with the Seine. The district of Bresse is bounded on the S. by the Rhône, and watered by the Ain which falls into the Rhône. These three basins are separated from each other by a range of hills which, entering Bourgogne from the S., from the district of Beaujolais, run nearly due N. to the neighbourhood of Château-Chinow, separating the basins of the Rhône and the Loire, and at Château-Chinow divides into two parts, one of which running N.W. separates the basin of the Seine from that of the Loire; while the other, which includes the Côte d'Or, runs N.E. towards Langres and the Chain of the Vosges, and separates the basin of the Seine from that of the Saône, or more properly the Rhône. Two important canals cross the country; one, Le Canal du Centre or du Charollais, unites the Loire at Digoin near Charolles with the Saône at Châlons sur Saône; the other, Le Canal de Bourgogne, unites the Saône at St. Jean de Losne with the Yonne, between Auxerre and Joigny, following very nearly the course of the rivers Ouche and Armançon.

Watered by so many rivers, possessing a fine climate and fertile soil, Bourgogne may be regarded as one of the districts of France most favoured by nature. Grain of all kinds is plentiful, vast numbers of sheep are fed in the pasturages, and the forests yield timber for the builder and the shipwright, and fuel. Hemp, fruit, fish, and game, are plentiful but the principal article of produce is wine, which is among the very best in France. The following wines may be mentioned as of the finest quality: the red wines of Auxerre, La Romanée-Conti, Chambertin, Richebourg, Clous-Vougeot, La Romanée-Saint-Vivant, La Tache, St. George, Corton, Les Torins, and Chenas; and the white wines of Puligni (growth of Montrachet), Pouilley and Fuissey. The wines of the district are known by the general name of Vin de Bourgogne (Burgundy wine). For further information as to the natural features, productions, trade, &c. of Bourgogne, see AIX, AUBE, CÔTE D'OR, SAÔNE and LOIRE, and YONNE, among which department this extensive and valuable territory has been shared. (Malte Brun, Dict. Univ. de la France.)

Bourgogne, in the extent we have been considering it, was formerly divided into the prov. of Bourgogne properly so called, and the three dependent districts of Bresse, Bugey (including Valromey), and Gex. The prov. of Bourgogne was again subdivided into the Duchy so called, (comprehending Le Dijonnois, L'Autunois, Le Châlonnois, (or districts of Dijon, Autun, and Châlons,) L'Auxois, and Le Pays de la Montagne,) and the dependent counties of Le Charollois, Le Mâconnois, L'Auxerrois, and Bar surSeine; which counties took their names from the towns of Charollois, Mâcon, Auxerre, and Bar. (Garreau, Description de Gouvernement de Bourgogne.)

Lemur en Auxois, on the Armançon
Semur en Briennois, near the Loire
Seurre, on the Saône

Viteaux, on the Brenne, a feeder of the
Armançon

1,904 1,919 For an account of the above-mentioned places, we refer the reader to their respective articles, for the larger towns : the others, so far as they call for notice, will be found in the account of the departments of CÔTE D'OR, and SAÔNE AND LOIRE.

The history of Bourgogne presents perhaps more points of interest than that of any other district in France. History of Bourgogne-Celtic period-The Edui.When Cæsar invaded Gaul, Bourgogne, for the most part, was the territory of the Ædui, whose capital Bibracte, afterwards Augustodunum, was the modern Autun. Portions however were occupied by other tribes; as Bresse and Bugey by the Ambarri (dependents of the Ædui), and by a part of the Allobroges, and of the Sequani, which last people also occupied those portions of Challonnois and Le Dijonnois, which were on the left or S.E. bank of the Arar or Saône. The Lingones possessed parts of Dijonnois, including Dijon itself, and of L'Auxois, and Le Pays de la Montagne; while the Senones possessed L'Auxerrois, and the Mandubii, a small tribe, part of the Auxois, and the Aulerci Brannovices part of dependents of the Ædui, the Brienneis, which is part of the duchy of Bourgogne.

