uniting itself to the Mamore, loses its name. The Guapore runs more than 400 m., and having only a few rapids and no cataracts, is a navigable river.

the low country in their vicinity is covered with water. All the tracts thus inundated are overgrown by an uninterrupted forest of trees of different size and species, with various The Rio Madeira is formed by the junction of the Rio bushes and underwood between them, and all these plants Beni with the Mamoré (in 10° 22′ S. lat.), which takes are tied together by numerous creepers, so that they form a place about 100 m. below the confluence of the latter with vegetable wall, through which it is impossible to penetrate. the Guaporé (in 11° 55' S. lat.). This river runs in a N.E. The water-courses are the only roads which lead through direction, with numerous windings, and falls into the Ama- this wilderness. That portion of the plain which is not subzonas in 3° 24′ S. lat., about 70 m. below Villa de Borba, afterject to inundations is likewise covered with interminable a course of upwards of 600 miles. As the river, after the forests, but the trees are of more equal size, and without junction of the Mamore and Beni, is 900 fathoms wide, and underwood, though here also the creepers are numerous. in its course in general preserves this width, with a consi- Occasionally some tracts of moderate extent occur, which derable depth, it would become a channel of internal are without trees, and covered with rich grass, intermingled navigation were its course not interrupted by numerous with a few low bushes. cataracts. Below the union of the two principal rivers thirteen cataracts occur; and above it, in the Mamore, five. They begin in 10° 37' with the Cachoeira da Bananeira, and terminate at 8° 48', with the Cachoeira de S. Antonio. The highest of these cataracts is in 8° 52′ S. lat., | where the river descends 30 feet. It is however supposed that all the falls taken together amount only to 150 ft. of height. The Madeira was frequently navigated up to 1787, but at present other lines of communication are preferred.

The N. part of Brazil comprehends the greater portion of the plain of the Rio das Amazonas, one of the most extensive on the globe. It lies along both sides of that majestic river, from its wide mouth, near 50° W. long., to the embouchure of the Ucayale, near 72° W. long., and consequently extends in this direction about 1500 miles. The width of this plain varies, being much narrower towards the mouth of the riv. than farther W. Between the cataracts of the Xingù (4° 20' S. lat.) and the Serras de Tumucucuraque and de Acaray, which chain divides the sources of the Essequibo and Mazarony from the riv. falling into the Amazonas, the plain hardly extends S. and N. more than 50 of lat., or about 350 miles. Under the meridian of 64° it begins S. at the cataracts of the Rio Madeira (8° 48′), and extends N. to the S. branches of the Serra Parime (about 3° N. lat.) about 800 miles. It is probable that its width enlarges considerably still farther to the W., but here the boundary-line of the plain on the N. as well as on the S. lies in countries not yet explored. This plain is divided by the Rio Amazonas into two parts, declining insensibly towards the bed of the riv., but not everywhere in the same direction. On the E., as far as the mouth of the Madeira, its surface declines N. and S., but to the W. of the Madeira the declivity is directed S.E. and N.E. Hence the rivs. joining the Rio Amazonas towards its mouth, form nearly right angles with its course, but the Madeira and the rivs. which unite with it farther to the W. form acute angles, and some of them, as the Rio Negro and the Yupurà, flow a considerable part of their course nearly parallel to it. But this declivity is so imperceptible that the eye cannot discover it, and some of the rivs. seem to have no current at all in the dry season, as is observed of the lower course of the Rio Madeira. Elevations deserving the name of hills are rare, but the surface does not present one unvarying level like the plains on the Orinoco: it consists rather of a continual succession of extremely slight undulations, and to this peculiarity of its surface, joined to its tropical climate, it seems principally to owe the inconceivable luxuriance of its vegetation.

The softness of the soil, which consists, as far as it is known, nearly everywhere of earthy matter, possessing only a small degree of cohesion, yields readily to the impetuous rush of the waters in the rainy season, and thus are formed the almost countless larger and smaller islands which continually divide the riv. into numerous channels. In other countries travellers generally think it necessary to observe the islands formed by rivs., but in this plain, on the contrary, it appears an extraordinary occurrence if at any place the whole volume of the riv. runs in one channel. These islands occupy a considerable portion of the plain: they are inundated in the wet season, but when the riv. is low, they rise 20 and 30 ft. above the surface. They have a sandy low beach, but the inland parts are higher and wooded.

