1

vere contest they were defeated by Lord Russell, who was
sent to oppose them.

Bodmin having no fortifications, it was successively occu-
pied by both parties during the civil wars in the reign of
Charles I., and was finally taken by General Fairfax in
1646.

The corporation of Bodmin consists of a mayor, a town or common clerk, capital burgesses, councillors, &c., but is to be re-modelled in conformity with the Municipal Corporation Act, 5 and 6 Will. IV. cap. 76.

was taken, the annual profits of it to the priory amounted to 358. There is a woollen-cloth manufactory; and some yarn is spun here.

The population of Bodmin in 1831 was 3470, including about 174 males and 45 females confined in the lunatic asylum and gaol, and a few labourers working in the neighbouring mines. One hundred and forty-three families are employed in agriculture, and 295 in trade, manufactures, &c. There are places of worship for Bryanites and Wesleyan Methodists, and a chapel belonging to the trustees of the late Countess of Huntingdon. There was formerly a chapel called Bery Chapel, built by the parishioners in the reign of Henry VII.: the site of this chapel, with the yard adjoining, is the glebe of the vicar. The ruins of the tower of this chapel still remain. The grammar-school in the churchyard was founded by Queen Elizabeth, who endowed it with 51. 6s. 8d. a year, payable out of the exchequer, to which the corporation have added 907. per annum out of the market tolls; in addition to which the master is allowed 27. for each scholar. There is also a National school for girls. About a mile east of the town is the antient hospital of St. Lawrence, incorporated by Queen Elizabeth in 1582, under the name of the master or governor and brethren and sisters (thirtynine in number) of the hospital of St. Lawrence Ponteboy, the poor men and women to be leprous people, and to elect one another. King James granted them a market and a fair: the market has long been discontinued, but a fair, which is very well supplied with horses and cattle, is still held on the 21st of August: they hold a fair also for cattle and horses on the 29th and 30th of October. The revenue of this hospital amounted to about 1407. per annum; but in Courts of session of the peace are held here twice a year, consequence of abuse the corporation was dissolved, and which have jurisdiction over all offences except treason, the revenue was transferred to the infirmary at Bodmin, by felonies, and other matters touching loss of life. The a decree of the Court of Chancery. There appear to have assizes are also held here once, and the county sessions been two other hospitals at Bodmin, St. Anthony and St. three times in the year. George, both mentioned in the will of Thomas Killegrew, preserved in the Prerogative Office, and bearing date 1500.

The elective franchise was conferred on this borough in the twenty-third year of the reign of King Edward I., and it has ever since returned two members to parliament. Prior to the Reform Act, the right of voting was only enjoyed by the 36 capital burgesses, but under that act, in 1832, the number of electors registered was 252, of which 30 were capital burgesses, and 222 occupiers. The first charter seems to have been that of Edward III., granted in 1362. Subsequent charters were granted by Richard II. in the third year of his reign, by Elizabeth in 1563, and again in 1594, and by George III. in 1798, in the thirty-eighth year of his reign. This last is the present governing charter, and by it a civil court is directed to be held every Monday before the mayor and town-clerk, or his deputy. It has jurisdiction over all personal actions under 100%., and pleas of law within the borough. There is also a court of piepowder; but both these courts have fallen into disuse. By the charter of George III., law-days and views of frankpledge were also given to the corporation, to be held within one month next after the feast of Easter, and one month next after the feast of St. Michael, before the mayor.

The town of Bodmin is situated on a gentle slope, in the middle of a vale between two hills, nearly in the centre of the county, and consists of one long street, nearly a mile in length, part of which has been recently paved at the expense of the corporation. The town is not lighted, nor is it watched by night; but seems in a prosperous state, and contains some good houses. The late patron, Lord de Dunstanville, usually expended about 500l. annually in improvements.

It has been the fashion to call Bodmin unhealthy, but that seems without foundation, and so thought Brice, who published his Geographical Dictionary in 1759, for he mentions it as celebrated for the longevity of its inhabitants. Cave, however, was not of this opinion, for, says he, alluding to Bodmin, 'it ought to be called Badham, for of all towns in Cornwall I hold none more healthfully situated than Saltash, and none more contagiously than this.'

The living is a discharged vicarage in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, in the diocese of Exeter, of the clear yearly value of 2837., and in the gift of Lord de Dunstanville.

The church, which is a handsome structure, was rebuilt about the year 1470. William of Worcester speaks of the old church as considerably larger than the conventual church, being ninety paces in length by forty in width. It has a handsome tower, on which originally stood a lofty spire, but the spire was destroyed by lightning in 1699. The tomb of Thomas Vivian, the last prior of Bodmin, a very curious relic, still remains at the east end of the north aisle of the church, with his effigy in his pontificals placed upon it; and angels supporting shields, both at the head and the feet. Round the tomb are the symbols of the four Evangelists, and two shields of arms carved in alto-rilievo. The font is also very remarkable. The town-hall consists of part of the antient refectory of the convent of Gray Friars. The corn-market is held in the area; and above is an assembly-room. The county-gaol and Bridewell, a spacious building, stands about half a mile north-west of the town; and a lunatic asylum has lately been built near it.

