BOUNTY, MUTINY OF THE. [BLIGH.] BOUNTY, QUEEN ANNE'S. [BENEFICE.] BOURBON, the name of a family that succeeded the line of Valois in 1589, and has reigned in France from 1589 to the present time, with some intermission during the republic and the empire of Napoleon Buonaparte. The families, both of Valois and Bourbon, were branches of the stock of Capet. The Bourbons had branched off earlier than the Valois; the former being descended from a son of St. Louis, the latter from a brother of Philip the Fair. The genealogy of the Bourbons, here given, is chiefly taken from the elaborate work of M. Desormeaux, historiographer of the House of Bourbon, &c. &c. This work is de l'imprimerie royale, and may be considered as an official document and the best authority on the points within its province. The following have also been consulted:-'Histoire des Bourbons,' 4 vols. 12mo., à Paris, 1793. Memoires et Recueil de l'origine, Alliances, et succession de la famille Royale de Bourbon, Branche de la Maison de France, a la Rochelle,' 1597. Coxe's Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon.' The ancestor of the Bourbon branch of the royal family of France was Robert the sixth and youngest son of Louis IX. commonly called St. Louis, a title which few of the so-called Saints have better earned, if the virtues of justice, temperance, and rigid probity confer a claim to that title. Robert was born in 1256. In 1270 his father set out on his African expedition, where he perished before Tunis. Philip the Hardy, successor of St. Louis, gave Robert in marriage to Beatrice of Burgundy, a princess of the blood, only daughter and heiress of John of Burgundy, baron of Charolois, and of Agnes, dame de Bourbon and de St. Just, daughter of Archambault, sire de Bourbon. By this marriage Robert united to his appanage of the Comté de Clermont, the province of the Bourbonnois, and the Charolois, and the seigneury of St. Just. His descendants took the name of Bourbon. Jacques de Bourbon, Count de la Marche. ST. LOUIS. John, Count de la Marche, married Catherine de Vendôme, Jacques II., Count de la Marche. Louis, first Prince de Condé, from whom are descended the branches of Condé and Conti. Philip, Duke of Orleans. Regent Orleans. Louis I., Duke of Orleans. Louis Philippe, ditto. Louis Philippe Auguste Louis Philippe, now King of the French. Robert, Count de Clermont. Louis I., Duke de Bourbon, and the title of pair was only bestowed on the children of the king, the princes of the blood, and seigneurs of the most noble fiefs. A younger son of this Louis, duke de Bourbon, named Jacques de Bourbon, bore the titles of Count de la Marche and de Ponthieu. The domain of Vendôme having come, as that of Bourbon had done before to Robert, to the second Count of la Marche by marriage, his second son assumed the name of Bourbon Vendôme, and from him descended the royal house of France; the elder branch became extinct on the death of the famous Constable de Bourbon. The preceding table will convey at once a more distinct idea of the course of descent, and will give a synoptical and at the same time clear view of the branches of the Bourbon stock, which have more immediately given kings to France. It has not been judged necessary to give all the counts and dukes de Vendôme. A hiatus has therefore been left between Louis de Bourbon, the first count de Vendôme, and Antoine de Bourbon, duke de Vendôme, and king of Navarre, the father of Henry IV. of France. BOURBON, CHARLES DE, Constable of France, commonly called the Constable de Bourbon, or the Constable Bourbon, was born on the 17th of February, 1489. He was of the Montpensier branch of the Bourbon family, being the second son of Gilbert de Bourbon, count de Montpensier, viceroy of the kingdom of Naples. By the death of his brother at the age of eighteen, he became the eldest son of his branch, on which the principal territories of the Bourbons were entailed. He was educated at Moulins, the palace of the eldest branch of his family, the dukes de Bourbon, situated in the centre of their large possessions. He was carefully trained in all the athletic exercises, which were regarded as by far the most important part of the education of the nobility of his time. But while his physical education was thus attended to, he did not altogether neglect his mental: and the manner in which he received the lessons which were given him in the science of war, as far as it could then be called a science, gave indication of no inconsiderable capacity; while his general, behaviour indicated more thought than could be expected from his years. The last duke de Bourbon, Pierre II., died leaving a daughter, Suzanne de Bourbon, who had been betrothed to the duke d'Alençon. It being considered impolitic to allow so many domains to accumulate in the person of the duke tinct in the Constable, or rather in d'Alençon, and there being also a doubt respecting Suzanne Peter I., Duke de Bourbou, became ex his wife. Dauphin (Monseigneur), son of Louis XIV. Dauphin, Duke Louis Dauphin, son of Louis XV., and father of Louis XVI. Louis XVI. Duke d'Anjou, who, by the will of Charles II. of Spain, succeeded to the throne of Spain, and from whom are descended the royal houses of Spain and Naples. Louis XVII, son of Louis XVI. Louis XVIII., brother of do. Charles X., do, do. In the time of Robert's son, Louis, the Bourbonnois was created into a duché pairie. The owner, therefore, assumed the