perish. From some exciting cause, the same determination of blood to the brain takes place in the ox: but his brain is not, proportionally, a twentieth part so large as that of the human being, and it is altogether unable to resist the impetus-its functions are suspended in a moment, and the animal drops and dies. How severe are the losses which the farmer often sustains from this cause. He has been preparing his sheep and his oxen for the market more eagerly and hastily than prudence would warrant; they have been under the influence of a stimulating and forcing system, and they are covered with fat and full of blood. They are incautiously put on a still more stimulating regimen; they are turned into more luxuriant pasture, or they are driven to the turnip-field. They have not been there many hours before one and another begins to heave violently at the flanks-the head is extended, the eyes are protruded, and the animal falls, struggles for a few moments, and perishes. The flock or the herd of the farmer has occasionally been decimated in this way. Thousands of horses used to be lost from a similar cause. From exacting the labour of this animal during too many successive hours, and then suffering him to gorge himself at his will, staggers prevailed to so dreadful an extent that whole establishments were swept away at once. The hours of labour were shortened where this could be effected, and the use of the nose-bag was introduced; a little more attention was paid to the horse when he came home, and this disease now rarely occurs except from some evident mismanagement. Apoplexy is a disease of frequent occurrence among swine. It sometimes rages like an endemic through the piggery. Poultry of all kinds, and caged birds, are continually falling victims to it. Without the slightest warning they drop from their perches and die. Although every attention is paid to the quantity and the kind of food, two-thirds of the birds, and one-third of the quadrupeds that die in the menagerie belonging to the Zoological Society of London, perish from determination of blood to the head. It is on account of the small portion of cineritious matter in the brain, that the intellect is so little deranged in the diseases of quadrupeds. There are few cases of intense fever, in which the mind of the human being does not occasionally wander: but, with the exception of phrensypure inflammation of the brain or its membranes-and the peculiar aberration of mind which characterises rabies, delirium is rarely observed in any of the maladies of brutes. The intellect may be extinguished at once, as in apoplexy; but there is not sufficient of it to permit the frequent and dreadful exaltation of it which is often observed in man. It is probably owing to the comparatively small bulk of brain, and the condensation and firmness of that which is given to them, that hydrocephalus is of such unfrequent occurrence in young animals. It is observed in the calf at the moment of its birth, and has been seen in the foetal calf, but then both the mother and her progeny were weakly. There is scarcely a case upon record in which it has afterwards been produced by the causes to which it is traced in the human infant. [HYDROCEPHALUS.] On the other hand, the brain of the quadruped, and particularly that of the ox and the sheep, is often inhabited by hydatids, which produce effects similar to dropsy in the head, and are quite as fatal. Yearling cattle and sheep are observed to separate themselves from their companions, holding their heads a little on one side, and turning round and round in the direction to which the head is inclined: they then stand still for a while, stupid and lost, until, suddenly starting, they either commence again their circular motion, or gallop over the field as if they were pursued by some wild beast. They neglect their food, or become unable to feed, and rapidly pine away and die. On examination after death an hydatid, and occasionally several of them, are found lying on the brain between its membranes, by their pressure causing absorption of a portion of the brain, and producing all this derangement. This disease is very fatal; no fewer than 600,000 sheep are supposed annually to be destroyed by it in France. it is, however, only in young and weakly animals that it usually occurs. [HYDATID.] The other diseases of the brain are considered under their respective names; but it was deemed useful, when describing the peculiarities of this important organ in different animals, to give a brief sketch of the necessary influence of these peculiarities on the character, progress, and termination of disease. BRAINE-LE-COMPTE. [HAINAULT.] BRAINTREE. [ESSEX.] BRAMA, a genus of fishes of the order Acanthopterygii and family Squamipennes. Generic characters:-dorsal, anal, and ventral fins more or less scaly; body much compressed, somewhat ovate when viewed laterally; the head rather obtusely terminated; mouth, when shut, almost vertical; teeth slender, placed both in the jaws and palatines; branchiostegous rays seven. But one species of this genus is known, Brama Raii. M. Cuvier mentions the Mediterranean as the chief locality for this fish; but at the same time he says that it occasionally wanders into the ocean. It appears, however, that it is not so local as M. Cuvier supposes, numerous specimens having been found on different parts of our own coasts. Brama Raii measures from about one to two feet in length; it is of a deep blue colour, becoming silvery towards the belly. The dorsal fin has thirty-four rays, and the anal thirty. The tail is large and forked; pectoral fins rather long and narrow; ventral fins small: the scales extend as far as the jaws. BRAMANTE, D'URBINO, or