BRONCHOCELE (ẞрoyxoкýλn), from Bonyxoc (bronchos), throat, and kýλŋ (céle), a swelling, called also Goître and Derbyshire Neck,-a swelling in the upper and fore part of the neck, occasioned by a preternatural enlargement of the thyroid gland. The tumour is free from pain, generally of the natural colour of the skin, does not readily inflame, and is not of a malignant character. Often the swelling is rather a deformity than an inconvenience; but occasionally, and especially when the tumour is large, it causes serious evil, by obstructing the voice and the respiration. When the swelling first appears, it is soft, spongy, and elastic; after some time it assumes a more firm and fleshy consistence, being however firmer in some places than in others, and it gradually spreads towards each side of the neck until it attains in some cases a prodigious magnitude. In general the swelling affects the whole gland, but occasionally only one lobe is enlarged. When the swelling attains a great size, and the lower part of the gland is more especially involved in the disease, the tumour hangs pendulous from the neck. On examining the interior of the gland, it is found to consist of innumerable cells of different sizes, which are all filled with a transparent viscid fluid. Nothing is known of the real nature of this disease. Little is ascertained of the causes which either predispose to it or which produce it. Many causes are assigned, which is commonly the case when no cause is known. Moreover, in the present instance, several of the causes assigned are contradictory. What is certain is that there are countries, or rather particular places in certain countries, for example Switzerland, Savoy, the Tyrol, certain districts of South America, and some places in Great Britain, as Derbyshire, in which the disease is endemic (common to the inhabitants of the same country, from some cause specially connected with that country). It is much more common in females than in males. In Great Britain it is very seldom seen in males, but in Switzerland, and in other places in which it is very prevalent, males are more often attacked than in Britain. It commonly occurs about the age of puberty, and in girls seems to be strictly connected with an irregularity in the female health. Dr. Copland says, ' In a considerable number of cases which have come before me in females, I have never met with any before the period of commencing puberty, not even at the Infirmary for Children; although the menses have often been delayed for a year or two, or even longer, when the tumour has appeared at this epoch; and I have seldom observed an instance in this sex unconnected with some irregularity of the menstrual discharge, or disorder of the uterine functions. In two cases occurring in married females, who were under my care, unhealthy or irregular menstruation had existed during the continuation of the goître; in one case for eight years, in the other for five; upon its disappearance pregnancy took place in both. Suppression of the menses has sometimes caused its sudden appearance and rapid development; and it more rarely has originated during pregnancy and the puerperal states. Authors have adduced conclusive proofs of its occurrence hereditarily, independently of endemic influence.'

It has been said to have an intimate connexion with poverty and bad food, the rich being comparatively exempt from it, but on this point the statements are conflicting. It has been very generally attributed to water used as drink, and more especially to snow-water; but the disease occurs where there is no snow, as in Sumatra and several parts of South America; the Swiss who drink snow-water are free from the disease, while those who use hard spring-water are prone to it. In his journey to the Polar Sea, Captain Franklin observed that at a part where bronchocele prevails, the disease is confined to those who drink river-water, while those who use melted snow escape. Mr. Bally ascribes its frequency, in a district in Switzerland, to the use of springwater impregnated with calcareous or mineral substances; and he states that those who use not this water are free from both goître and cretinism. Dr. Coinder observed that the inhabitants of Geneva, who drink the hard pump-waters, are those most liable to bronchocele. Its prevalence in Nottingham is ascribed by Dr. Manson to the same cause; which also seems to occasion it in Sussex and Hampshire, in the valleys of which counties it is frequently met with.

It is unquestionably most frequent in low, moist, marshy, and warm valleys: even in the very districts in which it is endemic, the inhabitants of dry and elevated situations are exempt from it; but it is probable that the malaria of those

places operates only as a predisposing cause, favouring the action upon the system of some unknown agent.