title of duke de Bourbon, retaining the arms of France. Duché pairie at that time denoted very high power and dignity. At the time of this creation there were in France only the dukes of Burgundy, Aquitaine and Brittany, de Bourbon's title, Louis XII, appointed a commission, composed of princes, ministers, seigneurs, councillors of state, and lawyers, to examine the respective titles of Suzanne de Bourbon and the count de Montpensier. The commissioners reported that the right of Montpensier appeared incontestable, but they proposed to settle the dispute by marrying the two claimants. Louis XII. approved of the recommendation, and the marriage took place accordingly. It required small persuasion to reconcile the dowager duchess de Bourbon to this arrangement, for she was well aware, having herself presided over his education, of the superiority of the young count de Montpensier, in mental as well as bodily accomplishments, in capacity of understanding, as well as beauty, strength, and address over not only most nobles, but most men of his time. In the marriage articles it was stipulated, 1st, that there should be a cession of all their property in favour of the survivor; 2nd, that the children who should be born of the marriage should inherit all the domains of the house of Bourbon; 3rd, that, on failure of children, the whole succession should devolve on Francis, Monsieur de Bourbon, only brother of Montpensier; 4th, Montpensier assigned a jointure of 10,000 livres a year to his wife on the Bourbonnois. The king renounced for himself and his successors the pretended rights which the treaty of marriage of the duke Pierre II. with Anne of France, daughter of Louis XI., gave to the crown over all the property of the House of Bourbon, if he should die without male children. Having become the richest of all the princes of his house who have not worn the crown, the magnificence of the new duke de Bourbon corresponded with his wealth. He never travelled without a brilliant body of horse-guards, and without being surrounded by the chief noblesse of his domains, and his principal officers, who composed a court little inferior to that of a powerful monarch. The first essay in arms of the duke was in the expedition which Louis XII. made in person into Italy. In this expe dition Bourbon devoted himself with much industry and zeal to the study of strategics. He selected for his friends | his mother, Louisa of Savoy, Duchesse d'Angoulême. This and masters La Tremoille, Bayard, and others, who were princess, who at forty retained striking remains of beauty, distinguished as military leaders. He conversed with them and who was not a woman of very nice morality, is said to on plans of campaigns, marches, encampments, on the de- have entertained a violent passion for Bourbon; and Bourtails of discipline and subsistence. From the generals he bon is said to have treated her advances with coldness and went to subordinate officers who had acquired reputation. even disdain. The rage of a woman thus slighted has be At night, when he retired to his tent or his cabinet, he re- come proverbial; and Louisa of Savoy was not one to belie duced to writing his observations and the result of his con- the proverb. The king espoused the quarrel of his mother, ferences. Such is the labour of those, if we may be allowed of the cause of which charity would suppose him ignorant. to transfer the sentence of Johnson, who fight for immor- The consequence was, one of the most signal examples of tality. ingratitude and injustice upon record. Bourbon returned to France in 1509. In the war of the league of Cambray he had an opportunity of displaying his talents for war. Upon the death of Gaston de Foix, in 1512, the army of Italy demanded with acclamations Bourbon for their leader. But Louis XII. did not comply with its wishes. It is reported that he appeared to be somewhat afraid of Bourbon; that he was heard to say that he should have wished to see in him more openness, more gaiety, and less taciturnity. Nothing is worse,' added he, than the water which sleeps.' Upon the accession of Francis I. to the crown, Bourbon was immediately (1515) appointed constable. It will afford some notion both of the character of the times and the magnificence of the duke de Bourbon, to mention that at the king's coronation, when Bourbon represented the duke of Normandy, his suite consisted of two hundred noblemen. The constable devoted himself assiduously to the duties of his new office, the highest in a military government like what France then was. He introduced many important regulations respecting the discipline of the troops. He particularly directed his attention to the protection of the citizens and peasants against the insolence and oppression of the soldiery. His regulations under this head exhibit considerable administrative talent: and his unbending austerity in enforcing the rules he had laid down showed that he fully understood how much a severe discipline conduces to victory. The salutary effects of this system were shown very soon in the victory of Marignano, which was mainly owing to Bourbon's skill and valour. Our space will only permit the notice of as many of the events in which Bourbon was engaged as are necessary to the understanding of the main incidents that determined his character and shaped his destiny. And these even in a work like the present, are of more importance than perhaps they may appear to