lax covering about the lower parts of the abdomen, the hypochondriæ, and the root of the tail. The irides have a dark hue. The bill is black and the tarsi are deep brown. The tint of the claws is somewhat lighter. In the female, the dark blue tint, which in the male covers the head and neck, extends over the body generally, and also marks the exterior vanes of the quills. The interior vanes of the latter and the tail feathers are dark brown, inclining to black. The throat and neck underneath have a dark greyish tint. The abdomen is greyish white. Over the eyes it has, like the male, a white spot, and the bill and tarsi also agree with that. The covering of the abdomen, vent, and thighs is likewise long, delicate, silky, and pendulous. Dr. Horsfield met with this species in one situation only, at an elevation of about seven thousand feet above the level of the sea. He thinks it probable that it may be found on all the peaks of Java, which are covered with thick forests, accommodated to its peculiar habits. The recurrence, he observes, of several quadrupeds and birds, at a certain elevation, is as regular in that island as that of many plants and insects. Although local in its residence, Dr. Horsfield found the bird very numerous on Mount Prahu, which, he says, in the luxuriance of its vegetation and gloomy thickets, is probably not surpassed in any portion of the globe. In his laily excursions he uniformly observed and occasionally surprised it in its short sallies among the openings of the forest. It was chiefly found on the lowest branches of trees or on the ground. As the shortness of its wings incapacitates it for elevated or distant flights, its motions are low, short, and made with great exertion. It lives in the thickest coverts, feeding on the larvae of insects, worms, &c., and there it forms its nest on the ground. It utters,' says Dr. Horsfield, almost without interruption, a varied song. Its common note is a quickly reiterated babbling, resembling that of the curruca garrula of Brisson, and other birds of this family: it also has a protracted plaintive note, but it sometimes rises to higher and melodious warblings, which, in the general silence of these elevated regions, afford an inexpressible sensation of delight to the mind of the solitary traveller.' This bird is the Ketek of the Javanese and Mountaineer Warbler of Latham. (See Dr. Horsfield's Zoological Researches in Java and the neighbouring Islands,' and 'The Transactions of the Linnæan Society, vol. 13.) BRACHYPTERES (short-winged birds), Cuvier's name for those birds generally known by the name of Divers.' [DIVER.] BRACHYPUS. [BRACHYPODINE and CHALCIDES.] BRACHY'TELES (Zoology), a genus of quadrumana, separated from Ateles by Spix, on account (among other differences) of the very small development of the thumb. [ATELES, species 7, 8.] BRACKLEY, a bor. and m. t. in the hund. of King's Sutton, Northamptonshire, 56 m. N.W. from London, and 18 m. S.W. from Northampton. Brackley is said to derive its name from the brakes with which the district was once overspread. Although it has long been a poor place, it seems to have been in a very flourishing condition both before and after the Conquest, being particularly eminent for its share in the wool trade. It existed as a corporation in the 56th of Henry III., although the place was not governed by a mayor until the 7th of Edward III., at which time it was required to send up three merchant staplers to a council concerning trade held at Westminster. It never again sent representatives until the last parliament of Henry VIII., after which it continued to send two members till it was disfranchised by the Reform Bill. The market is first distinctly noticed in 1217. It is now held on Wednesday; and there are nominally five fairs, of which only that on St. Andrew's day is of any importance. The pop. of the bor. amounted, in 1831, to 2107 persons, of whom 1094 were females. The town, which is chiefly built with unhewn stone, extends up a gentle ascent on the N. bank of the Ouse, which is here a small stream, crossed by a bridge of two arches. Brackley is divided into two par., ecclesiastically united, but otherwise distinct. The par. church is dedicated to St. Peter. When erected is not known; but the vie. was endowed in 1223. The living is in the diocese of Peterborough, and is worth 3597. per annum. The other church, dedicated to St. James, is regarded as a chapel of ease to the former; it was considered old even in Leland's time. The living is a curacy, not in charge, subject to the vic. There was an hospital here, founded somewhere between 1146 and 1167, by Robert Bossu, Earl of Leicester. The estates with which it was endowed were afterwards given to Magdalen College, Oxford, on condition of maintaining a priest there to say mass for the soul of Lord Francis Lovel; a duty which at the Reformation was exchanged for that of supporting a free school. This school still exists. It is held in a plain building erected in 1787: the master receives 187. per annum from Magdalen College; and 17. per annum has been left to be distributed in prizes among the free scholars. The chapel of the old hospital had fallen into a very ruined condition; but was thoroughly repaired about the middle of the last century, by