But in whatever obscurity the nature and cause of this disease may be involved, there has been recently discovered for it a very effectual remedy in the substance called iodine. This remedy has been employed with great advantage at Geneva, and in England with so much success, that Dr. Manson of Nottingham states, that out of 120 cases treated with it by him, 79 were cured, 11 greatly relieved, and 2 only were not benefited by it. Other physicians, who have had considerable experience of bronchocele, bear the like testimony to the efficacy of iodine as a remedy. As administered by some practitioners however it has wholly failed, apparently owing to their having administered it in too large doses. In persons of a lax fibre and irritable habit, and in children more especially, it is apt to produce a high degree of irritation, so that only the mildest preparations, largely diluted, should be employed. In obstinate cases the external use of it may be combined with its internal admimistration, but great care should be taken that the ointment which is rubbed into the tumour should not be of sufficient strength to produce irritation. Occasionally no remedies will avail, and it is necessary either to take up the arteries which supply the gland, or to remove the tumour from the body. Of these operations a full account will be found in surgical books.

BRO'NTE, a town in the intendenza or prov. of Catania in Sicily, situated at the western base of mount Æina, and near the outer skirts of the woody region which encircles that mountain, and which near Bronte abounds in pines of very large size. The territory of Bronte is healthy and fertile, and produces corn, almonds, pistachio nuts, and silk. The wine which is exported to England from this part of the country is called Bronte wine. Bronte lies near the banks of a stream, called by the antients Cyanosorus, which is one of the affluents of the Simæthus or Giarretta (Cluverius). It has manufactures of paper and coarse woollens. Pop. 9400. (Smyth's Sicily) Bronte is a modern town (notwithstanding the fabulous tradition which derives its name from one of the Cyclops), and has grown out of several scattered habitations since the time of Charles V. (Ferrara Storia dell Etna.) It was formerly a fief, with the title of Duchy. Admiral Lord Nelson was made Duke of Bronte in 1799, by King Ferdinand, as a reward of his services in the cause of that prince, with an income of 600 onze, about 30007. sterling. (Colletta Storia di Napoli.) It is 22 m. N.W. of Catania, and 55 m. S.W. of Messina.

BRONZE, Ital. bronzo; Fr. bronze; Gr. xaλkòg (chalcos), Lat. as, is essentially a compound of copper and tin, which metals appear to have been among the earliest known. Copper is not unfrequently found in its metallic state, and fit for immediate use; and tin, though not so met with, often occurs near the surface, and its ore is easily reduced. These metals, though neither of them possesses the hardness requisite for making instruments either for domestic or warlike purposes, appear to have been early found capable of hardening each other by combina tion; the bronze, which is the result of this combination, consisting of different proportions of them, according to the purposes to which it is to be applied.

Bronze is always harder and more fusible than copper; it is highly malleable when it contains 85 to 90 per cent. of copper; tempering increases its malleability; it oxidizes very slowly even in moist air, and hence its application to so many purposes. The density of bronze is always greater than that of the mean of the metals which compose it: for example, an alloy of 100 parts of copper and 12 parts of tin is of specific gravity 8.80, whereas by calculation it would be only 8.63.

The precise etymology of the word bronze' has not been ascertained, but it is first met with in Italian writers to express this mixture of metals, and it is not very improbable that it is a corruption from the Italian bruno, which sig nifies brown; the bronze of the Italian, and particularly the cinque cento schools, being of that colour, which is nearly the original tint of the material when left in its natural state. The green hue that distinguishes antient bronzes is acquired by oxidation and the combination of carbonic acid and the moderns, to imitate the effect of the finer antique works, sometimes advance that process by artificial means; usually by washing the surface with an acid. Vasari alludes to this practice among the artists of his time, and to the means they adopted to produce a

with a centre or core to limit the thickness of the metal. The first artists who are celebrated by the historians of Greek art for their success in metal-casting are Rhocus (who is said to have invented the casting of metal), Theodorus, and Telecles, natives of Samos (Herod. i. 50; Paus. viii. 14; Plin. N. H. xxxv. 12); and the manner in which they are spoken of proves that their works were held in high estimation long after their own time. There is some difficulty in fixing their date with precision, as there were two or three of the same names, but it seems probable that the first artists so called lived between 700 and 600 B.C. Theodorus is made by Herodotus the contemporary of Croesus, who was defeated by Cyrus B.c. 557. Gitiadas of Sparta and Glaucias of Ægina hold also a distinguished rank among the earlier artists in bronze; to whom we might add a long list. Herodotus (v. 77.) says that four bronze horses were made by the Athenians from the tenth part of the value of the ransom of the Boeotians and Chalcidians: the horses were placed at the entrance of the propylæa on the Acropolis, with an appropriate inscription. The antient artists do not appear to have considered it important to cast their statues entire, for Pliny acquaints us with the composition used for soldering the parts together. The finest collection of antient bronzes, taking it as a whole, is at Naples: among the specimens there are some very curious for the manner in which the ringlets of hair, worked separately, are fastened on many of these are the size of life. Bronzecasting seems to have reached its perfection in Greece about the time of Alexander the Great, 330 B.C. The accounts given of the works executed about that time almost exceed credibility. After Lysippus, the favourite sculptor of Alexander, who executed, according to Pliny (xxxiv. 8), above 600 works, the art declined.