superficial inquirers; for the events of Bourbon's later career might be said to have influenced in no inconsiderable degree the destinies of Europe, and hence those of mankind. When Francis I. returned to France in 1516, he left the constable in Lombardy as his lieutenant-general. While here he proposed to the court the conquest of the kingdom of Naples. But while he was making preparations for this expedition, an unexpected invasion of the Milanese by the Emperor Maximilian of Austria took place. Against this irruption Bourbon's first proceeding was to repair the fortifications of Milan, for which purpose he levied a body of 6000 pioneers, by means of a loan, which his high character enabled him to raise. Aware that Francis was not in a condition to grant him any aid, he applied to Albert de la Pierre, a renowned captain of the canton of Zürich; and he obtained, by his own credit, permission to levy a body of 12,000 Swiss. These, after considerable delay, having at length arrived and received three months' pay in advance, refused to go out and attack the emperor, who was encamped at the gates of the town, on the plea that they would not slaughter their fellow-countrymen attached to the service of the emperor. Bourbon disbanded them on the spot; and they coolly departed with his money in their pockets, with the exception of Albert de la Pierre and his company of 300 men. It happened fortunately however that the Swiss in the emperor's army, to the number of 14,000, mutinied for their pay, which was one month in arrear, and which the emperor had reckoned on discharging at the expense of the inhabitants of Milan. This event and its immediate consequences caused the dispersion of the formidable army of Maximilian. When Bourbon appeared after these events at the French court, which was then at Lyons, he was received by Francis with great distinction. But gradually the king was observed to cool. Historians have usually ascribed this alteration of the king's behaviour towards Bourbon to the influence of They began by refusing the payment of the sums which he had borrowed in order to save the Milanese, as well as of all his appointments as prince of the blood, constable and chamberlain of France, and governor of Languedoc. This, however, was light compared to what followed; and was the less to be considered as a wanton insult from the circumstance that Francis, partly by his own profligate expenditure, partly by the cupidity of his mother, was always in want of money, notwithstanding the resources opened to him by the chancellor Du Prat, in the sale of the offices of the magistracy. A breach between Francis and Bourbon was more easily effected from the contrast between their characters, which was great. Francis was gay, open, gallant, superficial, fond of pleasure, and averse from business; Bourbon was grave, reserved, thoughtful, profound, and laborious. In April, 1521, the constable's wife, Suzanne de Bourbon, died. He had previously lost the three children he had by her. The breach between the court and the constable daily widened. In a northern campaign against Charles V., Francis gave the command of the vanguard, which, by a practice established in the French armies, belonged to the constable, to the Duke d'Alençon. From that moment Bourbon regarded himself as degraded from his dignity. He was frequently heard to quote that answer of a courtier to Charles VII., who asked if anything was capable of shaking his fidelity: No, Sire, no, not the offer of three kingdoms such as yours; but an affront is.' Fresh injuries and insults were heaped upon Bourbon. The chancellor Du Prat, in the spirit of the vilest pettifogger, by examining the titles of the house of Bourbon, thought he saw, that by perverting the use of some words, he might be able to deprive the constable of his estates, and convey them to the Duchesse d'Angoulême, or to the king. He explained to the duchess that she had a right to the greatest part of the property of the house of Bourbon, as the nearest relative of Suzanne de Bourbon, and that the rest reverted to the crown. Madame admired the ability and zeal of the chancellor, and entered fully into his views. She now flattered herself that Bourbon would choose rather to secure his rights by marrying her, than be reduced to misery. But the haughty and austere Bourbon, when his friends pressed him to marry the princess, placing in the most favourable light her power, wit, and riches, said that he was so sure of his right that he was ready to try it before any or all of the courts; he declared, moreover, that honour was far dearer to him than property, and that he would never incur the reproach of having degraded himself so far as to share his bed with a profligate woman. The result of such a trial, under such a government as that of France at that time, may be easily foreseen. The parliament decreed that all the property in litigation should be sequestrated : which was to reduce Bourbon to beggary, It will be unnecessary in a work like this, to follow Bourbon step by step in the disastrous route that conducted him from being the first subject in France, to be an exile and an outlaw. We have traced his career hitherto with some minuteness, as tending to throw light on the nature of the European governments in the sixteenth century. If such a thing had happened in France, two or perhaps even one century earlier, to a man so powerful as Bourbon, at once by station