Mr. John Welchman, who also provided a stipend to enable divine service to be performed therein every alternate Sunday. The son of the same person left 1007. for the education of four poor boys and as many girls. Since the establishment of a national school in 1818, the interest has been paid over to its treasurer, in aid of voluntary contributions. There are almshouses founded by Sir Thomas Crewe in 1663; and there have been various bequests of rents and money, applicable to the repair of churches, the apprenticing of boys, and the relief of the poor. There is a handsome town-hall. (Leland's Itinerary; Bridge's Hist. and Antiq. of Northamptonshire; Baker's Hist. and Antiq. of the Co. of Northampton, &c.) BRA CON, a genus of insects of the order Hymenoptera and family Ichneumonidae (of Latreille). The insects of this genus are remarkable for the hiatus which there exists between the mandibles and the clypeus. The maxillæ are prolonged inferiorly; the second cubital cell of the wing is tolerably large and square; the ovipositor is long. BRACT, the last leaf, or set of leaves, that intervenes between the true leaves and the calyx of a plant. When the time arrives for a plant to fructify, a change comes over its constitution, and parts are expanded, which although under ordinary circumstances they would have become leaves, yet at this peculiar time are less developed and appear in the form of scales, or half-formed leaves. Of these the external are bracts, the next combine with each other and become calyx, the next assume the form of petals, and so on. Therefore whatever intervenes between the true leaves and the calyx is bract. BRACTON, one of the writers who are meant when the phrase is used our antient law-writers,' or 'the antient text-writers of our law. These writers lived from the close of the twelfth to the middle of the fifteenth century. The oldest is Glanville, whose æra is referred to the reign of Henry II. and Richard I. Bracton lived in the reign of Henry III. The others are Britton, Littleton, and the unknown authors of Fleta,' 'The Mirror of Justices,' 'The Doctor and Student,' and the Old Book of Tenures.' These books all relate to the nature, principles and operation of the antient laws and constitution of the realm, and together with a few minor treatises, the collections of Welsh, Saxon, and Norman laws, the charters and statutes, the year-books which contain notes of causes and decisions, the records of writs, inquests, surveys, and of the receipts and issues by and from the king's revenue, and the incidental information to be found in the chroniclers, form the study of those persons who wish to become acquainted with the history of English judicature, of the courts for the administration of justice, and generally of the various operations of the English law. Bracton's work is entitled ' De Consuetudinibus et Legibus Anglicanis. It is divided into five books, and the following is a slight sketch of the nature and object of the work. ammunition, and baggage, he reached in July the Mo nongahela, a branch of the river Ohio. Washington, who was then at the age of twenty-three, joined him as a volunteer, in the capacity of aide-de-camp; and from his accurate knowledge of his native country, and of the Indian mode of warfare, would have furnished the English commander with the information requisite for the success of his expedition, but Braddock's self-sufficiency contemptuously disregarded the advice of American officers. Having advanced on the 9th of July within six miles of Fort du Quesne, now Pitsburg, where he supposed the enemy awaited his approach, his columns, in passing silently through a deep forest ravine, were suddenly struck with the utmost terror by the frightful war-whoop of the Indians from the dense thickets on both sides, and the murderous fire of invisible rifles that with infallible aim killed each its man. Rushing forward they were surprised and attacked in front by the French forces, while the Indian warriors, leaping by hundreds from strange and hideous appearance, and the echo of their pierctheir ambush, fell upon them with fury in the rear. Their ing dog-like yelp, in such a gloomy wilderness of trees, so startled the English soldiers, who for the first time heard it, In the first book he treats of distinctions existing in that the panic which seized them continued until half the respect both of persons and things; in the second of the army was destroyed. With the single exception of Washingmodes in which property may be acquired in things; in the ton, who received several rifle balls through his dress, and third of actions or remedies at law. The fourth book is had two horses shot under him, no one officer escaped alive. divided into several sections, which treat on the assize of Braddock himself, after mounting in succession five horses, novel disseisin, the assize of ultima presentatio, the assize of was shot, and carried off on a tumbril by the remnant of his mort dancestor, the writ of consanguinity, the grants in troops, who fled precipitously forty miles to the place in which libera eleemosyna, and on dower. The fifth and last book the baggage had been left, where he died. Throughout is also divided into sections, in which the author treats of Virginia, the