscule, ditto Foliaceous, having the colour and texture of a common green leaf Foliation, the arrangement of young leaves within the leaf-pud Follicle, a simple fruit opening by its ventral suture only Foramen, the passage through the integu ments of an ovule by which impreg nating matter is introduced into the nucleus Fovilla, the fertilizing principle of polleu Frond, the leaf of a fern or of a palm Fruit, the full-grown ripened pistil Fugacious, lasting but a short time Fungoid, resembling a fungus; that is, irregular in form and fleshy in texture Funiculus, the stalk by which some seeds are attached to the placenta Fusiform, spindle-shaped, thickest in the middle, and tapering to each end Galbulus, a small cone whose scales are all consolidated into a fleshy ball, as in Juniper Galea, the upper lip of a labiate flower Geniculate, knee-jointed, when a stem bends suddenly in its middle Gibbous, prominent, projecting Glabrous, having no hairs Gladiate, the same as ensiform, but broader and shorter Gland, 1. the fruit of the oak, the hazel, &c.; 2. an elevation of the cuticle which usually secretes either acrid or resinous matter Glandular, covered with glands of the se cond kind Glaucous, covered with bloom like a plum Glochidate, covered with hairs which are rigid and hooked at their point Glume, one of the bracts of grasses Gymnospermous, having seeds which ripen without being enclosed in a pericarp Gynobase, an elevated part of the growing point of a flower-bud, rising between the carpels and throwing them into an oblique position Gyrate, see Circinate. Also, surrounded by an elastic ring, as the theca of ferns Hastate, having the form of a halbert-head; that is, with a lance-shaped centre crossed at the base by two lobes of a similar form standing at right angles with the centre Helmet, the hooded upper lip of some flowers Heptandrous, having 7 stamens Hexandrous, having 6 stamens Hilum, the scar left upon a seed when it is separated from the placenta Hirsute, covered with harsh long hairs Hymenium, the gills of a mushroom; that part in Fungi where the spores are placed Hypocrateriform, salver-shaped; having a cylindrical tube and a flat border spreading away from it Hypogynous, arising from immediately below the pistil Icosandrous, having 20 or more perigynous stamens Imbricated, overlapping, as tiles overlie each other on the roof of a house Incumbent, lying upon any thing Indehiscent, not opening when ripe Induplicate, doubled inwards Indusium, the membrane that overlies the sori of ferns Inferior, is said of a calyx when it does not adhere to the ovary; is said of an ovary when it does adhere to the calyx Inflorescence, the collection of flowers upon a plant Infundibuliform, shaped like a funnel Innate, growing upon any thing by one end Innovations, the young shoots of mosses Intercellular, that which lies between the cells or elementary bladders of plants Internode, the space between two nodes Interrupted, when variations in continuity, size, or development alternately occur in parts which are sometimes uniform; as when pinnated leaves have the alternate leaflets much the smallest, and when dense spikes are here and there broken by the extension of internodes Involucre, a collection of bracts placed in a whorl on the outside a calyx or flowerhead Involute, rolled inwards Labellum, one segment of a corolla, which is lower than the others, and often pendulous Labiate, divided into an upper and a lower lip, as the corolla of dead nettle Lacunose, having numerous large deep depressions or excavations on its surface Lamina, the blade of a leaf Lanceolate, shaped like a lance-head; that is, oval, tapering to both extremities Lateral, originating from the side of anything Latex, the vital fluid of vegetation convex Lepidote, covered with a sort of scurfiness Ligula, a membranous expansion from the Loculicidal, when the carpels of a com- | pound fruit dehisce in such a way that the cells are broken through at their back Locusta, the spikelet, or collection of florets of a grass Lomentum, a legume which is interrupted between the seeds, so as to separate into numerous tranverse portions Lunate, formed like a crescent Manicate, when hairs are interwoven into a mass that can be easily separated from the surface Marginal, of or belonging to the edge of any thing Medullary, of or belonging to the pith Monandrous, with one stamen only Muriform, resembling the bricks in the wall of a house Navicular, shaped like a very small boat Normal, according to general rules Nucule, a small hard seed-like pericarp Oblique, larger on one side than on the other Ovate, having the figure of an egg Palate, the lower surface of the throat of a labiate corolla Paleaceous, covered with pales Palea, either the inner bracts of the inflorescence of a grass, or the bracts upon the receptacle of the flower-head of a Composita Palmate, the same as digitate, only the divisions more shallow and broader Panduriform, oblong, narrowing towards the base, and contracted below the middle Panicle, a compound raceme; a loose kind of inflorescence Papilionaceous, a flower consisting of standard, wings, and keel, like that of a pea Pappus, the calyx of a Composita, as of dandelion Parenchyma, the pulp that connects the veins of leaves Parietal, growing from the lining of any thing Pectniate, divided into long, close, narrow teeth like a comb Pedate, palmate, with the lateral segments lengthened and lobed Pedicel, one of a great many peduncles Peltate, attached within the margin Perianth, a collection of floral envelopes, among which the calyx cannot be distinguished from the corolla, though both are present Pericarp, the shell of a fruit of any kind Perichatium, the leaves at the base of the stalk of the fruit of a moss Perigone, same as Perianth Perigynous, growing from the sides of a calyx Perisperm, same as albumen Peristome, a curious set of processes sur rounding the orifice of the