and by talent and energy, the probable result would have been very different. The struggle would most likely have terminated in Charles of Bourbon filling the throne of France in the room of Francis of Valois. But about or somewhat before this time had arisen that devotion to royalty, which would seem to have been first introduced by the plebeian legists or lawyers; who were probably led by self-interest to adopt such a measure, in order at once to obtain favour with royalty, and render royalty more able to advance and support them against the old noblesse of the sword. As it was, another fate was reserved for Bourbon. Francis having obtained intelligence that Bourbon had entered into a secret correspondence with the Empero Charles V., Bourbon was obliged to make his escape from France, which he did with some difficulty. Some proposals which were afterwards made to him by Francis were rejected by Bourbon, who had good reason to distrust his sincerity. Bourbon was now thrown upon Charles V., who, though not a little disappointed at receiving a banished man instead of a powerful ally, as he had first expected, appointed him his lieutenant-general in Italy. He surrounded him however with colleagues and spies. In 1525 the result of the famous battle of Pavia, where Bourbon commanded a body of about 19,000 Germans, whom he had raised professedly for the emperor's service, chiefly by means of his high military reputation, afforded him ample vengeance for his wrongs, in the destruction of the French army, and particularly in the capture of Francis, and the death of Bonnivet, his chief personal enemy. But Bourbon, although to his military talents and skill the victory at Pavia had been mainly owing, found that he was still regarded with distrust by Charles, and with jealousy by his generals. The slights and mortifications, too, to which his fighting against his king and his native country subjected him, rendered his position anything but an agreeable or easy one; and contributed, with the roving and unsettled life he had led since his exile, to produce in him something of the recklessness, and even ferocity of the brigands he commanded, and to give to his natural ambition much of the genuine and legitimate character of large and wholesale robbery. It was in the complex state of mind, made up of some such elements as these, that he came to the resolution of acting independently of the emperor, and commencing business, as king, on his own account. Fortune seemed to throw in his way one means of accomplishing this object, in attaching to himself, by the allurement of an immense booty, the army which the emperor did not pay. He formed the daring resolution of leading that army to Rome, and giving up to it the riches of that famous city; and he immediately proceeded to put it in execution. This expedition has been considered one of the boldest recorded in history. Bourbon was obliged to abandon his communication with the Milanese, to march for more than a hundred leagues through an enemy's country, to cross rivers, to pass the Apennines, and to keep in check three armies. Add to this, what rendered the enterprise important as distinguishing it from others of a similar nature undertaken by large robbers, the moral danger and difficulty of attacking the very centre of the power of catholicism, as it were laying bare the mysteries of its sanctuary, and, to a certain extent, destroying the powerful spell by which it had so long bound up the faculties of mankind. We do not think that the praise of any high exercise of moral courage is due on this score to Bourbon, for it does not appear that he was guided by a consideration of the consequences hinted at above, but chiefly, if not solely, by the necessity of the circumstances in which he was placed. On the evening of the 5th of May, 1527, Bourbon arrived before Rome. On the following morning, at day-break, he commenced the assault, being himself the first who mounted the wall, and also, according to the French historian, the first who fell, by a shot fired, it is said, by a priest. Benvenuto Cellini says, that it was he who shot Bourbon; and Guicciardini does not clear up the point. It is however of small consequence, two facts being certain, that he fell in the beginning of the assault, and that his army took the city, in which they committed all, and more than all, the usual excesses of a sack. Charles V. made it one of the conditions of peace with Francis that the possessions of the constable should be restored to his family, and his memory re-established. Francis eluded, as much as he was able, the fulfilment of this condition. But the wreck of the constable's fortune was sufficient to render his nephew, Louis de Bourbon, Prince de la Roche-sur-Yon, and afterwards Duke de Montpensier, one of the richest princes of the blood, although it did not form, perhaps, a third part of the revenues of the Duke de Bourbon. Bourbon is reputed to have been one of the handsomest men of his age; and he is said to have been an exemplary husband, and free from the gross licentiousness of the times. He was much beloved by his vassals, who with that resolute incredulity which is sometimes observed in uneducated persons with respect to any report injurious to those they love or respect, refused to believe the account of his death, and persisted in expecting to see him return one day covered with glory, and reconciled to the king. The authorities the