BRAMANTE LAZZORI, was one of the most eminent men in his profession at the time of the so-called revival of the arts in the fifteenth century; when he distinguished himself by a more accurate investigation of antique buildings than had before been adopted, thereby contributing in no small degree towards establishing that system of architecture which, founded upon the application of the Roman orders, arrogated to itself the title of 'classical,' and within a short time entirely superseded every other mode of building that had previously obtained in Italy. Seconded by the circumstances of the times, almost as much as by his genius, his diligence earne l for him a reputation which certainly appears quite adequate to his intrinsic merits. His name also derives some reflected lustre from being associated with those of Raphael (his relative) and Michael Angelo, not only as that of their immediate predecessor, but for the encouragement he gave to the talents of the one, and the degree of rivalry which existed between himself and the other. According to some, Bramante was born at Castel Durante, in the duchy of Urbino; according to others, at Fermignano in the same state, in 1444, the same year in which Filippo Brunelleschi (the architect of the then unrivalled cupola of the cathedral at Florence) died. Although in very humble circumstances, his family appears to have been respectable; and as he very early evinced a natural aptitude for drawing, his father placed him under the celebrated artist Fra Bartolomeo of Urbino. The proficiency he attained in this part of his career is evinced by many pictures which he executed, and which are still to be seen at Milan; but his predilection for architecture prevailed over all other considerations, and he abandoned for that art the one where he had already a fair prospect of success before him. At first he travelled through Lombardy and passed some time at Milan, studying the works and constructions of the celebrated duomo in that city, which was the most extraordinary work of architecture then in progress. He next proceeded to Rome, where after painting some frescoes (now destroyed) in the church of St. John Lateran, he determined to apply himself exclusively to investigating and measuring the principal antient edifices in that metropolis and its environs. He soon became completely engrossed by his new pursuits, being incessantly occupied in making drawings, studies, and measurements of various works of antiquity. Among other edifices which he explored were the ruins of that prodigious pile, or rather collection of buildings, the Villa Adriana, which, not having been then despoiled of the columns, marbles, and other ornaments since carried off, must have been far more instructive to the architect than at present, when its scanty remains are interesting only to the antiquary. Unfortunately Bramante's zeal and admiration do not appear to have been regulated by that discriminating taste which shows that it appreciates real beauties, by ro jecting all spurious alloy. Amplitude of masses and vastness of plan seem to have struck the imagination of the future projector of St. Peter's quite as forcibly as that architectural dignity which is independent of extra rdinary dimensions, arising rather from nobleness and greatness of manner consistently kept up throughout. After extending his researches as far as Naples, upon his return to Rome he was commissioned by Cardinal Oliviero Caraffa to erect the cloister of the convent Della Pace : which, although not a work of any particular merit for its design, gave suca satisfaction as to bring him at once into notice, and obtain for him the patronage of Alexander VI. Under that pope however he did not execute any public works of importance, with the exception of the Cancelleria or palace of the chancery; a pile of imposing magnitude, and remarkable for its spacious cortile, surrounded by open galleries formed by ranges of arches resting upon granite columns. Although such a combination of the column and arch constitutes in itself a mixed style, as it was here managed by Bramante it is at least free from absurdity, for he suppressed all appearance of entablature, and made his arches spring immediately from the abaci of the columns, which with the capitals may be considered as the imposts surmounting circular instead of square piers: whereas blocks made to resemble pieces of an entablature not only cause the supports to look too much as if built up of fragments, but call attention still more forcibly to the inconsistency of the two systems of architecture, by exhibiting the horizontal members, which columns were originally intended to support, so mutilated as to destroy all idea of connexion in a horizontal direction. We may therefore so far allow that Bramante proceeded upon rational principles, and likewise that he consulted effect no less than propriety; the mode adopted by him being more satisfactory to the eye as well as to the judgment. In the façade of the same building, which has two orders of pilasters above a lofty rusticated basement, he was not so happy; and he either did not aim at the character of the antique, or else failed in his attempt. In proportion to the building the orders are too minute to assist the idea of magnitude otherwise than at the expense of their own importance. There is magnitude in the general mass, but not in the constituent features. The arrangement of the pilasters again is more unusual than agreeable, for they cannot be said to be coupled, but distributed so as to form wider and narrower intercolumns alternately in the former are placed the windows, while the others are left blank-a mode which, without possessing the