inhabitants of which feared an invasion from the writ of right, essoins, defaults, warranty and exceptions. the French, this disastrous defeat occasioned great conA larger abstract of the contents of this work may be found sternation; and to the present day it is there a subject in Reeves' History of the English Law, vol. ii. p. 86, &c. of interesting discussion, as connected with the career of A treatise so methodical in its arrangements, so precise in Washington. (History of the late War in America and its statements, and so abundant in its information, must the Campaigns against his Majesty's Indian Enemies, by have been the work of some very able person. Little how- Thomas Mante, 4to. 1764; Gent. Mag., vol. xxv. p. 378.) ever is now known of this author. The writers to whom we BRADFORD, GREAT, a par. and m. t., in the hund. of are indebted for collecting what could be recovered of the Bradford, Wiltshire, 93 m W. from London, and 28 m N.W. English authors of the middle ages, are Leland, Bale and from Salisbury. The name of Bradford is a contraction of Pitz, of whom the two former lived in the reign of Henry the Saxon name Bradanford, or the broad ford over the VIII. and supplied Pitz, who was a Catholic writer in the Avon, which divides the town into two parts, called the Old reign of Elizabeth and James I., with most of the informa- Town and the New Town. Most of the buildings are artion which his work, valuable as it is, contains. Their ranged in three streets, rising one above another, on the statements that Bracton was a judge of the Common Pleas, brow and slope of a hill which rises abruptly on the N. side and that he was Chief Justice of England, are now regarded of the river: the situation is altogether very pleasing, as the as questionable. There is better reason to believe that he banks of the riv. below the town abound in beautiful and was a Henry de Bracton who delivered law lectures in the picturesque scenes; and the well-wooded hills rise in some University of Oxford towards the middle of the thirteenth places boldly from the margin of the river. There are several century, and that he sat, once at least, as a justice itine-fine old mansion-houses in the neighbourhood. rant in the reign of Henry III. The value of the work, and the high esteem in which it was held, is manifest by the numerous copies which were made of it before the invention of printing opened so much easier and cheaper a way of multiplying copies of valuable writings. The pains which it must have required to transcribe the work, and consequently the expense of it, may be collected from the extent of the work, which fills in its printed form not less than 888 folio pages. Many of these manuscript copies exist. It is said that there are no less than eight in the various libraries which compose the book-department of the British Museum. In 1569 it was printed in a folio volume, and again in quarto in 1640, the text of the old edition being collated with that of some of the manuscripts. But this collation is supposed to have been imperfectly performed. An edition founded on one of the best of the existing manuscripts, compared with the rest and with the printed copies, would be acceptable, especially as the old editions, owing to the manner in which they are printed, are uninviting if not repulsive, and as Bracton is not included in the edition of our early law writers by Mons. Houard, a French lawyer, 4to. 1776, by whom they are printed with a French translation, to illustrate the connexion between the early jurisprudence of France and that of England. BRADDOCK, EDWARD, lost his life in Virginia, by the French and Indians, in the war in which General Wolfe afterwards fell on the heights at Quebec in Canada. The French having determined to connect their Canadian colony with their other possessions in Louisiana by a chain of fortified military stations which interfered with the British territories, General Braddock, with an army of 2000 English, was despatched to Virginia, where he arrived in February, 1755, at Richmond. With 390 waggons of provisions, The town seems to have been a place of some consequence in the time of the Saxons. It was then the site of a monastic institution founded by St. Adhelm, who was himself the abbot, until appointed Bishop of Worcester in 705. It was given to the great nunnery at Shaftesbury in 1001, by King Ethelred, in atonement for the murder of his half-brother by Queen Elfrida. After this we hear nothing of a religious society at Bradford. Bishop Gibson says the monastery was destroyed by the Danes. In 954 the celebrated St. Dunstan was elected Bishop of Worcester, at a synod held at Bradford. It is only by its connection with such circumstances as these that the importance of a town in these early times can be estimated, or even its existence discovered. Bradford seems to have retained its former degree of relative importance after the Conquest; for we find it mentioned among the towns which were privileged by Edward I. to send members to parliament. It does not appear however that this right was exercised more than once. It is unknown whether it was ever a chartered bor. with separate jurisdiction; but if so, this distinction, like the other, must soon have been lost. It is still however the chief