The tracts which skirt the banks of the riv. are generally low, and overflowed when the riv. rises. In many places the inundations are extended much farther inland by the channels which, in the dry season, bring down the water from the numerous lakes. But during the inundation these channels carry the water from the rivs. to the lakes, and

Nothing however characterizes this plain more strikingly than the incredible abundance of water. Brooks and ponds are of rare occurrence, for they enlarge immediately into rivs. and lakes; and these rivs. and lakes form along the banks of the larger rivs. (the only part of the country which has yet been visited) an interminable watery maze. Martius is at a loss how to explain this matter. He thinks that the inundation cannot account for it, and supposes that the soil of this plain contains an extraordinary number of sources and springs, and that the water issuing from them is continually increased by the moisture of the air, which is more especially abundant in tropical countries whenever they are covered with trees. This abundance of water, the softness of the soil, and the comparatively small inequalities of the surface, have made some phenomena common here which are rare in other countries. Such are the natural canals by which two rivs, are united. Between the Madeira and the Rio Purus, its next W. neighbour, two such natural water communications exist, at least 120 m. distant from one another. Others occur between other rivs. These natural canals unite also different riv. systems, as the Cassiquiare between the Orinoco and Rio Negro, and the canal of Cabuqueria farther W., which, according to the information of the natives, unites the Uaupè, or Uaupes, the principal branch of the Rio Negro, to the Guaviare, a tributary of the Orinoco. To the same peculiarities it is mainly to be attributed, that many of the rivs., especially those running from the N. to the Amazonas, send detached branches to the principal river, 100 m. and upwards before they entirely unite with it.

As to the rivs. which drain this plain, we have already noticed the Tocantins, Xingù, Tapajos, and Madeira. To the W. of the last, and nearly parallel to it, flow some considerable rivs.,-the Purus, the Coary, the Teffé, the Iurua, the Iutahy, and the Hyabary or Yavary. These rivs., which run from 600 to 800 m., have not been explored, and the country through which they flow is nearly unknown; but according to the information of the Indians it does not seem that they are interrupted by cataracts. The rivs. which drain the plain on the N. of the Rio das Amazonas belong partly to the republic of Ecuador, as the Pastaza, the Tigre, the Napo, and Putumayo or Iça, only the lower course of the last named riv. being included in Brazil; and partly to Brazil, as the Yupurà or Yapura and the Rio Negro. The remotest branches of the Yupurà originate in. the S. districts of the republic of New Granada, in the mountain-knot of Popayan, whence they descend into the plain. The greatest part of its course is within the boundary of the rep. of Ecuador, in which it forms, in 73° 40′ W. long., a cataract called Cachoeira de Arara Coara, about 60 ft. high. It is not yet determined if the country between this fall and that of Cupati, which occurs nearly 3° farther E., belongs to Brazil or to the rep. of Ecuador. In this tract the Yupurà receives its largest tributary, the Apuparie. The fall of Cupati is at low water only a rapid. From this fall downwards the Yupurà, flowing nearly parallel to the Rio Amazonas, is divided from it by a low, wooded country, of which the greatest part About 100 m. is annually inundated for some months. from the mouth of the Yupurà begins the canal of Avatiparanà, which lies from N.E. to S. W., and joins the Rio Amazonas nearly 200 m. above the mouth of the Yupurà. In this canal the water flows from December to June N.E. from the Rio Amazonas to the Yupurà, and from June to August S.W. from the Yupurà to the Rio Amazonas. The large isl. formed by this can. and the rivs. is traversed by other cans., which are subject to a similar change of current. The Rio Negro originates in a swampy country about 2° 30' N. lat. and 70° 30′ W. long., and runs first Ñ.E. and afterwards S,E, about 200 m., when