same as in the preceding article, with the addition of the French historians and Guicciardini. BOURBON is situated in the Indian Ocean to the E. of Madagascar. The town of St. Denis at its N.W. extremity is in 20° 51′ 30′′ S. lat., and 55° 30′ E. long.; from this place the island extends in a S. E. direction for about 60 m. with a breadth of about 45 m. The whole surface may be about 2400 sq. m., or about 400 sq. m. more than the area of Norfolk. This island was discovered by the Portuguese navigator Mascarenhas in 1542, and at that time was not inhabited. It received the name of Mascarenhas or Mascareigne. The French in 1642 sent some criminals from Madagascar to it, and settled a colony in 1649, when they gave it the name of Bourbon, which at the beginning of the French revolution was changed into that of Réunion, and afterwards into Bonaparte and Napoleon. In 1815, on the restoration of the Bourbons, the island resumed its old name of Bourbon. Probably all the island owes its origin to volcanic agency. The greater part of its surface consists of lava, basalt and other volcanic productions, and on the remainder traces of such rocks are frequent. Towards the SE. extremity there is a volcano constantly in action, and naturalists who have had an opportunity of examining the high mountains toward the N. W. extremity believe that this part also has been an active volcano at some remote date. The island consists of two systems of volcanic mountains and rocks, and a kind of plain which divides them. The north-western mountains form the larger system and cover about half the surface of the island. Nearly in their centre rises a huge mass of lava with three inaccessible peaks, called the Salazes, whose absolute elevation is estimated by Bory de St. Vincent at nearly 1500 toises, or 9600 feet. The country surrounding this mass exhibits large tracts of lava or basaltic rocks of the most various description, and between them some basins or vales. The basaltic prisms are frequently disposed in regular columns, but these as well as the lava rocks are frequently split by deep narrow crevices. The soil which covers only a small portion of this region is evidently the product of decomposed lava, and for the most part is still incapable of supporting any vegetation. It is of a red colour and resembles clay indurated by fire. At some places however it is softer, and has been planted with coffee-trees; and in others, forests of timber-trees are growing. The rivers are only torrents, which descend from a great elevation. Sometimes they are nearly dry; at others they carry great volumes of water, which they pour down the steep declivities with incredible impetuosity. Their course is through extremely narrow gorges, and in deep beds. None of them can be used in irrigating the adjacent country. The shores of the island are rocky, but not generally very high, except along the S. W. coast between St. Paul and St. Petre. In a few places a narrow beach separates the rocks from the sea; it is composed of pieces of basalt and broken lava, which have undergone trituration in the sea, and afterwards been thrown ashore, intermixed with some calcareous pebbles and shells. At the N.W. point of this region lies St. Denis, the capital of the island, with a pop. of 7000 or 8000. It has no harbour, and only an open and dangerous roadstead. A pier secured by iron chains has been constructed for the purpose of enabling boats to land; at the end of it is a ladder by which persons who wish to go ashore may ascend; in all other parts of the island they must jump into the water. Besides the roadstead of St. Denis, there is another at St. Paul, which is perhaps better, but no other place round the island offers an anchoring ground for vessels. From The plains which separate this volcanic region from that in the S.E. district of the island, occupy perhaps one-third of the island. The two principal plains which extend across the island, the plains of the Caffres and of the Palmists, are divided by a rampart of volcanic rocks, and are at a considerable elevation above the level of the sea. the S. shores the country rises gradually for some miles, and then extends in a kind of uneven plain, called that of the Caffres. Its surface is a succession of small plains, rising above one another and intersected by hillocks. At the S. extremity this plain is 3600 ft. above the sea, but where it joins the plain of Cilaos, towards the S. E. volcanic vessels there arrived 107, their crews amounting to 1514, region, its elevation may be nearly 5000 ft. Its soil is en- and their tonnage to 11,707. In 1825 Bourbon was visited tirely composed of triturated lava and other volcanic matter: by 153 French vessels, of which the crews amounted to a great part of it is without any kind of vegetation; in some 2414 men, and the tonnage to 31,833. The foreign vessels, places there are shrubs, but no trees. To the N. of it ex-93 in number, had on board 1056 men, and their tonnage tends the plain of the Palmists, which rises to about 3000 ft. amounted to 9944. It is a perfect level, in the form of a circus, enclosed on all sides, except towards the shores on the N., by a nearly perpendicular wall of mountains from 1500 to 2000 ft. elevation, which are partly covered with high trees and rich vegetation: on the plain itself many trees are found, among which the species of palms abounds, from which it derives its name. The descent to the shore