Bodmin was never of much importance as a commercial town. Bone-lace was formerly manufactured to some extent, but now shoes and boots are the principal commodity, of which a great quantity are exposed for sale in open booths on market-days. The market is on Saturday, and is well supplied with corn, fish, and all sorts of provision. Leland, in speaking of the market in his day, says that it was lyke a fair for the confluence of people.' And it seems that in the reign of William I., when Domesday Book

The jurisdiction of the borough extends about a mile
round the town, but the parish, which is very extensive, in-
cludes the villages of Bodiniel, Dunmere, St. Lawrence,
Nantallan, and Castle Kynock.

In the vicinity of Bodmin is Halagaver Moor, where a
low kind of festival, called Bodmin Riding,' was formerly
held in the month of July. Carew thus describes it. A
mock mayor was elected,. before whom was brought some
person charged with wearing one spurre, or going un-
trussed, or wanting a girdle, or some such like felony, and
after he hath been arraygned and tryed with all requisite
circumstances, judgment is given in formal terms, and exe-
cuted in some one ungracious prank, more to the skorne
than hurt of the party condemned. Hence is sprung the
proverb, when we see a man slovenly dressed, " He shall be
presented in Halagaver Court."' It is said that Charles II.
once rode to Halagaver Court. A large body of the po-
pulace still assemble on some particular day in July, and
march to Halagaver, some on horseback and some on foot,
carrying garlands of flowers. The evening is spent in
wrestling, drinking, &c. About a mile and a half from the
town is the race-course, where races are occasionally held.
Near Bodmin there is the celebrated Scarlet's well, which
was supposed to have the miraculous power of curing all
diseases. Its fame,' says the author of the Survey of
Cornwall, grew so farre and so fast, that folke ranne
flocking thither in huge numbers from all quarters; but
the neighbour justices finding the abuse, and looking into
the consequences, forbad the resort, sequestered the spring,
and suppressed the miracle. It is certain that the water of
this well is uncommonly pure, and its specific gravity is
heavier than any other spring-water. It will continue the
best part of a year without alteration of scent or taste, only
then you see it represent many colours like the rainbow
which (in my conceite),' saith Carew, argueth a running
thorow some minerall vein, and therewithall a possessing
of some vertue.' (See Lysons's Magna Britannia; Carew's
Survey of Cornwall, edited by Lord de Dunstanville; Cor-
respondence from Cornwall; Borlase's Antiquities of Corn-
wall; Corporation Reports; Ecclesiastical Revenues Re-
port, &c.)

BODO'NI, JOHN BAPTIST, one of the most emi-
nent printers of the eighteenth century, was born at Saluzzo
in the Sardinian states, Feb. 16, 1740, of a respectable but
humble family. He learned the rudiments of his art in
the office of his father. In his earlier' days he showed a

0 C

f

b

Bodoni had long suffered from the gout, to which a fever was at last superadded. He died November 20th, 1813. Within a few months of his death the Emperor Napoleon nominated him a 'Chevalier de la Réunion,' and sent him a present of 18,000 francs to aid him in the publication of the French classics.

In 1816 Bodoni's widow sent forth a work which Bodoni had prepared as long before as 1809, the date of which year appears on the title-page, entitled 'Le piu insigni Pitture Parmensi indicati agli Amatori delle Belle Arti,' accompanied by engravings of the different pictures.

In 1818 the 'Manuale Tipographico del Cavaliere Giambattista Bodoni,' containing specimens of his various types, appeared from the Bodonian press, the business of which was still carried on by his widow. It forms two splendid volumes in 4to. with his portrait prefixed.

Two works were printed by Bodoni in English; an edition of Lord Orford's 'Castle of Otranto,' printed for Edwards of Pall Mall, in 1791, 8vo.; and an edition of Thomson's 'Seasons,' in two sizes, folio and quarto, 1794.

taste for design, and at hours of leisure engraved vignettes on wood, which have been since sought for by the amateurs. At eighteen years of age a desire to improve his condition induced him to undertake a journey to Rome. He left Saluzzo with a school-fellow, Dominic Costa, who expected to receive assistance from an uncle, at that time secretary to a Roman prelate. The two friends proceeded on their journey, but their money failed. Bodoni, by selling some of his engravings on wood to printers, procured sufficient to enable them to get to Rome. But, upon their arrival there, Costa's uncle told them he could do nothing for them, and advised them to return. Bodoni, discouraged by this unexpected reception, yielded to the advice; but, before he quitted Rome, thought he would visit the printing-house of the Propaganda. His general demeanour and vivacity on this occasion attracted the notice of the Abbate Ruggieri, the superintendant of that establishment, and, after an explanation, Bodoni had the good fortune to be engaged there as a workman. In this employment he attracted the notice of the Cardinal Spinelli, at that time the head of the Propaganda, who became his patron, and by whose advice he attended a course of lectures on the Oriental languages in the Uni-tiful. Didot discovered about thirty errors in the Virgil, versity of La Sapienza, and learned to read Arabic and Hebrew. Being intrusted with the printing of the Arab-Copht Missal, and the Alphabetum Tibetanum,' edited by Père Giorgi, he so acquitted himself, that Ruggieri put his name at the end of the volume, with that of his town: Romæ ex- For more minute details of Bodoni's life, the reader may cudebat Johannes Baptista Bodonus Salutiensis, MDCCLXII.' refer to Joseph de Lama's Vita del Cavaliere Giambattista Ruggieri's suicide, however, in 1766 (or as other accounts Bodoni, 2 tom. Parma, 1816, the second volume of which is say, as early as 1762) rendered Bodoni's longer stay at filled with an analytical catalogue of the productions of his Rome insupportable from regret. At this time he had also press. To this book, and to the Supplement of the Bioaccepted a proposal to come to England, but going to Sa-graphie Universelle, vol. lviii. pp. 421-427, we have been luzzo to see his parents, he fell ill; and the Marquis de chiefly indebted for the present account. The reader may Felino, in the interval, offering to place him at the head of likewise refer to Memorie Anedotti per servire un giorno the press intended to be established at Parma, upon the alla vita di G. B. Bodoni, par le P. Passeroni, 8vo., and to model of that of the Louvre, Bodoni broke through his en- the Biographie des trois illustres Piemontais, Lagrange, gagements, and settled there in 1768. Denina, et Bodoni, décédés en 1813, par M. de Gregory Verceil, 8vo. 1814. A medallion with a portrait of Bodoni appears in the frontispiece to the first volume of De Lama's life of him.