The antient statuaries seem to have been extremely choice in their selection and composition of bronze. Two of the most celebrated, contemporary with Phidias, carried their rivalship so far as to employ bronze of different countries; Polycletus preferring that of Egina, while Myron always used that made at Delos. The antients seem to have had a method of running or welding various metals together, by which they were enabled to produce more or less the effect of natural colour. Some works are described that were remarkable for the success which attended this curious, and to us unattainable, process. They also tinted or painted their bronze with the same view of more closely imitating nature. (Callistrat., Stat.; Plin. xxxiii. 9; Plut., Symp. lib. v., and others; see also Quatremère de Quincy, Jup. Olymp.) The story of the accidental mixture of the most precious bronze used by the antients, namely the Corinthian, has been too often repeated to require further notice here. Pliny himself refutes the story which he records. He informs us also that there were three sorts of the Corinthian bronze. The first, called candidum, received its name from the effect of silver which was mixed with the copper; the second had a greater proportion of gold; the third, Pliny says, was composed of equal quantities of the different metals. The antient writers mention several of the bronzes that were used: amongst them we find Æs Hepatizon, or livercoloured; s Deliacum, and Es Ægineticum-Plutarch says the composition of the Delian brass was a secret lost in his time-s Demonnesium, As Nigrum, and, lastly, Tartessian bronze (Taproσios xaλrós), of which, it must be confessed, we know little or nothing beyond their titles. The analysis of a few specimens of bronze of undoubted antiquity, namely a helmet with an inseription (found at Delphi, and now in the British Museum), some nails from the treasury of Atreus at Mycenæ, an antient Corinthian coin, and a portion of a breastplate or cuirass, of exquisite workmanship, also in the British Museum, affords about 87 or 88 parts copper to about 12 or 13 of tin per cent. The experiments of Klaproth and others give nearly the same results as to ingredients; the quantities sometimes differ slightly lead is contained in some specimens. Zinc has not been found in any quantity sufficient to warrant a belief that it was intentionally introduced; indeed it is thought that its nature was not understood by the antients. In an antique sword found many years ago in France, the proportion in 100 parts was 87 47 of copper to 12:53 of tin, with a portion of zinc so small as not to be worth noticing (Mongez, Mém. de l'Instit.). The same may be observed of minute portions of silver that have sometimes appeared in bronze. (Antichit. di Ercolano.)

The Romans never attained any great eminence in the

arts of design. Their earliest statues were executed for them by Etruscan artists. Rome however, as the conquests of that warlike people were extended, was soon filled with a prodigious number of works of the best schools of Greece; and artists of that country, unable to meet with employment at home, settled in the capital of the West. Żenodorus executed some magnificent works in the time of Nero, particularly a colossal statue of the emperor, 110 ft. high. But Pliny, who lived in the reign of Vespasian, laments the decline of the art and the want of skill of the artists in his time. It is even said that the art of casting bronze statues was lost. This assertion is however totally unfounded, for it appears that a Greek sculptor, Celon, was highly distinguished under Domitian, and one of his works, a colossal equestrian statue cast in bronze, is much celebrated; and there is no doubt that the art was well known under Trajan, Hadrian, the Antonines, and even much later. The practice of gilding bronze statues does not seem to have prevailed till taste had much deteriorated, and when the richness of material was more highly thought of than the excellence of workmanship. Pliny tells us that Nero commanded a statue of Alexander, by Lysippus, to be gilt, but when done it was found to have so much injured the effect or beauty of the work, that the gold was by the emperor's orders removed. The injury was doubtless occasioned by the glitter and sparkling of the light upon the projecting and shining surfaces, destroying the breadth, and consequent grandeur and unity of effect secured by the more sober colour of the bronze. The practice of art among the Romans declining rapidly, and with but few interruptions, ceases to interest us about 200 A.D. In the beginning of the thirteenth century, at the taking of Constantinople, we read that some of the finest works of the antient masters were purposely destroyed, either with the object of converting the material into money, or for sale to the brassfounders, for the mere value of the metal. Among the few works saved from this devastation are the celebrated bronze horses, which now decorate the exterior of the church of St. Mark at Venice.