town of the hund. to which it gives name. Monday is the m. d.; and there is a fair on Trinity Monday. Two justices of the peace administer the local government. The par. of Bradford, which is very extensive, contained 2294 houses in 1831, when the pop. amounted to 10,102 persons, of whom 5248 were females. The pop. of the town is about one-third of the whole. The town has for many centuries been noted for its fine broad-cloths, which have at all times formed its principal manufacture. The toune of Bradford stondith by clooth making, Leland said three centuries ago; and this is still true. The prosperity of the place is now also much pro moted by the Kennet and Avon can., which passes by Bradford, and opens a communication by water with the cities of Bath, Bristol, and London, and with the towns of Trowbridge, Devizes, Hungerford, Reading, &c. This important can., in its way towards Bathford, follows the course of the Avon, which it crosses at different parts on viaducts, one of which is situated in the neighbourhood of Bradford. The riv. at Bradford is crossed by two bridges. One of these is of great but uncertain age: it was the sole bridge in Leland's time, and is noticed by him as having 'nine fair arches of stone. Over one of the piers there is a small square building with a pyramidical roof, which may perhaps have been originally designed as a chapel, where contributions were levied for the support of the hospital, which stood at one end of the bridge. There is now another bridge of four arches over the same stream. The houses in Bradford are built with stone; but the streets are mostly very narrow. The town has however undergone much improvement of late years, and the streets have in several instances been widened. There is no public building of any note except the church, which stands at the foot of the hill. The living is a vic., in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of Bristol, and is valued in the recent returns at 5961. per annum. All the principal denominations of Dissenters have chapels at Bradford. There is a charity school at Bradford for the education of sixty boys, which was opened in 1712, and the income of which amounts to 437. 8. 4d; there is also a payment from a separate source to the minister for teaching poor children to read. There are two sets of almshouses, one for men and the other for women, besides sundry small benefactions for the relief of the poor. (Leland's Itinerary; Gough's edition of Camden's Britannia; Britton's Beauties of Wiltshire; &c.) BRADFORD, a m. t. and par. in the W. Riding of the co. of York, and in the Morley division of the wap. of Morley. It is one of the new bor. under the Reform Act, and sends two members to parliament. The bor. comprises the t. of Bradford, Manningham, Bowling, and Horton The pop. of the bor. is 43,527; the number of houses of 107. rent and upwards 1083. The returning officer for the bor. is appointed by the sheriff of the co. The pop. of the par. of Bradford is 76,996, and includes the following t.:Bradford, 23,233; Bowling, 5958; N. Bierley, 7254; Eccleshill, 2570; Manningham, 3564; Allerton, 1733; Clayton, 4469; Haworth, 5835; Heaton, 1452; Horton, 10,782; Shipley, 1926; Thornton, 5968; Wilsden, 2252. Bradford is one of the polling-places for the W. Riding members. It is 163 m. from London in a straight line; its measured distance is 192 m. It is 10 m. from Leeds, and 33 from York. The area of the par. is about 33,710 acres; its length being nearly 15 m. and its average breadth 4 m. he says that the latter, though 'as large as Bradford, is not so quik as it.' During the civil wars between the royalists and parliamentarians, Bradford espoused the latter cause, held a severe contest with, and twice defeated the royalists. With Sir Thomas Fairfax at their head, the inh. marched against Leeds, and wrested that town from the cavaliers. They were however themselves defeated a short time after by the Earl of Newcastle on Adwalton Moor, with immense slaughter. (Scatcherd's Hist. of Morley.) Though much impoverished, the republican spirit was not extinct at Bradford, and the popularity of their cause was soon made manifest throughout the co. by the successes of Fairfax, the declension of the cause of Charles, and the decisive battle of Marston Moor. After these wars Bradford made little progress for a long time, and it was much depressed, in common with other manufacturing towns, during the American revolutionary war. On occasion of the revolutionary war in France, when fears of invasion were predominant throughout England, the loyalty and patriotism of the people of Bradford were very conspicuous. They raised a corps of volunteers and furnished their number of men for the navy with little difficulty. In 1812 a spirit of insubordination was diffused through the wide and densely-populated district of which Bradford is the centre, in consequence of the introduction of certain kinds of machinery which, by lessening the demand for manual labour, seemed opposed to the interests of the operatives, and at first threw numbers out of employment. The machines most obnoxious to the workmen were those employed in the dressing of woollen cloth. The lawless system under which the insurgents acted, was called Luddism, and an imaginary