Of these people, who were all of the great Celtic race, the Edui were the most important. They had been, long before Caesar's arrival, the head of one of those factions, into which, with a remarkable propensity to party division, the Celta were separated. Their principal rivals were the Arverni and the Sequani (who inhabited, respectively, Auvergne and La Franche Comté), but they maintained the predominance so long as the contest lay between them and the other people of the Celtic race. Their power seems to have been confirmed by their alliance with the Romans, who had gradually subdued that part of Gallia which lay to the S. and E. of the Rhône and the Mons Cebenna (Cevennes Mountains). Shortly, however, before Cæsar's arrival, the Arverni and the Sequani, despairing to make head successfully against the supremacy of the Edui, determined to call in the Germani to their aid; and a large body of these, crossing the Rhenus (Rhine), utterly defeated the Ædui and their dependents in two battles, in which the vanquished lost all their senate, all their nobility and all their cavalry. The Ædui were compelled to give up as hostages the chief men of the state, and to swear that they would neither seek aid of the Romans nor refuse perpetual submission to the victorious Sequani. (Cæsar de B. G., i. 31, vi. 11, 12.) While in this depressed condition, the Helvetii (Swiss), the most warlike of the Celtic nations, with their allies, abandoning in a body their native country, set out for the shores of the Atlantic (the country of the Santoni, Saintonge), where they determined to settle. Their road lay through the country of the Ædui, which they ravaged, without encountering any effectual opposition. The only hope Pop. Totals. of this wretched nation was now placed in their Roman 2,563 allies: and they sent ambassadors to Cæsar, who had just en5,569 tered upon the government of the Roman provinces of Gallia 9,921 Citerior, and Ulterior Illyricum (which comprehends the 11,439 N. of Italy and the S. of France), pleading that they had 5,287 always so conducted themselves towards the Romans that 9,272 their lands ought not to have been wasted, their children led into slavery, and their towns stormed almost under the 9,908 eyes of the Roman army.' (Cæs. de B. G. i. 11.) Their 2,500 request was complied with: Cæsar marched against the Helvetii, cut off their rear guard while on the point of 8,996 crossing the Arar, and in a second engagement entirely 4,286 defeated them with great slaughter, and compelled them to 12,220 return home. He then, by the desire of the Edui and 2,984 other Celtic people, led his victorious army against the 4,175 Germans and defeated them, their king Ariovistus escaping 25,552 across the Rhine, with a very few survivors of his numerous army.

The principal towns of this important government, of which Dijon was the capital, with the river on or near which they stand, and their pop. in 1832, so far as we can ascertain it, we give for convenience sake in a tabular form. Where two numbers are given for the pop., the first is that of the town itself (population agglomerée), the second that of the whole commune.

Arnay-le Duc, near the Arroux

2,416

Avalon, on the Voisin, a branch of the Cure 5,089 Autun, on the Arroux 8,610 Auxerre, on the Yonne 10,989 3,477 2,269

Auxonne, on the Saône

Bar sur Seine, on the Seine

7,826

Belley, near the Furaud, a feeder of the Rhône 3,550
Châlons sur Saône, on the Saône

Charolles, on the Reconce

Châtillon sur Seine, on the Seine

Dijon, on the Ouche

Gex, near the Valserine, a feeder of the
Rhône

Jean, (St.) de Losne, on the Saône
Mâcon, on the Saône

Nuits, on the Meuzin, which unites with
the Bouzoire and flows into the Dheune
Saulien, near the head of the Creusevaux,
a branch of the Arroux

2,781 3,689 25,352

1,750

2,834 During the greater part of Cæsar's command in Gaul, 1,744 the Edui appear to have adhered steadily to the interests 10,998 of the Romans; but in the general revolt which took place in the seventh year of his government, they were induced to join their countrymen in the struggle for national independence. A body of their troops under Eporedorix and 3,050 Verdumarus (who had been sent by Cæsar when he

First Kingdom of Bourgogne.-Early in the fifth century the Burgundians, a branch of the Vandals, one of the people occupying the antient Germany (under which name was comprehended the country from the Rhine to the Borysthenes), who had gradually approached the Roman frontier, crossed the Rhine into Gallia, and established them-le selves there. This was probably about A.D. 407; and in a few years they so far spread their conquests that they gave name to the first kingdom of Bourgogne of Burgundy, comprehending the whole S. E. of France, and extending beyond the Rhône, and even the Loire. This kingdom was conquered (A.D. 534) by the Frankish princes, descendants and successors of Clovis, viz., Childebert, king of Paris, and Clotaire, king of Soissons, and perhaps Theodebert, king of Austrasia. [BURGUNDIANS.]