In 1771 he published specimens of his art in 'Saggio
Tipografico di fregi e majuscole,' in 8vo.; followed in 1774
by Iscrizioni esotiche,' composed by J. B. de Rossi; and,
in 1775, on occasion of the marriage of the Prince of Pied-
mont with the Princess Clotilde of France, a third work of
the same description, entitled Epithalamia exoticis linguis
reddita,' exhibiting the alphabets of twenty-five languages.
Between 1755 and 1788, although his fame became uni-
versal, his press was not over-actively employed.

In 1788 the Chevalier d'Azara, the Spanish minister to
Rome, made an offer to Bodoni to establish a press in his
palace in that city, to print editions of the Greek, Latin, and
Italian classics. Bodoni however refused his solicitations;
and in 1789 the Duke of Parma, unwilling that so eminent
a printer should be drawn away by any one from his do-
minions, formed a similar project, and furnishing Bodoni
with a portion of his palace and a press, some of the most
beautiful editions of the classics known issued from it: more
especially a Horace in folio, in a single volume, in 1791;
Virgil, in two volumes in folio, in 1793; Catullus, Tibullus,
and Propertius, in 1794; and Tacitus's Annals, in three
volumes, folio, in 1795. Dibdin says, of this last work,
only thirty copies were printed, with a few on large paper.
In 1794 Bodoni produced a most beautiful edition of the
'Gerusalemme Liberata' of Tasso, in three volumes folio.

His most sumptuous work of all was his Homer, in
three volumes in folio, printed in 1808, with a prefatory
dedication to the Emperor Napoleon in Italian, French, and
Latin. When the French armies entered Italy, in the
early part of the revolutionary war, Bodoni and his labours
had received a marked protection. On the 21st of January,
1810, Bodoni presented a copy of this splendid work, printed
upon vellum, in two volumes, to the emperor, in the
gallery at St. Cloud, and in return, received a pension of

3000 francs.

Bodoni's classics were not all as correct as they were beauwhich are noticed in the preface to his own edition. Among the books of King George III. in the British Museum, is one of twenty-five copies of the Homer on the largest paper, a most splendid specimen of typography.

BOECE, or BOETIUS, HECTOR, the Scottish historian, was of the family of Boece of Balbride, or Panbride, in the shire of Angus (now Forfar), a property which an immediate ancestor of his acquired by marriage with the heiress. He was born about the year 1465-66 in the town of Dundee: whence he had the appellation of Deidonanus, as he is styled in the edition of his history published by Ferrarius. The particulars of his early life are not ascertained; but it appears that he received his grammar education first in his native town and then at Aberdeen, whence he went to Montague College in the University of Paris, where he proceeded A.M., in the year 1494, and in 1497 was appointed professor of philosophy. This academy he in his after-life highly extolled, and continued gratefully to remember. It was here he became acquainted with many of the learned persons of his time; amongst others Erasmus, who kept up an epistolary correspondence with him, and, as a mark of his regard, dedicated to him a catalogue of his works. He calls Boece vir singularis ingenii, felicitatis, et facundi oris;' and says of him that he knew not to lie.'

In the beginning of the sixteenth century, Boece was invited home by Bishop Elphinstone of Aberdeen, to be principal of the college about to be erected in that city. This invitation, considering the distinguished person from whom it came, and the high office to which it pointed, must have been flattering to Boece; but he was unwilling to forego the literary honours and enjoyments which his present situation held out to him, and he was induced to accept the invitation by means, as himself says, of gifts and promises.' When he came to Aberdeen he was made a canon of the cathedral. The magistrates and council of the city, having acquired right to the patronage of the chantry of St. After this time, while Italy was under the French rule, Ninian, then also presented him to the chaplainry of the Bodoni received the most tempting offers to quit Parma. altar with its emoluments during his life. (Kennedy's AnPrince Eugene Beauharnois offered him the superinten-nals of Aberdeen, vol. ii. p. 30.) But the main inducement dence of the press at Milan, and Murat that of Naples; of course was his appointment to the office of principal of but he pleaded age and infirmities, and his wish to remain the new college. at Parma. In 1811, having received the Cross of the Two Sicilies from Murat, he proposed to publish for the education of the young prince, the son of Murat, a series of French classics, and commenced the execution of his project by a folio Telemachus' in 1812. Racine' was to have followed; but it was not published till 1814, after Bodoni's death.