personage styled General, alias Ned Ludd, was their reputed commander. To effect the destruction of machinery, and to attack the buildings in which it was contained, fire-arms became necessary; hence bands of men confederated for the purpose, and, bound by illegal oaths, were found prowling about the disturbed districts by night, rousing the inh, from their beds, and demanding the arms provided for the defence of their dwellings. In the W. Riding several mills were entered, and the shears employed in the dressing of woollen cloth by the new system broken and destroyed. In the course of that year government augmented the power of the magistracy in the disturbed districts, and passed an act which rendered the administering of illegal oaths a capital offence. Sixty-six persons were apprehended and committed to the county gaol, of whom seventeen were executed. This terrible example extinguished every vestige of Luddism in the co. The above account and extracts are drawn from an interesting detail of the circumstances attending these disturbances, which is given in Baines's History and Directory of Yorkshire, vol. i. p. 551. History-Bradford is situated on a small brook which falls into the Aire, and is at present very contracted; in In 1825 occurred a strike for wages, which was protracted earlier days, when swollen by the floods from the neigh-during ten months, at an immense expense to the trades' bouring hills, it may have been sufficiently wide to have unions, and at a dreadful sacrifice of comfort on the part of deserved the name of Broadford, from which it is supposed the operatives, who were plunged into a state of poverty the present name of the town is derived. This town is from which they were long in recovering. Since that date, mentioned in Doomesday Book' (Bawdwen's translation, the history of the trade of Bradford has been one of conp. 141.) In Saxon times Bradford formed part of the ex- tinued prosperity, the effects of which are visible in the tensive par. of Dewsbury, it was afterwards included in modern improvements of the town, and the apparent healthi- the rich barony of Pontefract, which was in the possession ness and happiness of every class of its active and intelliof the Lacies. The whole district was immediately de- gent pop. During this period schools have been established pendent upon Dewsbury in an ecclesiastical, and on Ponte- and well attended; a mechanics' institute, a philosophical fract in a civil sense.' (Whitaker's Loidis in Elmete, p. society, and a library have also helped to spread a knowledge 350.) This powerful family had a castle at Bradford, which of those principles on which alone society can be safely served as a protection to their retainers and other persons based. who would come to settle here from a less protected district: Manufactures.-The chief manufacture of Bradford and thus gradually would rise the vil., town, church, and market. the neighbourhood is worsted stuffs. The spinning of The early history of the town is connected with that of its worsted yarn employs a great number of persons, and the castle; the Lacies had large posssessions in Lancashire, stuffs are woven from the yarn. Woollen yarn for the and it is supposed that Bradford was their frequent resting- manufacture of cloths, broad and narrow, is also spun and place in passing from Pontefract into that co. From an in-woven at Bradford in considerable quantities, but the worsted quisition taken in 1316, it appears that the town consisted manufacture is the staple employment of the place, Leeds of twenty-eight burgage houses; these, with the tenants at and its dependencies being the more immediate seat of the will and villanes, would make its pop. amount to about 300. woollen manufacture. The piece hall, which is the mart A corn-mill and a fulling mill are mentioned in the inquisi- for stuff goods, is 144 ft. long by 36 broad, and has a lower tion; so that the rudiments of manufactures were early and an upper chamber. The manufacturers of Bradford are established. The last of the Lacies, Alice, married the characterized by their skill, enteprrise, and diligence. The Earl of Lancaster; and Bradford, in common with the other business which is transacted in their piece hall at the possessions of her family, went to increase the estates of Thursday's market is very great, and forms one of the most that duchy. Leland mentions Bradford as a rising town animated commercial scenes in the kingdom. Many prothat stondith much by clothing;' comparing it with Leeds, prietors of worsted mills supply the small manufacturers ་ i with yarn, besides employing a great number of looms | name of Balme, in which old age is finely personified. The iron trade has long flourished in the neighbourhood of Bradford. Mr. Hunter, the historian of Sheffield, considers that the iron-mines of Yorkshire were explored by its Roman inh., and he mentions the 'remarkable fact, that in the midst of a mass of scoria, the refuse of some antient bloomery near Bradford, was found a deposit of Roman coins.' There is an abundant supply of iron ore and coal, both of excellent quality; and the well-known ironworks at Bowling and Low Moor are only a short distance from Bradford. At these foundries some of the most ponderous works in cast-iron are