Second Kingdom of Bourgogne.-In 555 Clotaire, the

and the duke of Bourgogne had obtained the superiority. I with the dauphin, in an interview with whom, at the bridge But on his demise the duke of Orleans had held sway of Montereau-sur-Seine, he was assassinated 10th Sept. until, by an unexpected march upon Paris, A.D. 1405, Jean 1419. His body, after remaining all night naked and exSans-peur obtained possession of the king's person and of posed on the ground, was carried in a pauper's bier to the the capital, which was devoted to his interest. A reconcilia- church of Nôtre Dame, in Montereau, from whence it was tion was effected, and the princes carried themselves with removed, in the course of the following year, on the capevery appearance of cordiality to each other. But these ap- ture of Montereau by the Bourguignons and the English, pearances were deceitful: the duke of Orleans was assassi- to Dijon, and buried in the church of the Carthusians nated in the streets of Paris, and after dissembling for a there. few days, the duke of Bourgogne confessed that he was the author of the foul deed, at the instigation,' as he said, of the Devil.' Various causes have been assigned for this atrocity political rivalry, revenge for an insult offered to his honour as a husband, the desire of anticipating a similar attempt which the duke of Orleans was devising, are variously assigned. At first the duke of Bourgogne appeared to feel shame, if not remorse, for this murder, and retired to his own dominions; but growing bolder, he justified the act, charged the late duke of Orleans with disloyalty, and returning with an armed force to Paris, procured, under the king's hand and seal, a pardon for what had lately happened to the duke of Orleans. The kingdom_now became divided into two factions, the Bourguignons or Burgundians, and the Armagnacs.

A war with the Liégeois called away Jean Sans-peur from Paris, and enabled the opposite faction to obtain a short-lived supremacy. The people of Liège, irritated by the neglect of their bishop elect, brother-in-law of the duke, had elected another bishop. The disputed crosier was con tested, not in an ecclesiastical court, but in the battle-field. Jean Sans-peur gained a great victory on behalf of his brother-in-law, who acquired by his cruelty after the victory the odious and un-episcopal surname of Sans pitié.' Jean now returned to Paris; his opponents retired before him, and abandoned the city, but removed the king. A treaty was however negotiated, and a forced reconciliation between Jean and the children of the murdered prince took place at Chartres in 1409. Jean retained his supremacy, and his triumph seemed to be completed by an alliance which he formed with the Queen Isabella of Bavaria.

The opposite party however gathered strength; and though hostilities were not absolutely declared, armed bands, gathered by each faction, used great license in the country. A temporary accommodation, concluded at the palace of the Bicêtre (originally Winchester, or in French, Vinchestre), A.D. 1410, was only a prelude to more serious disturbances. Open hostilities took place, and the duke of Bourgogne allied himself with the king of England, Henry IV., who was however detached from his interest, and won over to that of the princes. Another accommodation, negotiated at Bourges (A.D. 1412), restored some appearance of tranquillity to France. Jean still seems to have retained predominance, at least in the capital, which was the residence of the king and the dauphin, and where his partisans, composed of the vilest of the rabble, committed great disorders. Hostilities breaking out again, he was afterwards compelled to leave Paris, where his opponents established themselves. Not content with this, they pursued the duke, who had assembled his troops and returned to the neighbourhood of Paris, but had retired on finding it was defended. Another peace, that of Arras, put an end to these disturbances for a time (A.D. 1414): Jean was excluded from the capital, and though still powerful, was no longer predominant.