richness of coupled columns or pilasters, is equally if not still more objectionable than they are. Another circumstance which does not contribute greatly to beauty is, that the windows of the principal floor as those of the basement are arched, although crowned by a horizontal cornice, owing to which they have a heavy look in themselves, and also appear squat and depressed in comparison with the range above them. Nearly the same peculiarities, which may be taken as in some degree characteristic of Bramante's style in buildings of this class, prevail also in the façade of a palace begun, although not finished by him, in the street called Via Borgo Nuovo. This mansion, now called the Palazzo Giraud, has like the Cancelleria two orders of pilasters, forming narrow and wide intercolumns alternately, and arched windows to the first order, crowned by a horizontal frieze and cornice, but with these differences, that the lesser intercolumns are narrower than in the other instance, although still of too great width to allow the pilasters to be termed coupled; and the arched windows are there wider and loftier than the others. The elevation of Julius II. to the pontificate was a fortunate circumstance for Bramante; for that pope, who was no less enterprising and resolute in civil than he was in military undertakings, was ambitious of signalizing his reign by some noble monuments of architecture and the other arts. By him Bramante was commissioned to project plans for uniting the Belvedere with the buildings of the old Vatican palace, so as to render the whole, if not a coherent pile of regular building, at least an imposing mass. The architect accordingly proposed to connect the two together by means of long wings or galleries, between which should be a court. On account of the inequality of the ground, this latter was formed on two levels, with flights of steps leading up to the large niche or tribune of the Belvedere. The design of this tribune, within which were five lesser niches containing the group of the Laocoon and other master-pieces of sculpture, may be seen (very rudely expressed) in Serlio's work on architecture; where is likewise shown part of one of the galleries or loggias-the same that was copied by Sir Robert Taylor for the wings of the Bank of England as they existed previously to the late alterations. This grand composition, which however was not completed by Bramante himself, has since his time undergone so many extensive changes, that it is impossible now to judge from the place what it originally was; for the court has been divided into two by a range of buildings across it, at the junction of its two levels, which was erected by Sixtus V. for the Vatican library. Complying with both the pope's impatience and his own, Bramante carried on the works at the Vatican with all possible dispatch, by night as well as day, in consequence of which precipitation many fissures afterwards discovered themselves. To reward the zeal and assiduity of his favourite architect, Julius conferred on him the office called del Piombo, took him along with him in his military expeditions as his chief engineer, and otherwise manifested the confidence he placed in him. The credit he was in with the pope enabled him in time to patronise others, and he enjoys the honour of having been the first to recommend Raphael at the papal court; yet he has also been accused of availing himself of his interest with Julius for the purpose of thwarting the views of Michael Angelo. Certain it is that he persuaded the pope to abandon the idea of the vast mausoleum which was to have been ornamented with forty statues by that artist, some of them of colossal size; and also that he recommended him to employ Michael Angelo preferably in painting the Sistine chapel yet that he should, as some have conjectured, have suggested the latter undertaking in the hope that it would prove a failure, is hardly credible. At least he had no very particular reason to be dissatisfied with the scheme of the mausoleum, because it was in order to provide a suitable situation for it that Julius determined upon taking down the old basilica of St. Peter, and erecting a new edifice, as had been intended by Nicholas V., who had actually commenced the end tribune or semicircle, which was chosen by Michael Angelo as the most fitting place for the mausoleum. Such was the origin of the present structure, called by Vasari la stupenda e terribilissima fabrica di San Pietro. Giuliano di Sangallo was employed to make designs as well as Bramante, but those of the latter obtained the preference, and Sangallo felt so indignant that he retired to Florence. Bramante accordingly commenced his work in 1513, and such was the expedition with which he proceeded, that the four great piers and their arches were completed before his death in the following year. On this occasion he had recourse to a new mode of executing the ornaments of the soffits of the arches, by means of moulds fixed into the centerings of the arches, which were filled up with stucco and brickwork before the arches themselves were turned,—a mode supposed to have been practised by the antients, although quite gone out of use until again applied by Bramante. As his labours extended no further, and as the subsequent mutations introduced by Michael Angelo and his successors were such that the original design was entirely lost sight of, the present edifice can in nowise be considered the work of Bramante. On the contrary, there is reason to imagine that it would have been a much nobler piece of architecture had his ideas been adhered to; and perhaps one of even still greater magnitude. As the model was not completed, we can only judge of his