executed. A vast number of workmen are employed in the different departments of the establishments from the raising of the ore and coal, to the various marketable states of the metal. These ironworks have the reputation of being carried on with great skill; the improvements of modern times having been successfully introduced in the different branches of the manufacture. The principal merchants and manufacturers in the trades of Bradford are wool-staplers, wool-combers, worsted-spinners and manufacturers, worsted-stuff manufacturers, and woollen-cloth manufacturers. Several of the trades which are carried on are dependent upon the woollen and worsted trade, among which are the manufactures for combs, shuttles, and machinery. The proportion of other occupations is about equal to that of similar towns. A septennial festival is held in Bradford in honour of Bishop Blase, to whom the invention of wool-combing is attributed. The day is kept with great rejoicing and gaiety, and the procession is witnessed by thousands of strangers from the neighbouring towns and villages. The 'Leeds Mercury' for the 5th of February, 1825, contains a good account of one of these festivals. (Hone's Every Day Book, vol. i. pp. 209-212.) The academic establishment called Airedale College, which is at Undercliffe immediately near Bradford, is for the preparation of young men for the ministry in the Independent churches. This academy has been several times removed since its first establishment in 1665. Its station previous to the site it now occupies was Idle: its present prosperity is greatly owing to the addition made to its permanent endowments by a benevolent lady of Bradford, who has also been the chief cause of the erection of the commodious buildings now occupied by the college. The number of students has varied from fifteen to twenty. The Baptists have a college at Horton which was established in 1805. It has been aided by gifts of money and premises, subscriptions and bequests of money and books; its present income is about 900l. a year. Upwards of 100 ministers have been educated or are now pursuing their studies in this institution, ninety of whom are settled as pastors of churches in this country or abroad. The Wesleyan Methodists have one of their seminaries for the education of the sons of ministers at Woodhouse Grove, near Bradford; it was founded in 1812, and is said to be admirably managed, and to have been found extensively useful. Its design is to supply the children of ministers with an education suitable to the station which their fathers hold in society.' It contains 100 pupils, and is well supported by the religious body to which it belongs. The expenditure for this school and the kindred establishment at Kingswood, near Bristol (also containing 100 pupils), has been for the last year (to June, 1835), 41227., a little more than 201. for each child. Of this expense the ministers whose sons are educated pay one-sixth. (Report of the Schools, for 1835; and Wesleyan Methodist Magazine for October, 1835.) As a seat of commerce Bradford possesses many facilities. By the Leeds and Liverpool can. it has an unimpeded communication with Hull and the German Ocean, and with Liverpool and the Irish Sea. This can. traverses much of The grammar-school of Bradford was in existence in the W. portion of the W. Riding, passing through or near the time of Edward VI. By the charter of 1663 it is Leeds, Bingley, Keighley, Skipton, and Gargrave; it called The Free Grammar-School of Charles II. at Bradenters Lancashire near Colne, and passes through Burnley, ford.' The usual powers for its government are vested in Blackburn, Chorley, and Wigan to Liverpool. By the Airethirteen men of the most discreet, honest, and religious and Calder navigation, Leeds and the neighbouring towns persons of the neighbourhood, whereof the vicar of Bradford are connected with Goole and Hull. The Leeds and Selby shall always be one. The old school was an inconvenient railway also connects the inland towns of Yorkshire with building, unpleasantly situated near the churchyard. An the Ouse, the Humber, and the German Ocean. The main act of parliament was obtained in 1818, which empowered line of the Leeds and Liverpool can. does not pass through the governors to dispose of lands for the erection of a new Bradford; a branch, three m. in length, called the Bradford school-house, and a dwelling-house for the head master. can., communicates between the town and that line. These buildings, which were completed in 1830, are in every respect commodious, and in addition to the school-room there is a library and a porter's lodge. All boys of the par. are admissible free of expense. This school is one of those that has the privilege of sending a candidate for Lady Elizabeth Hastings's exhibitions at Queen's College, Oxford. The Archbishop of York for the time being is the visitor of the school. The present income arises from lands and buildings issuing out of freehold estates within the par. of Bradford. These estates have become so valuable, that the governors of the school were enabled, some years ago, to establish a writing-school, in which a number of children receive a useful elementary education. The state of morals and health of the persons employed in the factory