Philippe, surnamed le Bon, the son of Jean Sans-peur, succeeded to the duchy, being then twenty-three years of age. The general cry for vengeance against the assassins of the late duke, co-operating with the solicitations of Isabelle de Bavière, queen of France, as well as with his own feelings, prompted Philippe to offer his alliance to Henry V. of England. Henry was too skilful a politician to refuse the offer, and a treaty was concluded between the two princes, the object of which was the ruin of the dauphin. The duke in consequence assembled troops, reduced all the towns that lay in his way, joined the English forces, reduced Montereau, and entered Paris by the side of Henry V. Some time afterwards Philippe attacked St. Riquier on the Somme, then one of the strongest places n Picardy, and took prisoner with his own hand Xaintrailles, or Saintrailles, a celebrated French captain, who attempted to relieve it. On the deaths of Henry V. of England and Charles VI. of France in 1422, the regency of France during the minority of Henry VI., son of Henry V. (to whom, by virtue of the treaty of Troyes, the succession of the French crown fell), was offered to the duke of Bourgogne; but he declined it in favour of John duke of Bedford, uncle of the young king. The marriage of Bedford with the sister of Philippe rendered their union closer; but that union had nearly been broken up by a dispute and a war between Jean duke of Brabant, cousin to Philippe, and Humphrey duke of Gloucester, a younger brother of Bedford. Jacqueline, heiress of Brabant, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland, had married Jean, and brought to him the rich inheritance just mentioned; but mutual wrongs produced a separation, and a divorce had been obtained on the plea of consanguinity. The duke of Gloucester married the divorced Jacqueline, and by virtue of this marriage claimed her inheritance, and embarked a considerable force to take possession of it. The duke of Bourgogne took up the cause of the Duke Jean of Brabant, gained several advantages over the English, and took Jacqueline (who had been abandoned by Humphrey) prisoner. She escaped; but afterwards, Duke Jean being dead, and Duke Humphrey having divorced her, she put her domains under the administration of the duke of Bourgogne, to whom, upon her death in 1436, the whole descended in full possession. Philippe acquired by bequest in the same year the county of Namur, and thus became one of the most powerful princes of Western Europe.

Various circumstances had tended meanwhile to cool his attachment to the interests of England; and he had more than once negotiated openly or secretly with Charles VII.; nay, in 1429 he negotiated a truce for his own provinces. He did not however then entirely abandon the English, to whom his alliance was now more than ever necessary, their own power having much declined; and he even accepted the office of lieutenant-general of the kingdom, under Henry VI., the duke of Bedford resigning his general authority as regent, and reserving only the government of Normandy. It was about this time that the duke of Bourgogne instituted the order of the Golden Fleece, on occasion of his marriage at Bruges in January, 1430, with Isabelle of Portugal.

In 1415 Henry V. of England invaded France, and in the great battle of Agincourt the flower of the Armagnac party fell. Jean upon this marched toward Paris, but with strange irresolution stopped short at Lagny, and being ordered by the Constable, the Count d'Armagnac, to retire, did so. In the same year, 1430, the duke took the field on the The tyranny of the constable however soon caused the side of the English, and captured several towns in Picardy. Parisians to embrace again the Bourgognon interest: they On the capture of Compiègne, the Maid of Orleans fell into opened the gates in the night to the captains of that party, the hands of his followers: her subsequent fate is well upon whose entry the rabble again signalized their ferocity known. About this time the Duke Philippe engaged as an by the massacre of the Constable d'Armagnac and others. auxiliary in the contests about the succession of Lorraine; Jean entered Paris some time afterwards, and was compelled and his troops took Réné of Anjou one of the claimants prito witness further massacres by the mob in his interest, soner. The death of the duchess of Bedford, sister of Phiwhom he could not restrain. His life and power were how-lippe, in1432, weakened the ties which bound him to England, ever approaching their close. Jean, with his ally the queen, having the king in his power, was at enmity with the dauphin, who had become chief of the Armagnacs. He tried to negotiate with the king of England, who, amidst the disputes of faction, was extending his conquests in France, and had just taken Rouen (A.D. 1419). Failing however in this negotiation, he attempted a reconciliation

and the negotiations of Arras and the death of the duke of Bedford in 1435 dissolved it. Peace was concluded between Charles VII. and Philippe; the former disavowing the murder of the Duke Jean Sans-peur, and promising to punish the murderers, and ceding to the latter several districts adjacent to his present domains. Some authorities state that the death of the duke of Bedford did not precede

of it.

this treaty, but that it was occasioned by grief at the hearing | than any other lordships which were upon the earth. He was declared by the general council of Bâle, A. D. 1433, First Duke of Christendom.'