theca of a moss Peronate, laid thickly over with a woolly substance ending in a sort of meal Personate, labiate, with the palate of the lower lip pressing against the upper lip Petal, one of the parts of a corolla Petaloid, resembling a petal in colour and texture Petiole, the stalk of a leaf Pileus, the cap of a mushroom Pinnatifid, divided in a pinnated manner nearly down to the midrib Pistil, the combination of ovary, style, and stigma Pith, the central column of cellular tissue in an Exogen Placenta, the part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached Plane, quite flat Plumule, the rudiment of a stem in the embryo Pollen, the powder contained in an anther Pollen-tubes, the membranous tubes emitted by pollen after they fall on the stigma Polyadelphous, when the stamens are combined into more than two parcels Polyandrous, when there are more than 20 hypogynous stamens Polypetalous, when the petals are all distinct Pseudobulb, the solid above-ground tuber of some Orchidea Pubescent, covered with very fine soft down Pulverulent, covered with a powdery ap pearance Putamen, same as Endocarp Quartine, the innermost integument but Raceme, an inflorescence like that of the currant Rachis, the axis of inflorescence Ramenta, soft, ragged, chaff-like hairs Retuse, blunt, and turned inwards more than obtuse Rhizoma, a creeping stem like that of Iris little rose-like clusters Ruminated, pierced by numerous perforations full of chaffy matter like a nutmeg Spike, an inflorescence in which the flowers Spore, or Sporule, the reproductive body of Squarrose, composed of parts which diverge Stamen, the fertilizing organ of a flower, Stellate, arranged in the form of a star Stipe, the stalk that bears the head of a mush Stipule, the scale at the base of some leaf stalks Torus, the growing point of a flower, on Triternate, when each leaflet of a ternate Truncate, abruptly cut off Tube, the part of a flower where the bases of the sepals, petals, or stamens are united Tuber, a deformed, fleshy kind of underground stem Turbinate, shaped like a spinning top Umbel, an inflorescence whose branches all Umbonate, having a boss or elevated point Unguiculate, furnished with a claw, or short Urceolate, shaped like a pitcher Vagina, the sheath formed by the convolution Vascular, containing vessels; that is, spiral Vernation, the manner in which the young Verticellate, arranged in a whorl Villous, covered with long, soft, shaggy hair the embryo and albumen in some seeds Vittate, striped, as distinguished from fasciate or banded Whorl, an arrangement of more leaves than two around a common centre upon the same plane. George's River, can only be navigated by boats. It was also found that the anchorage which lies contiguous to the entrance of the bay was in its whole extent exposed to E. winds, which, especially from the N.E. and S.E. quarter set in a prodigious sea. Governor Phillip therefore resolved to examine the neighbouring coast, in the hope of finding a more advantageous place for the new settlement. Not many miles to the north of Botany Bay he entered Port Jackson, a similar inlet, which was likewise discovered and named by Cook, who however did not think it worth his while to enter it, because it had the appearance of an open bay. Governor Phillip discovered on its southern shore excellent anchorage sheltered from all winds, and here he founded the town of Sidney. BOTANY BAY is situated on the E. coast of Australia, which coast is commonly called New South Wales, but should properly be called Cook's Land, having been discovered by this great navigator in his first voyage. He entered Botany Bay and examined it as well as his short stay permitted. He found the bay capacious, safe, and convenient. The entrance is a little more than a mile broad, but the bay afterwards enlarges to about three miles in width. He describes the soil about it as either a swamp or as light sand, and the face of the country as finely diversified by wood and lawn. The trees, he adds, are tall and straight, and without underwood, standing at such a distance from each other, that the whole country, at least where the swamps do not render it incapable of cultivation, might be cultivated without cutting down one of them; between the Botany Bay has remained neglected, but the newest trees the ground is covered with grass, of which there is maps indicate that on its northern shores some places are abundance. The great quantity of plants found there by inhabited and cultivated, probably on account of the neighthe naturalist accompanying him in his first voyage in-bourhood of Sidney, and of the facility of disposing of agriduced him to call it Botany Bay, and he considered it a suitable place for a new settlement. In 1788 it was resolved to found in the southern hemisphere a penal settlement, and Botany Bay was thought the fittest place. Governor Phillip accordingly set sail directly for it, but he was soon convinced that this place laboured under great disadvantages. The bay indeed is extensive, and good anchorage is found in 4, 5, 6 and 7 fathoms water; but both on the N. and S. sides and on the bottom of the bay flats extend to a great distance from the shore, having only 4 or 5 ft. water on them. The river which falls into the bay at its W. extremity, and is now called cultural produce. It is in 34 S. lat., and 151° E. long., according to the determination of Cook. (Cook's First Voyage; Governor Phillip's Voyage, and Hunter's Discoveries.) BOTH, JOHN and ANDREW, two eminent painters, were born at Utrecht, the former in the year 1610; the birth of the latter is of uncertain date. Their father was a painter on glass, and it is probable they received their first instructions from him. They were placed at an early age under Abraham Bloemart; and in their youth went to Italy to perfect themselves in their art. Here they acquired a great reputation, John painting landscapes after the man |