districts has often been misrepresented. In many cases the well-being of the young persons employed is strictly attended to. In Bradford and other towns of the district, instances might be given where the masters consider it an important duty to have their young workpeople morally and religiously educated. When the benefits of factory-schools are more apparent, such schools will become more numerous and effective than they have hitherto been: it may be safely affirmed that the owners of factories are generally wishful to do all in their power to promote the welfare of their workmen. On the physical results of the factory system, such works as those of Dr. Ure and Mr. Baines on the Cotton Manufacture, and that of the late Mr. Thackrah of Leeds On the Effects of Arts and Trades on Health,' may be consulted; from which it will appear that the evils which have been charged upon the system have resulted from the vices and follies of individuals, rather than from any baneful tendency in their employments. Places of Worship, Education, &c.-The par. church of Bradford, dedicated to St. Peter, was erected in the reign of Henry VI., the tower being of later date; a former fabric existed, which must have been comparatively small. (Whitaker.) It is a vic. of the annual value of 4407. It has no remarkable exterior attraction, and is mentioned by Rickman as being principally of the perpendicular style of architecture. Among its monuments may be mentioned a very beautiful work by Flaxman, for a gentleman of the There are schools in Bradford on the national system of education, and on the British and foreign system; a school of industry for girls, an infant school, and many well-conducted Sunday-schools in the town or in the immediate vicinity. The Established Church has two Sunday schools, the Wesleyan Methodists four, the Baptists four, the Independents three, and the Primitive Methodists one. have not procured returns from all these schools, but from those which have been obtained an opinion may be formed of their efficiency, and of the high character they sustain We Girls. 470 280 330 490 510 448 458 500 500 The Infants' School (including both sexes) School of Industry (the limited number) Girls. 80 180 A mechanics' institute was established in 1829, which is well sustained, and has about 450 members: there is also a philosophical society. A subscription library and news room occupy a portion of the exchange-rooms, and other apartments in this elegant building are devoted to public meetings and to periodical concerts. A library and depository of works published by the Christian Knowledge Society is attached to one of the Church Sunday-schools, and the Bible Society, the Church and other Missionary Societies have active auxiliaries. The dispensary, established in 1826, is liberally supported and well managed. A branch society to the county institution for the deaf and dumb at Doncaster furnishes considerable funds to that establishment in annual subscriptions. Bradford has several minor charities for the sick and poor, similar to those of other towns. The gas works were established in 1822; the new market, a plain and extensive building, was opened in 1824. There are two establishments for supplying the town with water; and it may be said that every comfort and convenience is accessible to the inh. The savings bank has been found very beneficial to the operatives of the district; and the Temperance Society has a large number of members. It is worthy of record that English Temperance Societies were commenced at Bradford. The town is governed by two constables, who are elected annually at a vestry meeting, and nominated by the retiring officers; one of them is for the E. and the other for the W. end of Bradford. There is a court of requests for the recovery of debts under forty shillings, and another court for the honour of Pontefract, in which debts may be sued for under five pounds. The piece hall was for many years used as a court-house for the meeting of the magistrates, and for holding the quarter-sessions. A new and ornamental building has just been completed for a court-house, which is found to be very commodious. The general aspect of Bradford is that of opulence and respectability; it is chiefly built of a fine light freestone: during the last ten years whole streets of elegant buildings have risen up, chiefly consisting of warehouses, and are an evidence of the increasing commerce and wealth of the town. The country to the N. and W. is open and picturesque, and is adorned with the residences of the more opulent merchants. The occupations of the families in the par. of Bradford, according to the Enumeration Abstract of Population for 1831, were as follows: 15,049 The t. of Bradford par.