is somewhat longer than on the S. declivity of the island. The traveller ascends from the plain of the Caffres to the S.E. volcanic region by two other extremely sterile plains, those of Cilaos and of the Sands (aux Sables). This volcanic region at the S.E. extremity, which probably does not occupy more than one-seventh of the island, is called the burned land (pays brûlé), from its soil being entirely composed of recent lava. There are few places in which signs of vegetation are seen. Nearly in its centre is the present crater of the volcano, which nearly every year changes its place over an extent of 5 to 6 sq. m. This present centre of volcanic agency is only from 8 to 9 m. from the S.W. extremity of the island, and the high mountains near it are estimated to have an absolute elevation of about 7000 ft. The eruptions of this volcano succeed one another at short intervals. It A soil so arid as that of Bourbon could not maintain a vigorous vegetation if it were not continually supplied with sufficient moisture by the regular succession of land and sea-breezes. The first, blowing from the high mountains of the interior, are always cool, frequently cold; and in the gorges they blow with great force. The wind is sometimes felt from five to eight miles from the shore. ceases at about 10 o'clock in the morning, and is succeeded by the sea-breeze, which brings with it fogs. These fogs are afterwards dissipated by the rays of the sun, and driven again to the sea. This circulation of the vapours produces a great humidity, and rains are consequently frequent, especially during the S.E. winds, from July to October, During the N.E. winds, from January to April, the rains are still more frequent, and often continual for many days, and very heavy. But in despite of this humidity of the air, the climate is pleasant and healthy. During the winter, from April to August, the highest peaks are covered with snow. Hurricanes occur twice or thrice a-year. The interior of the island is not inhabited, and perhaps not habitable, on account of the sterility of its soil. The cultivated ground in no place extends more than 5 or 6 m. from the sea. Within these limits are cultivated maize, corn, a little rice, mandioca, sweet potatoes, ignames and haricots; and for exportation, a little sugar and cocoa, and a great quantity of coffee, which is of excellent quality. There are some plantations of cloves and nutmeg-trees, but the produce is neither abundant nor of good quality. The most common fruits are guavas, bananas, citrons, tamarinds, lemons and oranges. In many parts of the interior, especially at the feet of the higher mountains, are extensive forests of timber-trees, which furnish a considerable article of exportation. In 1825 there were, of domestic animals, 3718 horses, 1803 mules, 505 asses, 4303 black cattle, and 2881 sheep. In the woods are wild goats and wild hogs; and landturtles occur in the western districts. There are spiders as large as a pigeon's egg, and their web is so strong that many have supposed it could be used like silk. Bats are numerous, and eaten as a great delicacy. On the shores are found ambergris, coral, and many beautiful shells. The inhabitants are composed of a few families of pure European blood, and a greater number of such as have mixed with the African races. There is a considerable number of free negroes, and a still greater number of slaves. In 1822 the population amounted to 17,037 whites, 5159 free negroes, and 45,375 slaves. The number of the latter is rapidly decreasing. The island has a commercial intercourse with France, and with the ports along the E. shores of Africa, with Madagascar, and with Mauritius. It is entirely carried on in French and foreign vessels. In 1824 the number of French vessels visiting Bourbon amounted to 117, and their crews to 2018 men; their tonnage was 28,168. Of foreign The articles of exportation are coffee, sugar, cocoa, cloves, and nutmegs, and a considerable quantity of timber, with some articles imported from France. The following list shows the amount of the exportations in 1825, and to what countries they went: France Productions. 137,754 60,028 9,502,585 Foreign commodities. 289,992 fr. 386,904 635,984 863,724 2,176,605 The island of Bourbon is the only settlement which the French now possess between Africa and India. (Bory de St. Vincent, Voyage dans les Quatre Isles de la Mer Afrique ; and Thomas, Essai de Statistique de l'Isle de Bourbon.) BOURBON, the name of several places in France; of which only three are of sufficient importance to merit individual notice-viz., Bourbon Vendée, Bourbon L'Archambault, and Bourbon Lancy. Bourbon Vendée, the capital of the dep. of Vendée, stands on the little river Yon, a branch of the Lay. It is 227 m. in a straight line S. W. from Paris, or 253 m. by the road through Orléans, Tours, Saumur, Chollet, and Montagne. It is in 46° 41' N. lat., and 1° 29′ W. long. The importance of this place is quite of modern origin, and, notwithstanding its name, is due to the favour shown to it by Napoleon. It was known in the middle ages by the name of Roche-sur-Yon, and was a small country town (bourg) of little importance, except for a strong fortress which was delivered up to the English in 1369 by the treachery of the governor, Jean Blondeau. This man having afterwards fallen into the power of the duke of Anjou, was by his orders put into a sack and drowned. Roche-sur-Yon was a principality belonging to the house of BourbonConti. 