general intentions from the plan composed according to them by Raphael, which is given by Serlio in his work, and certainly, as far as plan alone goes, this appears far better conceived than the one actually executed, and superior in perspective effect, inasmuch as there would have been a greater number of arcades along the nave, and an uninterrupted vista in each of the side aisles to the very extremity of the building; besides which there would have been a spacious prostyle portico in front, the entire width of the church, formed by three ranks of insulated columns. Further it has been observed, that instead of appearing less than its actual dimensions, as is notoriously the case with the present St. Peter's, which even excites astonishment on that very account, it would have looked more spacious and extensive than it really was. The form of the dome too, as proposed by Bramante, would have been more simple and more after the character of the antique, it being much less than a hemisphere externally, with a series of gradini similar to those of the Pantheon at its base, above the peristyle of its tambour;-and it may here be observed, that it was Bramante, not Michael Angelo, who first projected the idea of surmounting St. Peter's by a rotunda and dome equal to the Pantheon. Another celebrated work of Bramante, although upon an exceedingly small scale, is the little Temple or Oratory in the cloister of San Pietro Montorio at Rome. It is circular in plan, and surrounded externally by a peristyle of sixteen Doric columns, above which rise the walls of the cella, forming a disproportionably lofty attic, with windows and niches placed alternately; this circumstance, together with the number of doors, windows, and niches, gives the whole a heavy and confused appearance, utterly unlike the finished simplicity observable in the best antique models. Besides all which there is a particularly uncouth balustrade above the entablature of the peristyle, whose balusters are continued the whole circumference, without any intervening pedestals. At the best it is a more showy than beautiful architectural object; yet would have produced a good general effect, had the circular court with a surrounding colonnade. for the centre of which it was intended, been completed according to the architect's design. Numerous other buildings and projects are attributed to Bramante, but to some of them his claims are rather disputable, and of the edifices known to have been erected by him many no longer exist. He died at Rome in 1514, at the age of 70, and his remains were interred with unusual solemnity. prebendary of York and Ripon. In 1630 he took the degree of Doctor in Divinity. Soon after he was invited to Ireland by Lord Viscount Wentworth, deputy of that kingdom, and Sir Christopher Wandesford, Master of the Rolls. There he soon obtained the archdeaconry of Meath, the best in that kingdom. In 1634 he was promoted to the bishoprick of Londonderry; while he held which, he doubled the yearly revenue by advancing the rents and recovering lands which had been detained from his predecessors. Bramhall appears to have applied himself with about the same zeal in Ireland that Laud was then exhibiting in England for the increase of the wealth and power of the clergy. In pursuance of several acts passed in the Irish parliament, which met July 14, 1634, he abolished fee farms that were charged on church-lands; he obtained composition for the rent instead of the small reserved BRAMBANAN, a vil. in the isl. of Java, about three m. rents; he obtained from the Crown, and he purchased imN.N.E. from Djorjokarta in 7° 49' S. lat., 110° 25′ E. long. propriations. By these and other means he regained to Brambanan contains extensive remains of Hindu tem- the Church, in the space of four years, thirty or forty ples, which occupy an area of more than seven acres. The thousand pounds a year. He likewise prevailed upon the buildings, of which these are the remains, apparently con- Church of Ireland to embrace the thirty-nine Articles of sisted of four rows of buildings, inclosing a larger structure Religion of the Church of England, agreed upon in the 60 ft. high. The buildings are all constructed of hewn convocation holden at London in the year 1562. He tried stone in large blocks, and are uniform, in their character, also to get the English Canons established in Ireland, but each of them being of pyramidal form, and highly orna- did not succeed farther than that a few of them should be mented with sculptures. The large central building is introduced, and other new ones framed. divided into several apartments and contains numerous figures of Siva. The smaller surrounding temples are each furnished with an image of Buddha. There are four distinct entrances to the group, one facing each cardinal point of the compass; each of those entrances is apparently guarded by two colossal statues in a kneeling attitude. The interior walls are ornamented with sculptures in alto and basso rilievo; a regular design is visible throughout the whole group of buildings, which exhibit in their embellishments less of what we consider fantastic and absurd than we are accustomed to find in similar remains in the East. It is believed that these temples were erected towards the end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th century. (Crawfurd's Hist. of E. I. Archipelago.) BRAMBER, a decayed vil. in Sussex, which was formerly of sufficient importance to give name to one of the six divisions of that co., to which the peculiar title of Rape is given. The Rape of Bramber is bounded on the N. by the co. of Surrey, on the S. by the English Channel, and on the E. and W. respectively by the Rapes of Lewes