The learned author of the life of Melville (M'Crie's Melville, vol. i. pp. 210, 211) tells us that prior to the fifteenth century no university existed in Scotland, and that the earliest of such seminaries there was the University of St. Andrews. Both propositions are certainly erroneous. Boece expressly says that a university was founded at Aberdeen

VOL. V.-G

by Edward, bishop of that see, in the middle of the twelfth,
century, and his assertion does not stand unsupported.
Keith's Catalogue of Bishops, indeed, is incomplete at this
time, and does not clearly show the existence of Bishop
Edward; but of the fact of his existence there can be no
doubt, the papal bull of confirmation by Pope Adrian IV.,
on the translation of the see from Mortlach to Aberdeen
being addressed to Edward, bishop of the see. Keith failed
to annex this document to his work, and his last editor has
not been able to supply the deficiency; but see Connel On
Tithes, vol. i. p. 59. We find also that Bishop Alexander
de Kyninmond, who ruled the see of Aberdeen from 1357
to 1381, did, agreeably to what seems to have been the com-
mon practice of the place, teach the civil and canon laws on
ferial days.

But the labours of Bishop Elphinstone were yet wanting.
The University of Aberdeen, like many of the foreign uni-
versities, and particularly that of Paris, the great prototype
of such corporations, from the time of Charlemagne to the
middle of the thirteenth century, was without any fixed
school-rooms, or lodgings. These were probably in the
cathedral, convents, or private dwellings of the city, as was
many years the case with the Universities of St. Andrews
and Glasgow. A greater defect was its contracted course
of study, which was limited to theology and the laws. The
learned and active prelate set himself to remedy both these
evils; and at his request the king, James IV., applied to
the pope to institute a university at Aberdeen comprehend-
ing every lawful faculty. Accordingly, Pope Alexander IV.,
by a bull dated at Rome, 10th February, 1494, instituted
such a general seminary in the city of Old Aberdeen. This
bull was published in 1496, and the next year King James,
by charter of confirmation, 22nd May, 1497, empowered
Bishop Elphinstone to erect a college within the university.
In 1500 further bulls were issued from Rome for securing
the privileges of the university, and studying at Old Aber-
deen; and in 1505 Bishop Elphinstone issued his [first]
foundation of St. Mary's, afterwards King's College, which
was confirmed the following year by the pope and then by
the king.

It is not likely that during any part of Elphinstone's connexion with the University of Aberdeen the academical appointments would be carelessly made; and as that distinguished prelate had now been bishop of the diocese nearly twenty years, we may reasonably suppose that the university chairs were well filled. Yet we find that Boece brought with him and took for his colleague Mr. William Hay, who was a native of the same shire of Angus, and had been educated along with him; considering, as it appears, none of the professors so fit to be his colleague as Hay. We learn from Boece who were the other professors in the college, but it is unnecessary to notice them here; and there are no materials for judging with accuracy how Boece continued to perform the duties of his place. In the end of the year 1514 his friend and patron, Bishop Elphinstone, died.

In the beginning of 1522 Boece published at Paris his Vitae Episcoporum Murthlacensium et Aberdonensium,' a work to which he was, it seems, led by the exemplary life of the late bishop, an account of whom, indeed, occupies the greater part of it. The dedication, which is to Bishop Dunbar, is dated from the College of Aberdeen, prid. Cal. Sept. 1521. The same year his printer, Badius Ascensius, gave to the world Major's History of Scotland,' composed by Mair (principal regent of Glasgow College, and afterwards principal of St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews) when he was attending Montague College in the University of Paris some years previous. Several other histories of Scotland existed at this time, particularly Prior Wynton's metrical Cronykil, and Fordun's Scotichronicon, long the great fountain of Scottish history. Bishop Elphinstone applied himself to the same department of learning, and compiled (chiefly out of Fordun) a history of his country; but it is probable that Mair's book at once settled the fate of Elphinstone's work (which is yet in manuscript), and determined Bishop Dunbar to rouse the higher abilities and known great acquirements of Boece to the task.