Passing over the intermediate age of darkness and barbarism, we arrive at the epoch of the revival of art in Italy, under the Pisani and others, about the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The celebrated bronze gates of the Baptistery at Florence, by Ghiberti, which M. Angelo said were fit to be the gates of Paradise, are among the more remarkable works of the time. In the succeeding century we find Guglielmo della Porta practising the art with so great success, that he obtained the flattering notice of Michel Angelo; and he is distinguished by Vasari (Vas. Vit. di Leone Leoni) for adopting a mode of casting that was considered quite original, in executing his colossal statue of Paul III. The metal, when run from the furnace, was carried downwards by a duct, and then admitted into the underside or bottom of the mould (nel bagno da basso); and thus, acted upon by superior pressure, as in a common fountain, was forced upwards till the mould was entirely filled. It is necessary in this process that the mould should be kept in a state of great heat, in order that the metal may not cool before the whole is run. But among the artists who are celebrated for their skill in bronzecasting, Benvenuto Cellini holds a most distinguished rank: there are few collections that cannot boast some specimens of his smaller productions, while the larger works that remain, particularly at Florence, prove that his high reputation was not undeserved. In his interesting and romantic autobiography he gives some curious particulars on metalcasting; and an anecdote which he tells respecting one of his works illustrates an important fact in the process, while, at the same time, it is highly characteristic of the impe tuosity of the man. Copper alone is thick and pasty, and therefore incapable, without some alloy, of running into all the cavities and sinuosities of the mould; a small mixture of tin is therefore usually added to give it the quality necessary for producing what is called a true cast. He was engaged on his fine group of Perseus and Medusa, during which, by the jealousy of rivals and the ill-conduct of his workmen, he had been subjected to every kind of annoyance and disappointment. At length his labours seemed to be nearly at an end: his mould was lowered into the pit, the furnace heated, and the metal thrown in. At this time, while a violent storm raged without, the roof of his study, as if to increase the confusion, caught fire; but, though ill and harassed, he still directed the works and en

Zinc
Lead

Reflectors for telescopes consist of 66 parts of copper and 33 parts of tin: they resemble steel in colour, are very hard | and brittle, and susceptible of a fine polish. Bronze for medals is formed of 100 copper and 7 to 11 of tin and zinc.

couraged his assistants, till overcome by anxiety and fatigue | cific gravity is 8.815.
he retired in a raging fever to lie down, leaving instructions per cent. of copper.
respecting the opening of the mouth of the furnace, and the metal to consist of
running of the bronze. He had not, he says, been reposing
Copper
very long before one came running to him to announce evil
Tin
tidings: the metal was melted but would not run. He
jumped from his bed, rushed into his studio like a madman,
and threatened the lives of his assistants, who being fright-
ened got out of his way, till one of them, to appease him,
desired him to give his orders and they would obey him at
all risks. He commanded fresh fuel to be thrown into the
furnace, and presently, to his satisfaction, the metal began
to boil. Again however it appeared thick and sluggish,
and refused to run. He then ordered all the plates, dishes,
and other articles of domestic use in his house to be brought
to him, which he threw pell-mell on the metal, when it
immediately became fluid and the mould was soon filled.
He adds that he fell down on his knees, and poured forth a
fervent thanksgiving to Almighty God for the success that
had crowned his exertions. In the processes above described
the metal was allowed to flow at once from the furnace into
the channels or ducts of the moulds. The statue of Louis
XIV., by Girardon, one of the most celebrated sculptors of
France, was cast somewhat differently, though with equal
success. The wax which regulated the thickness of the
metal being entirely melted out, and the mould fixed in the
pit, with the necessary vents for the escape of the air, the
metal was allowed to run from a furnace, placed consider-
ably above, into a sort of trough or basin. In this were
three apertures, closed by plugs, immediately over the chief
channel or conduit by which the metal was to be conveyed
into the mould. These, by a mechanical contrivance, were
opened simultaneously, when the metal descended at once
into the mould. This group was cast entire.