it is joined by the can. of Cassiquiare, which comes with a rather rapid course from the Orinoco. Hence it runs with numerous windings nearly due S. till it is joined from the W, by the Rio Uaupé or Uaupes, which should be considered as the principal branch. This riv., whose sources are very imperfectly known, seems not to originate in the principal chain of the Andes, but in a group of hills at a considerable distance E. of them. It flows first for a great distance S.E., and then turns E.: not far from the place where the Uaupé begins to turn to the E., it forms a considerable cataract, the Cachoeira de Ipanorè. The Uaupé may have run 500 m. when it joins the Rio Negro near the equator, between 67° and 68° W. long. From this junction the Rio Negro flows E. with a slight declination to the S., which increases as it proceeds till its course is S.E. In this part of its course the Rio Negro has rather the appearance of a succession of lakes united by comparatively narrow channels than that of a riv. It sometimes enlarges to 12, 15, or even 20 m. in width, and sometimes narrows to 1 or 1 m.: its current is generally very slow and not disturbed by rapids. Above 200 m. from its mouth it is joined by the Rio Branco, whose principal branch, called Uraricoera, originates in the Serra Parime, at no great distance from some of the branches of the Orinoco, and flows E. till it joins another considerable branch, the Tacutù, which rises near the sources of the Rupunuri, a tributary of the Essequibo, and flows a considerable distance N. parallel to the Rupinuri. The Tacutù afterwards turns S. by a bold bend and joins the Uraricoera. Both branches have probably a course of more than 200 m. before their junction, The united riv., called Rio Branco, runs about 400 m. in a S. direction, and has only a few rapids: cataracts however occur in the Tacutù. The upper course of the Rio Branco is without the boundary line of the plain of the Rio das Amazonas. About 50 m. below the mouth of the Rio Branco, a can. branches off from the Rio Negro called Carapuhuany, which lies in a S.W. and S. direction, and passing through the Lake of Cudaya, sends its waters to the Rio Amazonas by the can. Cudaya, about 100 m. above the principal mouth of the Rio Negro. The whole course of this river may be 1200 m., and if the Uaupé is taken for its principal branch, probably

100 m. more.

from the table-land, the Xingu and Tapajos, begin to rise in Nov., attain their greatest height in Jan., and find their lowest level from Aug. to Oct. The Madeira, whose changes coincide with those of the principal riv., and which therefore has in this respect the greatest claim to be considered its principal branch, begins to rise in Dec. and attains its greatest height in April and May: its waters are lowest in Oct. The N. riv. begin to rise in Feb. or March, and are fullest from July to Sept., when the water in the Rio Amazonas has nearly attained its lowest line. This explains why the canal of Avatiparanà, between the Yupurà and Amazonas, flows from June to Aug. S.W. into the latter, and from Dec. to June into the Yupurà. The height which the water attains above the lowest level varies in different riv.: in the Xingù and Tapajos it is 35 ft.;_ in the Madeira, as far up as the cataracts, 38 ft.; in the Rio Negro, 30 ft.; in the Rio Branco, 25 ft.; and in the Rio das Amazonas, in the plain, 40 ft. and upwards.

On the N. of the Rio das Amazonas, the plain extends to Macapà, opposite the island of Caviana, which lies in the principal embouchure of the riv.; on the S. it includes the lower course of the Rio Tocantins, and extends to the series of hills which run at a distance of about 50 m. from its banks on the E. parallel to its course. To the E. of these hills lies another plain, which also, though less extensive, measures from N. to S. upwards of 600 m., and from W. to E. more than 400 m. The largest of its numerous riv. iз the Parnahyba. This plain, which may be called the plain of Parnahyba, differs nearly in every respect from that of the Amazonas. Its surface is much more uneven, rising frequently to hills of some hundred feet elevation, which spread out into spacious table-lands. The S. portion of the plain, which is more level, is covered with fine soft grass, interspersed here and there with bushes and a few high trees. This district is well adapted for the rearing of cattle. The N. part has a much greater portion of high trees, but they form forests of only small extent, which are separated from one another by large plains destitute of trees, overgrown with greyish high grass and a few bushes. The lower districts of this part are favourable to the growth of cotton, the soil being rather dry and sandy.

The Parnahyba originates in the most S. angle of the plain, near 10° S. lat., and traverses it in a diagonal line from S.W. to N.E. and N. Having no falls and only a few rapids, it is navigated by vessels of from 15 to 40 tons to its junction with the Rio das Balsas, up to which place the European settlements on its banks are numerous. It empties itself into the sea by five mouths, the most remote of which are 30 m. from one another, measured along the shore. But as these mouths are not more than two to four fathoms deep, only vessels of moderate size can come up to the town of S. João de Parnahyba. Its whole course may amount to nearly 600 m.; and, with the exception of the Francesco, it is the largest riv. that enters the sea between the Rio de la Plata and the Amazonas.