curate; when communication was difficult, and intercourse rare; and when physical science was in its infancy-we should then no doubt admit that Boere merited what he received. In 1527 the king gave him a pension of 50%. Scots yearly, to be paid by the sheriff of Aberdeen out of the royal casualties. Two years afterwards this pension was directed to be paid by the customars* of Aberdeen until the king should promote Boece to a benefice of 100 merks Scots of yearly value. By a subsequent regulation the pension was paid partly by the king's comptroller and partly by the treasurer. (Treasurer's Accounts, ap. Pitcairn's Criminal Trials.) The payment appears for the last time in the treasurer's books for 1534. It is probable that about that time the king was enabled to advance Boece to a benefice, and that the learned principal then obtained the rectory of Fyvie in the shire of Aberdeen, which he held at his death in 1536. The same year (1536) Bellenden's translation of Boece's History was published at Edinburgh. This translation was made at the command of King James V., whose limited education precluded him from perusing the Latin original. While it proceeded, Bellenden, as we see from the treasurer's accounts, had a yearly allowance from the king of 30%. Scots. In the same accounts, June, 1533 (Pitcairn's Crim. Trials), we find a sum of 12%. Scots entered to Bellenden for ane new Cronikle given to the Kingis grace;' but whether this new Cronikle' was the chronological compendium of Scottish history written that year by a brother of the minor Observants at Jedburgh (Nicholson's Scottish Historical Library, p. 38), or Bellenden's own performance, does not appear. Bellenden's translation of Boece was a free translation, the author having added and altered as he thought proper; and it again was put from the Scottish dialect, in which it was written, into English, with equal freedom, by Harrison. (Ap. Holinshed's Chron. vol. i.)

In 1527, Boece's brother Arthur, who was a doctor of the canon law, and a licentiate in the civil, and the author of a book of Excerpts from the canon law, appears to have been appointed canonist of King's College. (Kennedy's Annals of Aberdeen.) The next year Boece himself took the degree of doctor in divinity in the college; and on this occasion the magistrates and town-council of Aberdeen voted him a present of a tun of wine, when the new wines arrived, or 201. to buy a new bonnet. (Council Register,' ap. Kennedy's Annals, vol. ii. p. 367.) The year following, a Nova Erectio of King's College was issued for the better provision of its members, into which unquestionably the wisdom and experience of Boece entered, but to what extent is uncertain.

He died about the year 1536, and was buried in the chapel of the college near to the tomb of Bishop Elphinstone. In the front of the chapel is his coat of arms: a saltire and chief, H. B. ob. 1536. (Kennedy's Annals.)

BOO'TIA was the antient name of that part of the district of Livadia which was bounded on the west by Phocis, on the north and east by the Opuntian Locrians and the Euboic sea, and on the south by Attica and the Halcyonian sea. This country may be described as consisting of two basins of very irregular form and of unequal dimensions, the valley of the Asopus, and the lower part of the vale of the Cephisus. The valley of the Asopus is bounded on the south by the range of Parnes and Citharon; the small basin of the Lake Hylike may perhaps be considered as belonging to this division, which contained the towns Thebes, Tanagra, Thespiæ, Platææ, and Ascra. The northern division was not completely surrounded by natural boundaries, inasmuch as the upper vale of the Cephisus belonged to the Phocians. It included the lake Copais, and the towns Orchomenus, Charonea, Coronea, Lebadea, and Haliartus. The following resemblance or comparison has been suggested between the two natural divisions of the country: each of them had its lake and its river; and as those who dwelt by the Cephisus were called Epicephisii, so those who inhabited the marshy land near the Asopus were called Parasopii; perhaps also Parapotamii, as we would infer from a passage in Euripides (Baccha, 867 Herm.). There was also a Phocian town called Parapotamii on the Cephisus. In antient times the two valleys were under the separate dominion of the two towns which in each of them were most distinguished by their wealth and population. In the northern Orchomenus for a • Customars-custumarit-were the officers who levied the king's duties and customs in his burghs, and paid them over to the great chamberlain of Seutland. It was formerly a common practice to direct pensious to be paid in the

In 1626 the first edition of Boece's History of Scotland
was published. If we apply to this work, as some appear
to have done, the standards which would be applied to
histories of our own day, its literary character alone could
save it from contempt; but we must apply to it the standard
of the day in which it was issued: when knowledge was in
the hands of few, and in those few hands meagre and inac-way stated in the text,

nd intercourse ney-weshoal

at he received

Scots yearly, oyal casualties

d to be paid by hould prom ly value. Bi partly by e (*Treasurers

The payme Dooks for l vas enabled ned princip of Aberdee 0 year (156)

=published =command d ded him fa d, Bellende yearly al

he arc

sum of tal

kle gheat nikle

Cory wres

Jedburgh

.or Belle

en's trans nor havi

again w

utten, b

long time took the lead, and the city on the Ismenus, under
the different names of Cadmea and Thebes, was always the
ruling power in the southern portion. On the coast of the
Euboic sea were the towns of Anthedon and Aulis; and a
few miles N.W. of the latter, at the foot of the mountain
of the same name was the unfortunate Mycalessus.