The more modern practice of the English, French, Italian,
and German artists does not differ materially in its prin-
ciple from that of the earlier Italians. Some however use
what is called a cupola-furnace, and others a blast-furnace.
A few observations on the mode practised in Mr. Westma-
cott's foundry, where the chief colossal as well as other
works that have been produced in this country have been
cast, may not be misplaced here. The moulds, composed
of a mixture of plaster of Paris and brick-dust, are made in
the usual way on the plaster-cast models. A lining of wax
or clay is then made within the mould, of the proposed
thickness of the metal. The mould thus lined being then
put carefully together, the space or interior is filled up solid
with a mixture of plaster and brick-dust, &c.: this is called
the core.
The whole now consists of three parts-the
mould, the lining of wax or clay (which represents the
metal), and the core. When the mass forming the core is
set, and fixed with irons and keys to preserve it in its just
position, the mould is again taken to pieces, and the wax or
clay removed; the channels for distributing the metal and
vents for the escape of the air are then made, and the whole
being put together is placed in a stove or oven to be dried.
When perfectly free from any humidity (a most important
point, as the slightest damp might occasion fatal conse-
quences by the bursting of the mould when the boiling
metal descends into it), the whole is carefully lowered into
the pit, and closely rammed down with sand, &c. to prevent
its moving; the channels for the metal to enter and the
vents for the escape of the air being of course kept perfectly
clear. When the metal is ready for running, the mouth of
the furnace, which is placed rather above the level of the
top of the pit, is opened, and the bronze descends imme-
diately into the mould. The mixture of metal preferred by
the above-mentioned sculptor is that used for casting guns
[CANNON], to which he adds about 30 per cent. of pure
copper, extracting from 3 to 4 per cent. of tin. In modern
practice it is not considered important to cast the whole
work at once: on the contrary, in case of accidents, which
however are of very rare occurrence, there is an advantage
in being able to repair parts; and the process of burning,
successfully adopted by Westmacott and others in the largest
works (and which is found a great improvement on the an-
tient method of soldering), renders the joined portions even
firmer or stronger at their point of junction than the general
body of the cast.

It has already been stated that bronze for different uses varies in composition. In France bronze for cannons is composed of 100 copper and 11 tin. Bronze for cymbals and tamtans is composed of 78 copper and 22 tin; its spe

This short history of bronze-casting is purposely limited to its reference to the fine arts; and though, in speaking of celebrated productions or artists, it has been considered right to introduce, incidentally, such particulars of practice as might tend to illustrate the subject, the details of the various processes of moulding, coring, melting, chasing, &c. &c. are omitted, as belonging more properly to founding and casting.

BROOKE, HENRY, is one of the occasionally recurring instances of men of letters who having, from accidental circumstances, enjoyed during life a reputation beyond their merits, afterwards sink into an oblivion so complete, that it might be said to be almost equally undeserved, were not mediocrity in belles lettres, especially in poetry, almost the same as worthlessness. Henry Brooke published his first poem, Universal Beauty,' with the approbation and sanction, and even with the direct encouragement and under the patronage of Pope; he was received by him and Swift, if not as a literary compeer, yet as decidedly one of their class; and his tragedy of The Earl of Essex' long ranked, we believe, among what are called stock plays. Yet now the author is all but forgotten; he was not allowed a place in the list of Johnson's poets; and his 'Universal Beauty,' which, though deformed by awkwardness and even incorrectness of language, admitted for the sake of metre and rhyme, displays considerable imagination and descriptive power, is now, and for years has been, so absolutely unknown, that later poets have borrowed ideas from it without fear of detection.

Henry Brooke, born A.D. 1706, was the son of an Irish clergyman. At Trinity College, Dublin, he was a pupil of Dr. Sheridan, through whom, upon going to London to study the law, he was first introduced to Pope and Swift, when his own promising talents seem to have gained him their favour. After the publication of his great poem he was presented to Frederic Prince of Wales, and received by him as one of the band of men of letters whom that prince considered as powerful agents in his hostility to his father's administration. In this character Brooke is accused of having written his tragedy of Gustavus Vasa,' not merely with a view of exciting and fostering a spirit of liberty, but in order to vituperate the premier, Sir Robert Walpole, under the name of the tyrannical minister Trollio. This suspicion has since been indignantly repelled by Brooke's admirers; but it was so universally entertained at the time, that the stage licenser prohibited the representation of the piece, and the author, in consequence, made far more by its publication and sale than he could have hoped from its utmost success upon the stage, to wit, 10007.