-Bowling, formerly Bolling, about a m. and a half S.W. of Bradford, was once the manor and residence of a family of that name. The hall is an antient building, and was the head-quarters of the Earl of Newcastle in the year 1642 during the siege of Bradford. It was here, while in bed, after he had formed the purpose of giving up the inhabitants of Bradford to military execu tion, that he was dissuaded from his intention by a female apparition. It is supposed that some patriotic woman really appeared to him and remonstrated with him on his sanguinary determination, or that a dream produced the effect. Bowling has been mentioned as the seat of extensive ironworks. { Horton is the most populous and important of the smaller t. it possesses a free-school which was founded and endowed by Christopher Scott, in the reign of Charles I. In this school 200 children are instructed. There is also another school in which sixty children of some neighbouring hamlets are instructed free. The places of worship are a small episcopal chapel, and large chapels for the Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists. The Baptist seminary is at Horton. Shipley is three m. N. from Bradford. A church was built here in 1825, which will contain about 1500 persons: there are chapels for the Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists. Worsted, woollen cloth, and paper manufactures are here carried on. Thornton is about four and half m. W. from Bradford; it has numerous manufactures of stuffs, a church, an Independent chapel, and a Methodist chapel. It has a school, erected by subscription, which contains eighty children; some of them are instructed in the classics. This school has an endowment of about 50%. a year, derived from various benefactions. There is also a school on the national system. Wilsden is five and a half m. N.W. of Bradford; it has a beautiful new church, an Independent chapel, and two Methodist chapels; it is a flourishing t., and, like the others in the par. of Bradford, indicates by its appearance the prosperity and activity of its pop. Abraham Sharpe, the celebrated mathematician, and machinist, was born at Little Horton, about 1651. Dr. Richardson was born at Bierley Hall, in 1664. He took the degree of M.D. at Oxford, but never practised. He devoted his life to literature, horticulture, and the study of antiquities. The second hot-house which was ever constructed in the N. of England was built at his house, and a cedar of Lebanon which he planted still remains there, a splendid specimen of this beautiful tree. It was sent a seedling to Dr. Richardson from Sir Hans Sloane. John Sharp, Archbishop of York, was born at Bradford in 1644; he was a man of great eloquence, of sincere piety, and of general abilities. He died in 1718, and was buried in York minster, where an elegant monument was raised to his memory. (Whitaker's Loidis in Elmete; Baines's History and Directory of Yorkshire; Bigland's Yorkshire; Parsons' Leeds and the adjoining Towns; Scatcherd's Morley, Communications from Bradford.) BRADLEY, JAMES, the third Astronomer Royal, and the first, perhaps, of all astronomers in the union of theoretical sagacity with practical excellence, was born at Sherbourn in Gloucestershire (probably in March, 1692-3). For all authorities, &c., we must refer the reader to the excellent and minute account of him in the Oxford edition of his Miscellaneous Works and Correspondence,' Oxford, 1832, by Professor Rigaud. His father, William Bradley, married Jane, the sister of the Rev. James Pound, known by the observations of the comet of 1680 which he supplied to Newton, together with other observations referred to in the Principia. With this uncle James Bradley passed much of his time, and found in his house the means of applying himself to astronomical observation. As early as 1716 there is a letter of Halley to Pound mentioning Bradley as an observer; and in 1718 and 1719, we find some observations of double stars (Castor and y Virginis), which have since been used by Sir J. Herschel in his determination of the orbits which each of the pairs just mentioned describes round the other (Mem. R. Astron. Soc. vol. v. pp. 195, 202). At the same time he turned his attention to the motions of Jupiter's satellites, and detected, by observation, the greater part of the inequalities afterwards discussed by Bailli. Tables of the satellites, from Bradley's observations, were published in Halley's collection, London, 1749, and in Phil. Trans. vol. xxx. North Bierley is about two m. S.E. from Bradford; its inh. are employed in the ironworks, the mines and quarries, and the woollen trade. The hall was the residence of Dr. Richardson, a man of refined literary taste, who gave up much time to horticultural pursuits. There is a neat epis-shire. copal chapel at North Bierley. Eccleshill, Manningham, Allerton, Haworth, Heaton, and Clayton, are all scattered vil., at short distances from Bradford; their populations are chiefly employed in the stuff and cloth manufactures. At Manningham is the beautiful seat of E. C. Lister, Esq., one of the members for the bor. of Bradford. Bradley was entered of Balliol College, Oxford, in 1710, and took the degrees of B. A. and M. A. in 1714 and 1717. In 1718 he became a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1719 he was ordained to the rectory of Bridstow, in MonmouthIn 1720 he obtained another living, but in 1721 resigned his preferments on obtaining the Savilian Professorship of Astronomy at Oxford, with the holding of which they are incompatible. He also resigned the office of chaplain to Bishop Hoadly. We find him now engaged in miscellaneous observation, particularly with the long telescope introduced by HUYGHENS. With one of these of 212 ft. focal length, he measured the diameter of Venus in |