Upon the peace of Arras the duke of Bourgogne assisted by his troops in the recovery of Paris from the English; and in 1436 or 1437 he attacked Calais, which he attempted unsuccessfully to wrest from his late allies. Following years were occupied by troubles in the Netherlands, where the contest between the rich burghers of the great manufacturing towns and their feudal lords was continually renewed. Philippe was wounded at Bruges, and had great difficulty in quelling the disturbances.

The year 1440 was distinguished by the closing of the breach between the houses of Orléans and Bourgogne. Philippe, moved it is supposed by the activity of character which had been unexpectedly developed by Charles VII., and desiring to strengthen himself against it, procured the release of the duke of Orléans, son of that duke who was killed in Paris by Jean Sans Peur, and gave him his niece Mary of Cleves in marriage.

After a campaign against the people of Luxembourg, who had disregarded the authority of their countess, who was aunt of Philippe, the duke was involved in fresh troubles in the Low Countries. The people of Ghent revolted, decapitated some of the duke's officers, and marched against Oudenarde. Successive defeats humbled the high spirit of these burghers, and negotiations were commenced; but the people of Ghent violated the treaty, and the war assumed the character of a war of extermination. At length, in 1451, Philippe defeated the rebels in a great battle; more than 20.000 of the vanquished fell by the sword or were drowned in the Scheldt; but the clemency of the victor was displayed in granting easier terms than could be expected. The Ghentois were severely mulcted and deprived of a part of their privileges; but we do not read that any blood was shed.

The capture of Constantinople, in 1454, caused a great sensation in Europe; and Philippe among others was much alarmed at the advance of the Ottoman power. At a great entertainment at Lille, he took a solemn oath that if the king of France would maintain peace in his dominions, he would go against the great Turk and engage with him either in personal or general conflict. The poverty of Philippe, the consequence of his magnificence and profusion, prevented the fulfilment of this vow.