The climate of this plain is hot; the thermometer rises in summer above 100° and sometimes to 110°. The rains begin in Oct., and increase gradually to Feb., when they are most abundant; they terminate in April; but even in May it generally rains between three and four o'clock in the afternoon. The months of July, Aug. and Sept. are usually very dry. The prevalent wind is from the S., especially during the dry season.

No large rivs. traverse the N. plain E. of the Rio Negro. The Oriximina or Rio das Trombetas and Gurupatuba are the most considerable. The great plain of the Rio das Amazonas, which even on its extreme borders hardly anywhere exceeds the elevation of 600 or 700 ft. above the sea, and extends on both sides of the equator, differs in climate considerably from other tropical countries. The dry and rainy seasons are here not so distinctly marked as in Asia or Africa; nearly every day exhibits both. In the night no cloud covers the dark blue sky, and this serenity continues to the morning hours. But between 9 and 10 o'clock clouds begin to appear on the horizon, and rapidly extend towards the higher parts of the sky until after noon, when the hurricane begins to roar, thunder and lightning follow in uninterrupted succession, and the rain pours down in torrents. The heat is oppressive; but in a couple of hours the equilibrium of the air is reestablished, and by degrees the clouds disappear and the sky re-assumes its former serenity. The rains however are less regular and abundant from August to October. They increase during the month of November and are accom- The E. boundary of this plain is formed by the Serra panied with more violent thunder-storms; the rains gene- Ibiapaba or Hybiappaba, from which extends E. the rally continue in equal abundance to the end of March. | mountainous country that forms the projection of Brazil, Frequently however they are interrupted by a drier season and terminates with the capes of St. Roque and Augusin January and February, which is called Veranico (fore-tinho. It resembles, in some respects, the table-land of summer), and then they continue more abundant to April Brazil; but the mountain plains are of less extent, and and May. The E. wind is by far the most prevalent. The the valleys occupy proportionally a much greater part of trees are never without leaves; for while they are shedding the surface. Besides this, the tops of the mountains and the old ones, new ones are already forming. Most of the their declivities are clothed with trees, while the low trees and plants, especially those which are peculiar to a tracts are covered only with coarse grass and low bushes. tropical climate, blossom between November and March, Numerous riv. traverse this country, but their course is and bear fruit between June and September. comparatively short; they have also very little water, and are, consequently, not well adapted for navigation. Though the weather is more changeable here than in other parts of Brazil, it rains less; the rainy season begins only in Jan. and terminates in April. In this season vegetation is vigorous and rapid, but from Aug. to Dec. the country resembles a dusty desert. Sometimes, and as it appears in decennial periods, there is no rain at all, and then both men and animals die of hunger and thirst.

All the rivs. traversing the plain inundate the adjacent low tracts of marshy land, but the inundation does not take place in all of them at the same season. Some of the S. affluents of the Rio das Amazonas originate near the tropic, and others at no great distance from it; but the northern traverse an extensive country N. of the equator. The periodical rains are different in these countries, and the riv. rise and fall at different seasons. The riv. descending

VOL. V.-3 A

Cape Augustinho (Augustin), in 8° 20′ 41′′ S. lat. and 34° 58′ W. long., is one of the most E. points of Brazil. About 300 m. from this cape, the great equatorial current, which traverses the Atlantic near the line, divides into two branches, of which the N. and by far the larger part runs along the N. coast of Brazil to the mouth of the Rio das Amazonas, and hence along Guiana to the West Indies. The banana (musa) is cultivated in the low plains and This current, combined with the trade-winds, which along valleys along the coast and in the plain of the Amazonas. these shores constantly blow from the E., renders the voyage Potatoes do not succeed, except in Rio Grando do Sul; a from the N. parts of Brazil along this shore to the provinces certain quantity is annually imported from England: but S. of Cape Augustinho so tedious, that it is more easy for sweet potatoes succeed wherever there is a good sandy soil. the inh. of this part to communicate with Europe and North The cara, a root similar to the sweet potato, and superior America than with the S. provinces of the empire. The S. in flavour, is less productive. The inhame (Phoenix ductybranch of the equatorial current, called the Brazil current, lifera, Linn.) is likewise cultivated for its root, which, as is at first of inconsiderable breadth, but it grows wide in well as its leaves, is eaten by men and pigs. Various kinds 16° and 17 S. lat., where it is 250 m. from the coast. At of beans are also cultivated. Cape Frio it is only 200 m. distant, and runs 30 m. per day. Where the coast trends to the S.W., the current is farther off, but it approaches again within the same distance near the Morro de S. Marta, and so continues to Cape de S. Maria. Between the coast and this current occurs a regular change in the winds and currents; and their direction depends on the position of the sun. When it is S. of the equator the winds blow from between N. and E. and the current runs S. or S.W.: when the sun is on the N. of the line the winds blow from between E. and S.E. and the cur