According to the recent survey of Captain Copeland, a
mountain wall lines the whole continental coast of the Eu-
ripus, from the valley of the Asopus to the flats at the
outlet of the Sperchius. From Cape Grados, which is im-
mediately opposite to the islet called Strongile or round, the
mountains run westward and form the boundary between
the basin of the Cephisus and the Sperchius, known in
former times as the range of Oeta. This high mountain-
barrier from the outlet of the Asopus, nearly as far north as
the bold rocky coast of Cape Stalamata, which is a little
north of the ruins of Larymna, belongs to the antient
Boeotia. The heights marked along this coast, beginning
with that nearest to the mouth of the Asopus, are as follows:
names are not given to all of them in the survey-1780 feet,
1909, Mount Ktypa 3401 feet; one of these three is pro-
bably the Salganeus of Strabo. North of these elevations,
still following the coast, the following are marked-1303,
2655, 2272, Č. Skropo-neri 1319, 1630, hills near the ruins
on the site of Larymma, 1856 feet. The whole length of the
coast of Boeotia, following the indentations, is perhaps about
thirty miles. The coast of Euboea opposite to Stalamata
and Larymna rises still higher, and the narrow sea between
the two coasts is in some places more than sixty fathoms
deep. There is also deep water along the Boeotian and
Euboean coasts, southward to where the Euripus narrows
at Aulis. From the point where the contracted channel of
the Euripus begins to widen again, a low tract which con-
tains the outlet of the Asopus continues for some miles
along the coast to where the high lands of the range of
Parnes abut on the sea.

admit the area to approximate to the truth, which we doubt, the population given is unreasonably low for a country which is very fertile, and was probably well cultivated. Kent, an agricultural county, which contains a very large proportion of poor land, has a population of 480,000 on a surface of 1557 square miles. Xenophon says that the Athenians and Boeotians were on a par in point of population, but probably there were not so many slaves in Boeotia as in Attica. Boeotia was remarkable in antient times for its extraordinary fertility, and we agree with Mr. Thirlwall in thinking that it was this cause more than the dampness and thickness of their atmosphere that depressed the intellectual and moral energies of the Baotians, and justified the ridicule which their temperate and witty neighbours so freely poured on their proverbial failing. (Hist, of Greece, p. 12.) We might add that among the Greeks piggishness was another name for sensuality, not for stupidity and dullness. Some of the principal productions and manufactures of the country are enumerated in the Acharnians of Aristophanes, v. 781, seq. The linen fabries of Boeotia were held in great estimation, and the iron mines which were antiently worked in the eastern chain of mountains supplied the material for the famed Boeotian cutlery; hence we read in antient writers of Aonian iron, Aonian weapons, and helmets of Boeotian workmanship, when excellence is meant to be described.

There is perhaps no country of Hellas, with respect to the antient inhabitants of which so many and such complicated traditions exist. We may divide the earliest of these traditions into two classes, one including those which refer to the Egyptians as the earliest inhabitants of Boeotia, the other containing those traditions to which we owe the old story of a Phoenician colony. It is very difficult to distinguish between truth and fiction in these narratives. With respect to the former class we are inclined to reject them altogether. The arguments urged in support of them are principally derived from the similarities existing between Egypt and Boeotia; the Melas used to overflow its banks like the Nile; the lake Copais was covered with swimming islands like those near Buto; the Nymphæa alba and melons grew both in Egypt and in Boeotia, which were equally celebrated for their linen manufactures, and the same veneration was paid to the eel in both countries. Besides, the name of the traditionary king of Orchomenus, Minyas, is nearly the same with that of the first Egyptian monarch, Menes or Min. But these arguments are quite fallacious, for the similarity of products may be sufficiently accounted for from other causes, and the fundamental worship of the Orchomenians, namely, that of the Charites or Graces, had nothing corresponding to it in Egypt (Herod. ii. 50). As to the similarity between the legend of Trophonius and Agamedes, and the story told in Herodotus (ii. 121) of the treasury of Rhampsinitus, C. O. Müller has shown (Orchom. p. 100) that the former existed among the Triphylian Minyans before the time of Psammetichus, when the connexion between Egypt and Greece became more intimate, and therefore that it could not have been derived from Egypt after that time. This does not indeed altogether remove the difficulty, for the story may have existed in Egypt at the time when the supposed colony sailed for Boeotia, and may have been carried thither; but when we consider how commonly the Egyptian priests appropriated the Greek legends, and how easily, when there was one point of resemblance between two legends existing in the different countries, they invented an identity, we shall scarcely hesitate to add this to the numerous forgeries with which they imposed upon the credu lity of the Greek travellers.

After describing the coast, Strabo observes (p. 405. Ca-
saub.) that the interior consists of hollow plains, surrounded
on all sides by mountains: on the south by those of Attica,
on the north by those of Phocis; on the west Citharon
enters the province in an oblique direction, having its origin
a little above the Crissaan gulf, where it joins the moun-
tains of Attica and Megaris, and then turning into the plain
country subsides in the territory of Thebes. The basin of
the lake Copais must no doubt be at a considerable ele-
vation. Thiersch asserts that the level of the lake Copais
is more than 1000 feet above the sea, but this is an exagge-
ration, and the statement appears to be only a guess. This
lake is the receptacle of an extensive drainage. The Ce-
phisus, which rises in the high central mountains of this
part of the continent, runs in a long valley by a general
south-east course into the lake Copais, which receives also
the waters of the small streams of the Melas and Laphys-
tius. The lake is separated from the sea by the range
of Mount Ptoon, about four or five miles across. Between
the eastern end of the lake and the sea there are subterra-
neous channels, but the wells or shafts which communicate
with them are now choked up. (See Thiersch, Etat actuel de
la Grèce, ii. p. 23.) The great work for draining the lake is
one of the oldest existing memorials of the civilization of
the country, These conduits having become choked up
from neglect, Crates of Chalcis, in the time of Alexander,
began to restore them, and he succeeded so far, in spite of
the civil troubles, that the sites of the antient Orchomenus
and Eleusis were discovered. When Strabo says that the
Cephisus discharges itself into the sea near Larymna, he
does not probably mean to say that this is a natural outlet.
He says in another passage (p. 406) that a chasm having
opened close upon the lake near Copa, made an under-
ground passage for the stream thirty stadia long, which
received the river. The Cephisus emerged at Larymna of
Locris, where there is a lake of the same name, and entered
the sea.
A small stream is marked in Captain Copeland's
map near Larymna, which may probably be the stream
mentioned by Strabo. The basin of the Copais contains a
large amount of fertile land, capable of growing cotton
and other products in abundance.