and Arundel. Its length from N. to S. is 22 m.; from E. to W. 11 m. It contains ten hund., having 31 par. in the upper division, and 11 in the lower, and comprehends the bor. of Bramber, Horsham, New Shoreham, and Steyning. The bor. of Bramber was included in Schedule A of the Reform Act, and was consequently disfranchised. In the year 1771 some scandalous practices were disclosed, during a parliamentary investigation into the election of members for the bor. of Shoreham. It appeared that certain electors of that bor. had formed a club which they designated the Christian Society, the business of which was to sell the representation to the best bidder. The chief magistrate, who was also returning officer for the bor., was a member of the club. An act passed, disfranchising the members of the club, and extending the franchise of Shoreham to the entire Rape of Bramber, which has been perpetuated under the Reform Act, the two members for the bor. of Shoreham being elected by the qualified inh. of the Rape of Bramber. The total number of the pop. of the Rape in 1811, was 22.777; in 1831, 30,113. The disfranchised bor. of Bramber, which is a vil. of the meanest kind, contains no other mark of its antient importance than the ruined castle of Bramber or Brembre. The castle and manor were granted in 1066 by William the Conqueror to William de Braose. They now belong to the Duke of Norfolk. (Dallaway's Sussex; Beauties of England and Wales; The Gentleman's Magazine.) BRAMBLE, a wild fruit-bearing bush, belonging to the natural order Rosacea. [RUBUS] BRAMHALL, JOHN, Archbishop of Armagh. in the seventeenth century, was born at Pontefract, in Yorkshire, about the year 1593, and was descended from an antient family. He received his early education in the place of his birth, and was then sent to Sidney College, Cambridge, where he was admitted February 21st, 1608. In 1623 the Archbishop of York made him his chaplain. He was also On the 4th of March, 1640-1, he was impeached, together with several other of Strafford's coadjutors, by the Irish House of Commons. He was in consequence imprisoned, and after some time, through the King's interference, set at liberty, but without any public acquittal. Some time after, not considering himself safe in Ireland, he went over to England, where he remained till the battle of Marston Moor; after which, the prudent counsels, which according to his biographer he bestowed upon the Marquis of Newcastle, not being able to resist the charge of Cromwell's Ironsides. the bishop embarked with several persons of distinction, and landed at Hamburg, July 8, 1644. It was during his exile, in the company of the Marquis of Newcastle, that he had that argument with Hobbes about liberty and necessity, which gave rise to the celebrated controversy, without which the prelate's name might have perhaps been forgotten. At the treaty of Uxbridge, Bramhall had the honour to be classed with Laud in being excepted out of the general pardon. At the Restoration, Bramhall was made Archbishop of Armagh, Primate and Metropolitan of all Ireland. He now renewed his exertions for the enrichment and aggrandizement of the Church. He died in 1663. By his wife he had four children, a son, Sir Thomas Bramhall, bart., and three daughters. Bramhall, whatever in his day might be his reputation as a bustling and intriguing churchman, will be remembered, if he be remembered at all, by posterity on account of his controversy with Hobbes. As this controversy throws considerable light not only on the character of Bramhall but on that of his age, it is of importance to give some account of it, which will be done much better than we could do it in the following passages, with which Hobbes concludes the work. As the controversy is now very scarce, this extract, even though not viewed as by any means setting the question at rest, will scarcely be considered too long, especially when it is regarded as a specimen of the style of Hobbes. As we have already remarked, the controversy originated in a conversation at Paris in the company of the Marquis of Newcastle, while they were all living there in exile. (Biog. Brit. art. 'Bramhall.') I shall briefly draw up the sum of what we have both said. That which I have maintained is-that no man hath his future will in his own present power; - that it may be changed by others, and by the change of things without him and when it is changed, it is not changed nor determined to anything by itself;-and that when it is undetermined, it is no will, because every one that willeth willeth something in particular;-that deliberation is common to men with beasts, as being alternate appetite, and not ratiocination; and the last act or appetite therein, and which is immediately followed by the action, the only will that can be taken notice of by others, and which only maketh an action in public judgment voluntary:-that to be free is no more than to do, if a man will, and if he will, to forbear; and consequently that this freedom is the freedom of the man, and not of the will;-that the will is not free, but subject to change by the operation of external causes ;— VOL. V.