The immense forests which cover the plain of the Rio das Amazonas supply various articles of export. Cacao is gathered very extensively, as well as cloves, cinnamon, vanilla, sarsaparilla, caoutchouc, Brazil-nuts, and different balms, as copaiva, and copal. The forests on the coast produce different sorts of timber, and woods for the making of furniture and dyeing. The fruits of Europe, which succeed best in Brazil, are figs, oranges, pomegranates, quinces, and a small sort of lemons. It is commonly asserted that grapes do not ripen; but Martius found that the vines bore abundantly in the neighbourhood of Bahia as well as in the plain of the Rio das Amazonas; and that they produced ripe grapes twice a-year, in June and in December.

Pine-apples are sometimes found wild in the forests near Parà, but they are cultivated in the districts N. of 30°, and near Parà attain an extraordinary size, with an exquisite flavour.

In the N. provinces palms abound, and perhaps every one of the numerous species may be applied to some useful purpose. The most useful is the coco-palm (cocos nucifera, L.), which is common along the coast between 10 and 20° S. lat., and principally valuable on account of the cairo or outer part of the fruit, of which ropes of great strength are made. The coco de denté or oil-palm (Elacis Guineensis, L.), which has been brought from Africa, grows not only like the coco-tree on the coast, but also to a considerable distance from the shore, and yields an oil which is used for lamps and culinary purposes. The leaves of the piacabapalm (Attalea funifera, Mart.), which grows wild between 10° and 20° S. lat., are an excellent substitute for hemp, which does not succeed in these parts of Brazil. Cables made of these leaves are much preferred to those made of cairo, being three times as strong.

Of the native vegetation of so extensive a country as Brazil, it is impossible to give any exact idea without going into numerous details for which we have not space. Those who are desirous of making themselves acquainted with this subject will find the most valuable sources of information to be the following:-Auguste de St. Hilaire's Voyage dans lintérieur du Brésil; the travels of Martius and Spix, and of Prince Maximilian of Wied Neuwied; the Pflanzen und Thiere des tropischen America, ein Naturgemälde von Dr. C. F. Ph. von Martius and the Aperçu d'un Voyage dans l'intérieur du Brésil, la Province cisplatine et les Missions dites du Paraguay, by Auguste de St. Hilaire, published in the Mémoires du Muséum, vol. ix. Even these, full of information as they are, convey no precise intelligence concerning the S. and W. frontier of the vast state, and we have still to wait for details with which the unpublished account of the journey of Burchell, or the inquiries of future travellers may supply us, before any good connected account of the Brazilian Flora can be prepared beyond the provinces with which Europeans have most frequent communication.

orders in Caracas a considerable number was exported to Barbadoes and other British settlements. Mules are only reared in the S. prov., but in great numbers. In 1814 17,504 head were exported to the N. prov. The sheep is in little repute, the meat being ill flavoured, and the wool of indifferent quality. Goats are more numerous, and kept for their milk. Hogs are kept in great numbers. Monkeys are among the wild animals used for food. The Indians skin and roast them on a gridiron over a slow fire, and in this state preserve them for a long time. A great number of these animals live in the forests along the Amazonas, where Spix observed 25 different species; some of very small dimensions. Many monkeys live in a domestic state with the Indians, but do not propagate their species. The meat of the ecbus gracilis of Spix is preferred to all others by the Indians.