Ill health and the persuasions of his wife, who dreaded and sought to withdraw him from his political connexions, induced Brooke to return to Ireland, where he spent the remainder of his life, and obtained from Lord Chesterfield (when viceroy) the post of barrack-master, which he held till his death. He had a large family, and though possessing, it is believed, no means beyond his official salary and his literary earnings, he generously supported a brother with an equally large family. He thus involved himself in pecuniary difficulties, which, together with the loss of his wife, after a happy marriage of 50 years, and of several of his children, so preyed upon his mind, already weakened perhaps by age, as to impair his intellect; and, unfortunately for his fame, he continued to write and to publish after the decay of his faculties had become too apparent. He wrote in all 13 tragedies, of which only Gustavus Vasa' and The Earl of Essex' could boast any success, many small poems, and part of a translation of Tasso's Gerusalemme Liberata. His novel of The Fool of Quality was much admired in its day; and his 'Farmer's Letters, ad

dressed to his Irish countrymen, are said to have had considerable influence in producing and maintaining the tranquillity of Ireland during the rebellion of 1745. Nor must the fact, honourable alike to Brooke's enlightened judgment and to his candour, be omitted, that he was one of the earliest advocates for the repeal of the penal laws, at that time in full force against the Roman Catholics. Henry Brooke died in the year 1783. (Campbell's Specimens of English Poets.)

BROOKLYN, a post-town in King's County, on the W. end of Long Island in the state of New York, situated in 40° 42′ N. lat. and 74° 1' W. long., on the shore of East River, the channel which divides Long Island from the city of New York, and which at this part is little more than half a mile broad. Brooklyn is an incorporated town and contains the private residences of many merchants of the city of New York. The communication between the two places is kept up by steam-vessels which are constantly passing and re-passing throughout the day. The growth of Brooklyn within the present century has been very rapid. The pop., which in 1800 amounted to 3278, was 4402 in 1810, 7175 in 1820, and 12,043 in 1830. It contains two banking corporations with capitals of 300,000 and 200,000 dollars respectively, and three insurance companies, whose aggregate capitals amount to half a million of dollars: it has also some manufactures and trade. Many of the houses are spacious and of handsome elevation, and the view of New York and its har. from the terrace on East River is very fine. To the E. of Brooklyn, at Wallaboght, is a navy-yard and storehouse, which belong to the general government of the U. S. Near Flatbush, to the S. of Brooklyn, a battle was fought between the British and Americans in the revolutionary war. BROOM. [SPARTIUM.]

BRO'SCUS, a genus of coleopterous insects, according to Latreille belonging to the section of the Carabidæ called Simplicimani. In Latreille's work, however, this genus retains the name of Cephalotes (given to it by Bonelli, from the circumstance of the species possessing an unusually large head), which has been expunged by many naturalists owing to its having been previously used to designate a genus in some other branch of natural history.

The insects of this genus are remarkable for the almost total absence of the indented striæ on the elytra, generally observed in the insects of the tribe to which they belong, and for the large and strong mandibles, the elongate form of the body, and the somewhat heart-shaped thorax, which is much attenuated posteriorly.

Technical characters:-palpi with all their joints of nearly equal thickness, the terminal joint of the maxillary palpi rather short and truncated: the antennæ if extended backwards reaching to the base of the thorax: mandibles unidentate internally: labrum entire: anterior tarsi of the males with the three basal joints dilated.

The species are generally found under stones, and often accompanied by fragments of numerous other insects devoured by them. When taken in the hand they will often pretend to be dead, extending their limbs stiffly, and it is then with difficulty they can be made to move.

But one species of this curious genus is a native of this country-Broscus cephalotes. It is of a dull black colour, and varies from three-quarters to an inch in length: its form is elongate; the head is nearly equal to the thorax in bulk; the elytra are nearly smooth, the longitudinal strix being scarcely discernible. It seems to be confined to the seacoast, where it is frequently found under stones or rubbish.