'The town had sunk into obscurity and decay, when Bonaparte thought proper to rebuild and constitute it the chief place of the dep. of La Vendée, appointing it for the seat of the prefecture. He gave it his own name, Napoleon ; made it a military station; had a barrack, a guildhall, an exchange, and a handsome hotel erected, and streets and squares planned; so that there are all the requisites for a principal town, save houses and inhabitants. He wished to induce the people of La Vendée to live in towns, where they would be less under the influence of their chiefs, and more orderly subjects: but it is not easy to break through national habits; the Vendéans preferred remaining in their half-burnt villages to settling in his new town, which, no navigable river being near, offered them no facilities for trade, nor any other advantages to allure them from their rural haunts, their rural employments, and their rural sports. (Journal of a Tour in France in 1816 and 1817, by Frances Jane Carey.) When Louis XVIII. was called to the throne, the name of the town was changed to Bourbon Vendée, and when Bonaparte returned from Elba, to Napoleon again; and it is now Bourbon Vendée once more. (Ibid.) Napoleon devoted the sum of 3,000,000 francs, or about 125,000., to the construction of the edifices needful to maintain its rank of a departmental capital. The vast plan traced by him remains however yet incomplete from want of funds, and the large straight streets are almost uninhabited. A canal, called by Malte Brun the Canal de la Brét, but the course of which is not mentioned, has been projected, and may serve when completed to improve the ill-chosen site, and draw some commerce to the town: what trade is carried on at present is in corn, cattle, and paper. There is a handsome church in the Place Royale; and small as the town is, it has a library, a high school, and a society of agriculture, sciences, and arts. There are also baths. The pop. by the last return, previous to that of 1832, was 3129 (we believe this return was of 1826); and by the return of 1832 it was 3904, of whom 3494 were in the town itself. The arrond. of Bourbon Vendée comprehends 630 sq. in. or 403,200 acres, and is subdivided into 8 cantons and 73 communes. The pop. in 1832 was 115,988. Bourbon L' Archambault, or L'Archambaud, is in the dep. of Allier, and near the little river Barge, a feeder of the Ours, which falls into the Allier. It is about 160 or 162 m. S. by E. of Paris in a straight line, or 197 m. by the road to Fontainebleau, Montargis, Nevers, and Moulins. It is in 46° 36' N. lat., and 3' 1' E. long. This town appears to have been known for its mineral waters to the Romans, who called them by the name of Aquæ Bormonis. It was a place of some importance in the eighth century; for in the wars which Pepin le Bref, father of Charlemagne, carried on against the duke of Aquitaine, Bourbon is mentioned as one of the places taken by him. It is thought to have obtained its name from the mud (bourbe) contained in its waters, or perhaps from a deity called Borvo [BOURBONNE LES BAINS]. About the tenth century Charles le Simple granted Bourbon, with the surrounding district, to a favourite of his named Aymard; and his descendants, the sires or lords of Bourbon, having in most cases borne the name of Archambaud, that name was attached to the town itself (Dictionnaire Universel de la France). Others make the origin of the lordship of Bourbon to have been a century later. By marriage this lordship came to a younger branch of the royal family of France, and was in 1329 erected into a duchy by Philip VI. (de Valois), or according to others, in 1327, by Charles IV. (le Bel). From the first duke, Louis, grandson of Louis IX. (St. Louis) of France, descended a line of nobles, of whom the male descendants failed in the early part of the sixteenth century, and the duchy came by the marriage of the heiress to the count of Montpensier, who assumed the title of duke of Bourbon. [BOURBON.] The town of Bourbon is in a beautiful and rich valley or hollow, between four hills, a few miles from the left bank of the Allier; but the air is considered far from wholesome, owing to the neighbourhood of a marshy pool, and the situation of the town in a hollow, surrounded by steep hills. On one of the hills is the ruin of an ancient castle of the sires or dukes of Bourbon: the ruin consists of three towers in pretty good preservation. The church, which appears to have been the chapel of the dukes of Bourbon, and an appendage to the castle, is remarkable for its beautiful stained glass windows. The town depends mainly on its mineral waters, which attract a number of invalids, who resort hither to find relief from rheumatic or paralytic attacks. The waters are contained in three wells, and have a temperature of 58° to 60° of Réaumur, or 162° to 167° of Fahrenheit. The season lasts from the middle of May to the end of September. The celebrated Madame de Montespan, mistress of Louis XIV. died here in disgrace, if not in exile. The pop. is given in round numbers by Malte Brun and Balbi at 3000. The river Barge, near which the town stands, seems to expand into a marshy pool. It abounds in fish. Bourbon Lancy is in the dep. of Saône et Loire, a short distance from the right bank of the Loire, about 166 to 168 m. in a straight line S.S.E. of Paris, or 218 m. by the road through Sens, Auxerre, and