The

The other wild animals used for food are the following. the anta or tapir, three species of porcupine, three species of nasica, five species of deer, the Brazilian hare (Lepus Brasiliensis, L.), five species of armadillo, seven species of pacas and agoutis, and the wild boar: and of bats two kinds, the vampyres and the quandirù, which stick to domestie animals in the night-time, and suck their blood. The largest bird is the American ostrich or emu (Struthio rhea), which is found in numerous flocks on the table-land, and is caught for its flesh and eggs as well as its feathers, of which different articles are made, as fans, &c. other birds are more remarkable for the beauty of their plumage than their voice. The most beautiful are the toucans (Ramphastos dicolo,, the tanagras (Tanagra Jacapa), the numerous species of the parrots and ravens of different colours, as also the Balearic crane, and the humming-birds. Many other birds are suitable for food, and especially the different kinds of pigeons, which are caught by steeping grain in the poisonous juice of the mandioca root. As soon as they have devoured them they are unable to fly away.

The numerous lakes at the S. extremity of Brazil in the prov. of Rio Grande do Sul are at certain seasons covered with water-fowl, especially geese and ducks; this is still more the case with the numerous lakes in the plain of the Amazonas, where the Indians kill great numbers of storks, cranes, ducks, &c. The Indians have succeeded in domesticating some of the wild birds; but it is observed that they do not propagate their species in the domestic state for any long time, and that occasionally the breed must be renewed. Fish must be considered as one of the most important sources of wealth to Brazil. Whales, which in the S. hemisphere approach much nearer to the equator than in the N., and come as far as 15° S. lat. formerly yielded considerable profit, but this branch of industry has much declined, in consequence, it is supposed, of the numerous fishing establishments of the English and North Americans on the Falkland Islands. Farther S. on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul the physeter macrocephalus, Linn. is frequent and yields spermaceti in abundance. Among the fish caught along the coast the garopa is the most important. It attains the length of from 12 to 20 ft. and is very well tasted. It is most abundant along the shores of the prov. of Bahia, where great quantities are annually caught and exported. But the quantity of fish in the Amazonas and its large tributaries as far up as the cataracts is truly astonishing, and in many places the inhabitants, Indians as well as European settlers, gain a considerable part of their subsistence by fishing, in which the Indians display much ingenuity. The larger fish are salted and dried, and in this state consumed by the lower classes: from the smaller fish, oil is extracted. The largest species are the pirarucù (Sudis pirarucù, Spix.), which for size and quantity may be compared with the cod of our seas, and the pirarara (Phracto-cephalus bicolor, Agass.). The dolphin (Delphinus Amazonicus, Spix.) is not found towards the mouth of the Amazon, but occurs farther up the river. It is from 7 to 8 ft. long, and is caught by the natives for the oil which is extracted from its fat; the flesh is hard and Horses are numerous in the S. provinces, but less so in has a disagreeable taste. The Lamantin or manatı (MaSt. Paolo than in Rio do Sul. The number annually ex-natus Americanus, Cuv.) was formerly found even in the ported to the N. is vaguely estimated at 40,000 or 50,000 smaller rivers along the coast between Rio Janeiro aud head. They are of a middling size, from 12 to 14 hands Maranhão. It is now sometimes seen in the Rio de S. high, but strong, lively, and swift. Those reared in Francesco, but is common in the Amazonas and its N. Espirito Santo and called Campos horses, are beautiful larger affluents. From its resemblance to an ox it is called animals and last longer. Even near the equator, in the by the Portuguese peixe-boi (ox-fish, and by the Spaprov. of Parà, good horses are reared, and during the dis- niards vaca marina (sea-cow). In the Rio Amazonas it is

As so small a proportion of Brazil is cultivated, and by far the greatest part consists of extensive plains, very thinly wooded and frequently entirely without trees, the pastures are extensive, and one of the principal sources of wealth is in the domestic animals. The best pastures are to the S. of 20° S. lat., in Rio Grande do Sul, St. Paolo, and the S. districts of Minas Geraes. The herds of horned cattle are here immense, and their produce, consisting, besides live stock, of hides, jerked beef, tallow, horns, and horntips, is exported in great quantities. As soon as the animals are skinned the hides are spread on the ground, slightly salted, and dried in the sun. The flesh is cut into thin slices, salted, and dried in the air. Thus prepared it is called Carne seca do Sertão, passoca or carne charqueda, and is carried from the S. prov. to the N., where it is consumed by the poorer classes, and especially by the negroes. Butter is made in St. Paolo, and cheese in Minas Geraes, but neither is good. By far the greatest part of the cattle live nearly in a wild state, and are not milked. Cattle hair is exported from Rio Grande do Sul.