In Stephens's arrangement of British insects this genus is classed among the Harpalidæ.

mines. The par. is divided from Coal-Brooke Dale by the Severn.

Broseley contains three daily schools, four day and board. ing schools, and six Sunday schools. (Education Returns, 1835.)

A spring of petroleum or fossil tar was discovered here, in 1711, by an inhabitant of the place. This individual heard a noise in the night, about two nights after a remarkable day of thunder. At a boggy place, under a little hill, about 200 yards from the Severn, on digging up a part of the earth, water rose to a great height, and a candle set it on fire. The burning well, as it was termed, was shown for several years as a curiosity, until the supply of petroleum failed. The spring broke out again, in 1747, in a similar way, about 10 yards from the old well. About 1752, the spring was cut into by driving a level in search of coal. The quantity of petroleum which then issued was about three or four barrels a day; but in 1797 there seldom flowed more than half a barrel in the same time. In 1802 the produce was about 15 gallons per week. At Pitchford, a few miles from Broseley, is a coarse-grained sandstone, highly impregnated with petroleum.

In the par. of Broseley salt is said to have been made from water taken out of pits, still called the Salt-house Pits.

(Phil. Trans., vol. xxvii., 1712; Gent. Mag., vol. xxv., 1755, and vol. lxxvii., 1807; Archdeacon's Plymley's (Corbet) Survey of Shropshire; Aikin's Tour, 1797; Eccle, Educ., and Pop. Returns; Boundary Report on Wenlock.) BRO'SIMŮM, a genus of Urticaceae, one species of which is believed to be the cow tree, or Palo de Vacca of South America. As this however is not certainly ascer tained, we refer for an account of that remarkable vegetable production to the article Cow-TREE.

BRO'SMIUS, a genus of fishes belonging to the section Subbrachial Malacopterygii, and family Gadidae. Generic characters :-body elongate, and furnished with a single dorsal fin which extends from near the head to the tail: the anal fin is also of considerable length, and extends from the vent to the tail: ventral fins small and fleshy chin furnished with but one barbule. This genus was established by Cuvier; it is the genus Gadus of Pennant (British Zoology), and Brosmius of Flemming (Brit. An.).

[Brosmius vulgaris. The Torsk.]

But one species of brosmius has been found on our coast, and that appears to be confined to the northern parts; it is the B. vulgaris of Cuvier, commonly called the Torsk, and in the Shetlands the Tusk and the Brismak; in this latter locality it is abundant, and forms, when barrelled or dried, a considerable article of commerce. In Yarrell's History of British Fishes we are informed that this species also recurs plentifully in Norway, as far as Finmark of the Faroe Islands, and the W. and S. coast of Iceland,' and other parts.

Not having an opportunity of examining a specimen, we subjoin the description of one given by Pennant:-Length twenty inches, and depth four and a half: head small: upper jaw a little longer than the lower: both jaws furnished with a multitude of small teeth: on the chin was a small single

About six or seven exotic species have been discovered. BROSELEY, a m. t. and par. on the Severn, in the ex-beard: from the head to the dorsal fin was a deep furrow: tensive district called Wenlock Franchise, Shropshire, 13 m. S.E. from Shrewsbury, 9 m. N. from Bridgenorth, and 130 m. N.W. from London. Its area contains 1550 English statute acres, and a pop., in 1831, of 2158 males, and 2141 females. The market-day is Wednesday; an annual fair is held on Easter Monday. The living is a rectory, united with the rectory of Linley, the gross annual income of which

is 5397.

The pop. of Broseley are chiefly employed in the coal and iron mines of the district. In the Population Returns of 1831 it is stated that the par. of Broseley has experienced a decrease of pop. (515 persons), ascribed to the cessation of five iron blast furnaces; 126 persons are employed in

the dorsal fin began within six inches of the tip of the nose, and extended almost to the tail: pectoral fins small and rounded: ventral short, thick and fleshy, ending in four cirrhi: the belly, from the throat, grows very prominent: anal fin long, and reached almost close to the tail, which is small and circular: colour of the head dusky: sides and back yellow, belly white; edges of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins white, the other parts dusky: pectoral fins brown. We have only to add, that this description seems to agree well with the characters of the fish as given by other authors. For further information we refer our readers to Mr. Yarrell's work before cited.

BROTHERS, RICHARD. The birth and early years