-2 X that all external causes depend necessarily on the first eternal cause, God Almighty, who worketh in us, both to will and to do, by the mediation of second causes ;-that seeing neither man nor anything else can work upon itself, it is impossible that any man, in the framing of his own will, should concur with God, either as an actor, or as an instrument; that there is nothing brought to pass by fortune as by a cause, nor anything without a cause or concurrence of causes sufficient to bring it so to pass; and that every such cause, and their concurrence, do proceed from the providence, good pleasure, and working of God; and consequently, though I do, with others, call many events contingent, and say they happen, yet because they had every of them their several sufficient causes, and those causes again their former causes, I say they happen necessarily; and though we perceive not what they are, yet there are of the most contingent events as necessary causes as of those events whose causes we perceive, or else they could not possibly be foreknown, as they are by him that foreknoweth all things. BRAMINS. [HINDUS, CASTES OF.] BRAMPTON. [CUMBERLAND.] BRANCALEO'NE D' ANDALO', a Bolognese noble and count of Casalecchio, was chosen by the people of Rome as their senator in 1253, with the summary powers of a dictator. The Pope, Innocent IV., was absent at the time, and Roine was distracted by quarrels between its feudal nobles, who had fortified themselves in their respective palaces, or in some of the antient monuments, such as the Coloseum, the tomb of Cæcilia Metella, the mausoleums of Hadrian and Augustus, &c. They had also built a numher of lofty towers, from which they defied the attacks of their enemies. Each baron had a band formed of his relatives, clients, or dependants, and of hired swordsmen. These sallied frequently out of their strongholds, either to attack a rival faction, or to plunder the unprotected citizens and country people. Such was at that time the general condition, not only of Rome, but of Florence, Milan, and other great Italian cities which lived in what was called muniOn the contrary, the bishop maintaineth-that the will cipal independence, until the citizens, weary of this state of is free from necessitation, and in order there to that the anarchy, resorted to the establishment of the podestà, a judgment of the understanding is not always practicé prac- temporary magistrate, who was always chosen out of a ticum, nor of such a nature in itself as to oblige and deter- foreign city or state, and who had summary powers to put mine the will to one, though it be true that spontaneity and down the disturbers of the public peace. The Romans determination to one may consist together;—that the will de- styled theirs Senator.' Brancaleone was a man of a stern, termineth itself; and that external things, when they change peremptory temper, and being a stranger had no sympathy the will, do work upon it not naturally but morally, not by with any of the conflicting parties. He began a war of natural motion but by moral and metaphysical motion-destruction against the barons, attacked their strongholds, that when the will is determined naturally it is not by God's razed their towers, hanged them and their adherents at the general influence, whereon depend all second causes, but windows of their mansions, and thus succeeded by terror in by special influence, God concurring and pouring something restoring peace and security to the city. In the numerous into the will;-that the will, when it suspends not its act, conflicts that took place several of the antient monuments makes the act necessary; but because it may suspend and suffered greatly. He treated the pope with little more not assent, it is not absolutely necessary that sinful acts deference than the nobles. He summoned the haughty proceed not from God's will, but are willed by him by a Innocent IV. in the name of the Roman people to leave permissive will, not an operative will, and he hardeneth the Assisi, whither he had retired, and to return to Rome, heart of man by a negative obduration;-that man's will is threatening him, in case of non-compliance, with a visit in his own power, but his motus primo primi not in his own from the armed citizens, with their senator at their head. power, nor necessary, save only by a hypothetical necessity; The pope returned to Rome, where he died soon after in --that the will to change is not always a change of will; 1254. The people of Rome, however, fickle as they have that not all things which are produced are produced from generally shown themselves in modern history, became sufficient but some from deficient causes;-that if the power tired of Brancaleone's severity; they revolted against him, of the will be present in actu primo, then there is nothing and would have put him to death had it not been for the wanting to the production of the effect;-that a cause may hostages they had given to the people of Bologna for his be sufficient for the production of an effect, though it want security. They appointed another senator, Maggi of Brescia, something necessary to the production thereof, because the whom however they soon after accused of being too partial will may be wanting that a necessary cause doth not towards the nobles; and in 1257 they recalled Brancaleone, always necessarily produce its effect, but only then when the who resumed his authority, which he exercised with reeffect is necessarily produced. He proveth also that the doubled vigour. He made war against several towns in the will is free, by that universal notion which the world hath neighbourhood of Rome, and obliged them to submit to his of election for when of the six electors the votes are authority. He threatened to destroy Anagni, but desisted divided equally, the King of Bohemia hath a casting from his purpose through the entreaties of Pope Alexvoice; that the prescience of God supposeth no necessity ander IV. Although that pope was the declared enemy of the future existence of the things foreknown, because of Manfred king of Sicily and Naples, Brancaleone God is not eternal but eternity;* and eternity is a stand- maintained a good understanding with the latter. In 1258 ing now, without succession of time, and therefore