According to Dicæarchus, the length of Boeotia was
500, its breadth 270 stadia. Its surface is 1080 square
miles, and its population, according to Mr. Clinton's deduc-
tions, was, in the time of Thucydides and Xenophon,
180,600 (Past. Hell. ii. 399); but we do not consider either
of these estimates as resting on any solid reason. If we

The traditions of the second class, which are much older, and consequently more involved than the former, relate that Thebes was founded by a Phoenician prince named Cadmus, when in search of his sister Europa, who had been carried off by Jupiter. But this legend admits of the following plausible solution, which is due to C. O. Müller (Orchom. p. 118)-It was the custom of the Greeks to refer to Cadmus, when they had once transformed him from a Pelasgio god into a Phoenician prince, all the actions of the Phoenicians in Greece and in the Egean Sea. For example, the Phoenicians were the first workers of the gold mines in Thasos: hence Thasos is set down as a brother of Cadmus, and the relation of the Phoenicians to the Thasians is referred to the search after Europa. Similarly, as the Phonicians taught the Greeks the characters of the alphabet,

the supposed Phoenician, Cadmus, was made the personifi- | from Eschines that the Boeotians were members of the cation of this action. Now it is not probable that Thebes, Amphictyonic assembly, and we are informed by various an inland town, which had no internal commerce, and where authors that the Boeotian towns soon became members of a trading was in fact stigmatised, should have been founded league of which the Theban state was the head. The deby the Phoenicians, who generally built no cities but as puties of the confederate states met in the plain before emporia for traffic. We are therefore thrown back upon Coroneia, at the temple of Athena of Iton; and this meetthe supposition that the whole story is a fiction, arising out ing took place at the festival of the Pambootia. Every one of a misunderstanding of the completely Greek name of the confederate states was, as such, free, but several of Phoenix, and that Cadmus was, as there are many reasons them had smaller towns dependent upon them. (See Thufor supposing, an indigenous Theban name, The old in- cydides, iv. 76, and Dr. Arnold's note.) It is very difficult habitants of Thebes were called Cadmeans, their city Cad- to determine the number of the independent states; but as meia, and they carried this ethnic name with them into we are told that at the antient festival of the Dædala, which their colonies. Cadmus was probably a deity of the Tyrr- was celebrated every sixty years at Platææ, fourteen wooden henian Pelasgi, a tribe whom Müller considers to have been images were carried in procession to the summit of Citharon, originally one and the same with the Cadmeans (Orchom. and as we know that seven was a holy number among the p. 121); and this appears to be confirmed by the etymology Baotians, we may infer that fourteen was originally the of the word κάδμος (καδ, found in κάζω, κε-καδομένος), and number of the members of the confederacy, just as we find by what Herodotus says (ii. 52) about the Pelasgic deriva- in other states that holy numbers are made the basis of tion of the word cóc. Besides, the effect produced by Cad- political divisions. (Müller's Orchom. p. 222; Niebuhr's mus sowing the dragon's teeth, in the supposed Phoenician Rome, vol. ii. p. 84, English translation.) Müller conjeclegend, is the same as that experienced by Jason. Now tures (p. 403, note) that these fourteen states were, Thebes, Jason is an Iolcian Minyan, that is, a Pelasgian; therefore, Orchomenus, Lebadeia, Coroneia, Copa, Haliartus, Thespiæ, if, as is generally supposed, a sameness of mythi argues a Tanagra, Ocaleæ, Onchestus, Anthedon, Chalia, Platææ, relationship of the people in which they exist, Cadmus and and Eleutheræ. We are pretty certain that the first eight the Cadmeans were Pelasgian also. The Cadmean dynasty, and Anthedon were members of the confederacy; for Ocaleæ celebrated in antient poetry, and especially in the Greek we would substitute Oropus. Now it appears that at the drama, is purely mythical; the whole genealogy is nothing time of the battle of Delium (B.C. 424) there were (accordbut the development of the idea of an offended primitive ing to our interpretation of Thucydides, iv. 91, an interprepower, and a statement in the form of a narrative of the pu- tation which Müller once adopted, Orchom. p. 409, note, but rifications necessary to conciliate it. (See Müller's Second now rejects, Gött. Gel. Anz. 1830, p. 1072) twelve BooEssay on the Eumenides, sec. 81.) tarchs. These Bootarchs were the representatives of the different towns of the confederacy, Thebes having two votes among them. There were therefore at that time eleven confederate towns, which is easily accounted for by the fact that Platææ was not in existence, and that Eleuthera and Oropus were under the dominion of Athens; and a similar diminution of the confederacy was perhaps the reason why at the battle of Leuctra there were only seven Bootarchs. The affairs of the confederacy were debated at four national councils, the Bootarchs having the initiative authority, the members of the council the power of confirmation. (Thucydides, v. 38.) The Breotian confederacy was dissolved in B.C. 171, after having undergone many changes and fluctuations. (See Clinton's Fast. Hell. ii. 398, h.)