Charles le Téméraire, or the Rash, last duke of Bourgogne of his race, had distinguished himself by valour, restlessness, and ferocity of character during his father's lifetime. As count of Charollois he had engaged in a league of the great nobles of France against Louis XI. in 1464. At the head of this league were Charollois, the duke of Berri, the king's brother and heir to the throne; the dukes of Bretagne, Alençon, and Bourbon; the bastard of Orleans, Dunois, who had acquired great reputation in the war against the English; and the counts of Foix and Armagnac. They were, it is likely, prompted by apprehensions of the advance of the kingly power, which was fust verging to an absolute monarchy, and threatened the ex- ́ tinction of the power of the great nobles; but they gave to their alliance the imposing title of the Ligue du bien public, 'League of the public weal. In this contest Charollois signalized his valour rather than his military skill in the indecisive battle of Montlhery, a few miles S. of Paris. Louis, besieged in Paris, and alarmed by unfavourable intelligence from the provinces, hastened to agree to the demands of the confederates; and in the treaty of Conflans made large concessions, which he hoped to revoke at a future opportunity. During the negotiations he fearlessly trusted himself into the encampment of Charollois; and Charollois in return ventured unconsciously within the Boulevards of Paris. He returned however unharmed, to the great satis. faction of his followers, who had not forgotten the murder of Jean Sans Peur at the bridge of Montereau. He also manifested his character in the troubles in the Low Countries which disturbed the close of his father's life; he crushed the obstinate resistance of Dinant on the Maas, and gave up the population to massacre or slavery, and the town to the flames with the most ruthless ferocity. In 1467 Charles le Téméraire succeeded to the duchy of Bourgogne; and the following year (1468) was marked by an event, which has, through Sir Walter Scott's interesting romance of Quentin Durward,' become familiar to the English reader, namely, the visit of Louis XI. to Peronne. By his artifices and negotiations Louis had separated the confederates who had formed the Ligue du Bien Public, and had recovered much of what he had been forced to concede to them: but his most formidable enemy remained unimpaired in strength and resources, and Louis determined upon attempting to cajole him by negotiation. With a show of complete confidence in Charles's honour, he visited him at Peronne, a town of Picardie, on the Somme, then in the duke's hands; while by his agents he was secretly prompting the people of Liége to rise against their bishop, who was under the protection of Charles By an unlucky concurrence the rising of the Liégeois took place while Louis was yet in Charles's power; and when the Peronne, Charles was moved to almost unbounded fury. It was reported that the bishop of Liége, and the duke's representative, the Sieur d'Himbercourt, had been murdered; and Sir Walter Scott has represented the murder of the bishop as taking place now, whereas it did not occur until the year 1482, after the death of the duke. Charles immediately put sentinels over Louis, and after taking a few days to moderate his rage, he compelled his prisoner to swear to a treaty, and to accompany him in an expedition to punish the revolted Liégeois. The town, though unprepared for resistance, was obstinately defended by the burghers, who in a sally had nearly captured both Charles and Louis; but after a few days it was entered by storm; the inhabitants, few of whom were killed in the assault, (which took place on the Sunday, while they placed an undue reliance on the sanctity of the day,) were driven away; and most of them met a lingering death from hunger, cold, or fatigue, or from the peasantry of the neighbouring countries. The town was burned with the exception of the religious edifices and the houses requisite for lodging the ecclesiastics who served them. Soon after this, Louis was permitted to return to Paris.

In the troubles which disturbed the latter part of the reign of Charles VII., the dauphin Louis, afterwards Louis XI., took refuge in the dominions of the duke of Bourgogne, who assigned to the fugitive a handsome maintenance. The old age of Philippe himself was imbittered by a similar cause to that which darkened the close of Charles's reign-a disagreement with his son the count of Charollois. This young prince, whose character afterwards obtained for him the epithet of le téméraire, or 'the rash,' had many disputes with his father, and occasioned him much vexation. A difference with his former protegé the dauphin, who had suc-intelligence of the rising, with many exaggerations, reached ceeded Charles VII., and was now king under the title of Louis XI., occasioned by an attempt on the part of Louis to extend the gabelle into the dominions of Philippe, and some fresh troubles in the Low Countries, further imbittered the duke's declining years. Philippe died at Bruges in 1467, having governed the ducal possessions, which he had considerably augmented, for nearly forty-eight years. He appears to have possessed at the time of his death the duchy and county of Bourgogne (the modern Bourgogne and Franche Comté); the duchies of Brabant, Limbourg, and Luxembourg; the counties of Hainault, Holland, Zeeland, and Namur; the marquisate of Antwerp, and the lordships of Friesland and Malines: in a word, nearly all the countries now comprehended in the kingdoms of Holland and Belgium. He appears to have been a prince of many shining qualities, the encourager of learning and of the arts. He patronised Jean Van Eyck of Bruges, the discoverer or inventor of oil-painting, and caused his pictures to be copied in tapestry; the only manufactures of which then in existence were in his dominions. The library of Bruxelles and the university of Dole seem to have owed their origin to him. Erasmus regarded Philippe as worthy of comparison with the greatest men of antiquity; and Philippe de Comines says, 'His subjects had great riches on account of the long peace which they had enjoyed, and owing to the excellence of the prince under whom they lived, one who clipped (tailloit) his subjects little; and it seems to me that these lands might better be termed lands of promise

The following years of Charles's reign were occupied by the intrigues and counter-intrigues of himself and Louis, by a brief and fruitless attack upon France by Edward IV. of England, who bad allied himself with Charles and with the Constable St. Pol, brother-in-law of Louis. But Louis managed to buy off the English; and St. Pol, who

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