God Brancaleone died, much regretted by the citizens, who sees all things intuitively by the presentiality they have in elected his uncle, Castellano d' Andalò, as his successor, nunc stans, which comprehendeth in it all time, past, pre- notwithstanding the opposition of the pope. A column was sent, and to come, not formally, but eminently and virtually; raised in honour of Brancaleone, with an urn at the top, in -that the will is free even then when it acteth, but that is in which the head of the senator was enclosed. a compounded not in a divided sense ;-that to be made and to be eternal do consist together, because God's decrees are BRANCHIO'PODA (Zoology). The first order of the made, and are nevertheless eternal ;-that the order, beauty, Entomostraca [ENTOMOSTRACA], the sixth of the class Crusand perfection of the world doth require that in the universe tacea [CRUSTACEA], according to Latreille, who thus chathere should be agents of all sorts, some necessary, some racterizes it A mouth composed of a labrum (lip), two manfree, some contingent;-that though it be true that to-mor-dibles, a little tongue (languette), and one or two pairs of row it shall rain or not rain, yet neither of them is true deter-jaws. These crustaceans, which are for the most part microminale; that the doctrine of necessity is a blasphemous, desperate, and destructive doctrine;-that it were better to be an atheist than to hold it, and he that maintaineth it is fitter to be refuted with rods than with arguments. And now whether this his doctrine or mine be the more intelligible, more rational, or more conformable to God's word, I leave it to the judgment of the reader. But whatsoever be the truth of the disputed question, the reader may peradventure think I have not used the bishop with that respect I ought, or without disadvantage of my cause I might have done, for which I am to make a short apology.' The Question concerning Liberty, Necessity, and Chance, clearly Stated and Debated between Dr. Bramhall, Bishop of Derry, and Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury. London, 1656, sub. fin. BRANCASTER. [NORFOLK.] scopic, are always in motion when in an animated state, and have been the only representative of the order. Latreille that the members from being natatory and cleft became proposes the following arrangement. Section I. Feet never more than six, the articulations more or less cylindrical or conical, and never entirely lamelliform or foliaceous. The Branchiæ are not numerous, and there is but one eye. Many have the mandibles furnished with a palpus or feeler, and though M. Straus attributes this organization exclusively to the genera Cypris and Cytherina, which compose his order of Ostrapoda, the elder Jurine and M. Ramdhor have shown that it is also characteristic of Cyclops. The antennæ are almost always four in number, and serve for locomotion. Three groups are arranged under this section. CARCINOIDA. simple and adapted to crawling only. To complete his proof of metamorphosis among the crustacea, he states in the same place, that he succeeded in hatching the eggs of the common crab (Cancer pagurus), the young of which were found to be similar in forth to Zoea taurus; and he thence concludes that the crustaceous Decapods, generally, undergo metamorphosis, being, in the first state of their existence essentially natatory, and the greater number of them becoming afterwards, in their perfect state, incapable of swimming, being then furnished with chela (pincers), and with feet almost solely adapted for crawling. Shell more or less ovoïd, not folded so as to convey the idea of a bivalve, but leaving the lower part of the body un-letter to the editor of the Zoological Journal, dated Dec., covered. The antennæ never in the form of ramified arms. Feet ten, more or less, cylindrical or setaceous. Females carrying their eggs in two external bags situated at the base of their tail. Some of this division have two eyes, but the genus Cyclops has but one. a. Two eyes. Shell entirely covering the thorax. Eyes large and distinct. Antennæ intermediate, terminated by two bristlelike appendages. But the publication of M. Rathke's elaborate researches on the formation and development of the crawfish (Astacus Auviatilis *) shakes this general conclusion; for his observations prove beyond doubt that no such metamorphosis takes place in the young of that crustacean. It is right, however, to add, that Mr. Thompson, not one whit daunted by Rathke's publication, still holds his opinion, and, in a 1830, states what he trusts will convince him that if any delusion exists, or source of error, it must rather attach to M. Rathke than to him; namely, that, in regard to the Brachyurous decapods (crabs, &c.) he has ascertained the newly-hatched animal to be a Zoea in the following genera: Cancer, Carcinus, Portunus, Eryphia, Gegarcinus, Thelphusa, Pinnotheres, Inachus,-eight in all; and that in the Macroura (lobsters, &c.) he has actually ascertained that the following seven genera are subject to metamorphosis :-Pagurus, Porcellana, Galathea, Crangon, PulæUnder this subdivision Latreille places the genera Zoea mon, Homarus, Astacus. He admits, indeed, that the (Bosc), Nebalia (Leach),* and Condylura (Latreille). As in degree than any other of the above enumerated genera, lobster (Astacus marinus) undergoes a metamorphosis less our limits will not permit us to describe and figure more and consisting in a change from a cheliferous Schizopod to than one genus of each group, we select the first as an example. Latreille considers the genus Nicothöe of Audouin a Decapod;-in its first stage being what he would call a and Milne Edwards to belong to the Poecilopoda [PCILO- modified Zoe with a frontal spine, spatulate tail, and wantPODA], remarking at the same time that the feet, with the ing sub-abdominal fins,-in short, as he says, such an exception of the anterior ones, resemble much those of Cy-it not obtained by hatching the spawn of the lobster. He animal as would never be considered what it really is, were clops, and that the females also, like those of the Cyclops, then asks whether we are to consider the fresh-water species carry their eggs in two little bags situated at the base of of Astacus or crawfish as an exception? or whether there is and is furnished with processes in the shape of horns upon that if it should be found otherwise, it can only be regarded Zoea (Bosc) has the eyes very large, entirely exposed, not reason, from the above detail, to suspect that this peculiarity must have escaped the notice of M. Rathke; adding the thorax. The following is Bosc's description of Zoea pelagica which he found in the Atlantic Ocean. Bodyphosis, and will render it necessary to consider those two as one solitary exception to the generality of metamordemi-transparent, four antennæ inserted below the eyes, animals for the future as the types of two distinct genera. the exterio: joined (coudées) and bifid. A sort of long beak Our limits will not permit us to go more amply into the on the front of the thorax between the eyes, and a pointed elongated elevation directed backwards upon the back. The subject, and we must therefore refer our readers to numbers feet very short and scarcely visible, with the exception of the 1 and 2 of Mr. Thompson's 'Zoological Researches, for two last, which are elongated or natatory. The tail as long his elaborate details and illustrations, and, if they cannot as the thorax, curved and six-jointed, the last joint large, procure M. Rathke's book, to the 5th volume of the Zoocrescent-shaped, and spinous. logical Journal,' now completed, where an excellent anaSlabber, Desmarest, Leach, and others, have contributed lysis of the latter will be found. We cannot, however, close observations upon this genus, if indeed it may be so termed, this subject without earnestly exhorting those, whose localiand several species have been described. But if Mr. Thomp-ties afford them opportunity, to pursue this most interesting son be correct, these animals have no right to any generic taken by Mr. Cranch in the unfortunate expedition to the subject. The following figure of Zoea clavata (Leach) appellation or rank, being no other than larger species of Crustacea in their early state of existence. They thus Congo, under Captain Tuckey in 1816, will give some idea become most highly interesting, as affording, according to of the general form of Zoea. him, positive evidence of the metamorphosis of the Crustaceous decapods. Having taken certain Zoeas in the har bour of Cove, Mr. Thompson states in the first No. of his Zoological Researches, (April, 1829,) that he saw them undergoing the change, and that enough was gained to show that the distinctive characters of Zoea, and of Slabber's changed Zoea, (Zoea taurus,) were entirely lost, and the tail. M. Milne Edwards describes a new species in the 13th volume of the 'Annales des Sciences, to which he gives the name of Nebalia Geoffroyi, but he does not arrange it under Nebalia without some hesitation, and proposes a new modification of the genus. Mr. Thompson in his Zoological Researches,' observes that Nebalia bears a greater affinity to the larvæ of the Balani [CIPRIPEDA] than to any other, and he considers that it will bear the same relation to these larvæ as Mysis bears to the decapodous Macroura. M. Milne Edwards's Nebalia Geoffroyi was found near Concarneau in Bre tagne, living among small pebbles and the fragments of shells, and swimming on its side. Milne Edwards in his memoir ('Aun. des Sciences,' tom. 13.) describes the following new genera, which he considers as approaching very near to Condylura. Rhen. This was found in dredging for, oysters near Port Louis, and M. Milne Edwards seems consequently to think that it lives at considerable depths in the sea. The species on which he founds the genus is Rhea Latreillii. Cuma. Found near Croisic upon rocks, which are not uncovered except at very low tides. The species on which the genus is founded is Cuma Au douinii. (It should be remembered that the term Cuma has been applied by some conchologists to a turbinated marine shell.) [Zoea clavata.] • Untersuchungen ueber die Bildung und Entwickelung des Flusskrebses: von Heinrich Rathke. Mit 5 Kupfertafeln. Leipzig, 18:3, fol. † Zoological Researches and Illustrations; or Natural History of Nondescript or Imperfect Animals in a series of Memoirs: illustrated by numerous figures by John V. Thompson, Esq., F. L. S, Surgeon to the Forces, 8vo, Cork; King and Ridings; W. Wood, Strand; G. B. Sowerby, Great Russellstreet, &c. &c. Five numbers published. Mr. Thompson says, that on the 28th of April, 1823, he took in a small muslin towing-vet, while crossing the ferry at Passage, Zora Taurus, hitherto only found in the Great Ocean, Argulus armiger, and others, actually inha bitants of the fresh water, and quite accidental. (Polyphemus Oculus, Cy clops, Praniza, &c.) Since the publication of Mr. Thompson's experiments, Mr. O Westwood, one of our most able entomologists, has given a carefully elaborate description of the development of the ova of a land crab (Gegarcinus), contradictory of Mr. Thompson's observations and confirmatory of Rathke's. See the papers of Mr. O. Westwood and Mr. Thompson directly at variance with each other Phil. Trans.' for 1835, part ii. The report of M. Milne Edwards is also at variance with Mr. Thompson's theory. 2 X 2 |