The Cadmeans and the cognate tribe of the Minyans occupied Boeotia till about sixty years after the taking of Troy, when they were driven out by the Eolian Boeotians, a Thessalian people, settled in the upper vale of the Apidanus, and in the neighbourhood of the Pagasetic bay, who had themselves been forced to leave their settlements by the Thessalian immigration from Thesprotia. According to one tradition the Boeotians not only expelled the Cadmeans, but also a Thracian tribe, who had taken up their abode in Ascra and other towns at the foot of Mount Helicon. These Thracians were a half-Greek people, and were connected with the Pierian Thracians, as is proved by their common worship of the muses, and their Orphic-Dionysian rites. Their Dionysius however was not the same with the Cadmean, who was represented as a co-deity of the Theban Demeter. [See BACCHUS and DEMETER.] Thucydides says (i. 12) The Boeotians who now inhabit the country were expelled from Arne by the Thessalians sixty years after the taking of Troy, and colonized the land now called Boeotia, but formerly known by the name Cadmeis.' He adds, parenthetically-There was however a portion of them (arodaoμòç) in this country, even before that time, and to this belong the Baotians who took part in the expedition against Troy. Now it seems probable that Homer, or whoever drew up the catalogue of the ships, introduced the Baotians into it merely to please the then inhabitants of that country, to whom his wanderings probably extended, and the remark of Thucydides is perhaps only a proviso to reconcile the historical fact with the authority of the poet, which was in his time considered incontrovertible. (See Müller's Orchom. p. 394.) The Boeotians having thus expelled the Minyans from Orchomenus, and the Cadmeans from Thebes, the former fled to Laconia, whence they were driven by the Dorian invasion twenty years afterwards, and took refuge some of them in Triphylia, others in Thera, and these at a later period went with the colony to Cyrene. (See Thrige's Res Cyrenensium.) The Gephyreans and the Egids, who were priest-families of the Cadmeans, proceeded to Athens and Sparta; but the old Pelasgic people, the Cadmean commonalty, first went to Athens and thence to Lemnos, Samothrace, and the coasts of Eolis. Twenty years after the Æolian conquest of Boeotia, the Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus took place, and the expelled Pelopids and Achæans, on their way to Asia through Boeotia, were joined by so many of the Eolian Baotians, that the settlement is generally known by the name of the Æolian or Boeotian colony. (Strabo, 402, c.)

We have only fragmentary information with respect to the early history of the people, which from this time continued to be the inhabitants of Boeotia, nor are we able to speak with much certainty of the constitutions of the different towns, and of their relation to one another. We know

With regard to the form of government which prevailed
in the several Boeotian towns, we have good reason for be-
lieving that it was the same with that of Thebes, which was
in the historical times generally a rigid oligarchy. In or
shortly after the 13th Olympiad, Philolaus, a Corinthian
noble, retired to Thebes, where he undertook the business
of legislating, apparently with the view to correct some of
those instabilities which were constantly taking place, and
threatening to destroy the equilibrium of the antient aris-
tocracies. This object he seems to have effected by the in-
troduction of vóμoi erikoí, or adoptive laws, by which pro-
bably the adoption of younger sons from other families was
insisted upon in cases where a member of the ruling caste
had no offspring of his own, and so a diminution of the
numbers of the privileged order was obviated. (Aristot.
Polit. ii. 12.) The executive power was vested in an
archon, chosen yearly by ballot. With such a government
the Boeotians must naturally have been opposed to the
neighbouring democratical state of Attica; and accordingly
we find them about the year 507 B.C. joining the Pelopon-
nesians and Chalcidians in an attack upon the Athenians
(Herod. v. 74, &c.), and probably the same cause made
them go over to the Persians in 480 B.C. The victory at
Platæ deprived them of their authority in the Baotian
league, until the Lacedæmonians, from interested consi-
derations, acceded to the wishes of the oligarchical party in
the lesser states, and restored to them in 457 B.C., the
power which they had taken from them. In the year 455
B.C., the decisive battle of Enophyta subjected all Bootia
to the Athenians, and Thebes became democratical; but a
few years after (447 B.C.) in consequence of some abuse of
power on the part of the democracy, the oligarchical form of
government was restored (see Aristot. Pol. v. 2. comp. v.
6.), and the signal defeat sustained by the Athenians at
Coroneia freed Boeotia from her foreign yoke. The Thebans
were active partizans of Sparta in the Peloponnesian war,
and contributed mainly to the downfall of Athens; but in
the year 395 B.C., they became members of the confederacy
against Lacedæmon, which was broken up in the course of the