Autun. It is in 46° 37′ N. lat., and 3° 46' E. long. Bourbon Lancy, like the town above mentioned, was known to the Romans for its mineral waters. It appears in the Theodosian table under the name of Aquæ Nisineü. It is supposed to have derived its distinguishing epithet of Lancy, or as the geographers of seventy years since wrote it, L'Anci or L'Aney, from one of the feudal lords of the place, who was named Ancellus or Anceau, otherwise Anceaume or Ancelme. The baths, which give to this town its chief claim to notice, are in the suburb of St. Leger. There are several springs; seven according to some authors (Expilly; Dictionnaire Universelle; Encyclopédie Méthodique), nine according to the more modern statement of M. Robert (Dictionnaire Geographique, París, 1818); of which nine, one is very cold, the rest warm, the temperature being about 50° of Réaumur, or 143° of Fahrenheit. The great bath is thought to be a Roman work; it is circular, 60 French or 64 English feet, or according to Reichard only 42 feet in diameter, paved with marble, and capable of containing 500 persons. Near this is a large square bath, built for the poor. The waters are described as being limpid, tasteless, and without smell (so that they may be used in making bread), yet they are said to contain sea-salt, sulphur, and bitumen. They are used in nervous and rheumatic affections. It is remarkable that although the great bath, which is a Roman work, has continued to the present day, the springs fell into neglect and oblivion. In 1580 they were again brought into notice, and the baths re-established by Henry III. The war of the league interrupted the improvements going on, which were however resumed and continued by Henry IV. and Louis XIV. Many remains of antiquity, statues, medals, and the relics of antient buildings, have been from time to time dug up in and about the place. The pop. is given by Malte Brun at 2500 in round numbers. Visitors come hither in spring and autumn, and seldom stay above a month. (Dictionnaire Universel de la France; Malte Brun; Expilly, &c.) BOURBONNE-LES-BAINS, a town in France, in the dep. of Haute Marne. It is in the S.E. part of the dep. and at the confluence of the small rivers, the Borne and Apance, which latter riv. is a tributary of the Saône, 165 m. in Brue's map of France, or 170 in that published by the Soc. for the Diffus. of Useful Know., in a direct line S.E. by E. from Paris; or 179 m. by the road through Provins, Troyes and Chaumont-en-Bassigny in 47° 57' N. lat. and 5° 46' E. long. D'Anville considers that this town was known to the Romans, and that it is marked in the Theodosian Table by a square building, similar to those which in that table are used to indicate mineral waters; though no name is extant as applied to this place. A Roman inscription has been found here which D'Anville says was sacred, Borvoni et Monæ Deo; and from this he has given to the place the name of Aqua Borvonis. (Notice de l'Ancienne Gaule.) The inscription is however given by Expilly at full length, as follows: BORBONI THERMARUM DEO MAMMONE COCILIE UXORIS EJUS EX VOTO EREXIT. From this mention of Borbo or Borbon, as the presiding deity of the baths, it is likely we may deduce the etymology of the name Bourbon more correctly than is commonly done. [BOURBON L'Archambault.] In the beginning of the seventh century, a castle was built here to which an antient writer gives the name of Vervona; but it does not appear that any historical interest attaches to Bourbonne. In 1717 the town was burnt almost entirely, and the antient castle shared the same fate. The town stands on a declivity, and presents little that is pleasing in its aspect. It would not claim notice except for its waters and its military hospital. The temperature of the springs varies from 30° to 48° of Réaumur; or about 100° to 140° of Fahrenheit, (Malte Brun); or to 62° of Réaumur, or 172° of Fahrenheit. (Encyclopédie Méthod.) Although too hot for one to bear the finger in them, they are drunk without scalding the mouth. (Malte Brun.) There appear to be three baths, or rather three establishments of two baths each, called Le Bain du Seigneur, from having formerly belonged to the lords of the soil; Les Bains des Pauvres; and Le Bain Patrice. (Expilly, and Diet. Universelle de la France.) The waters are said to be good for gout, rheumatism, scurvy, gravel, venereal complaints, palsy, and nervous affections; also for gun-shot wounds. They are taken by drinking and bathing; and the very mud or sediment is said to be serviceable used as a poultice. The season includes June, July, August, and September. The military hospital contains more than 500 beds. The pop. of the town is given in round numbers by Malte Brun at 3500; and by M. Balbi at 4000. There are some pleasant promenades. (Malte Brun; Expilly; Reichard's De- scriptive Road-book of France) BOURBONNOIS, a district of Central France, one of the thirty-two provinces or military governments into which, before the revolution, that kingdom was divided. It was bounded on the N. by Berri and the Nivernois; on the E. by Bourgogne or Burgundy; on the S.E. by the Lyonnais; and on the S. by Auvergne; on the S.W. by La Marche; and on the W. by Berri. Its form was very irregular: the greatest length from W.N.W. to E.S.E. was 92 m., and the greatest breadth was 56. The greater part of it is included in the dep. of Allier. The province was separated from Bourgogne partly by |