and in precisely the same manner as strychnia, but more |
gently, being much less powerful. Hence it has been pro-
posed to be substituted for it. The same precautions must
be observed in its use, and the same contra-indications
attended to. The cases in which it is most likely to prove
useful are paralysis from lead, diarrhoea from atony of the
intestines, and perhaps cholera asphyxia or Indian cholera.
It is important to bear in mind that the anhydrous state of
the salt is one-fifth more powerful than the crystallized. In
case of poisoning, emetics may be given, and also tincture
of brome or iodine. [STRYCHNOS.]

BRUCKER, JAMES, a laborious scholar of the last century, was born at Augsburg, January 22, 1696. He was educated for the church at the university of Jena, where he took the degree of M. A. in 1718. In 1723 he was appointed parish minister of Kaufbevern, where he gradually acquired a reputation for learning, which led to his being elected, in 1731, a member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin, and, soon after, to his being appointed senior minister of the church of St. Ulric, at Augsburg, where he spent the rest of his life, and died in 1770.

At an early age he applied himself to the study of philosophy, and his first work, Tentamen Introductionis in Historiam Doctrina de Ideis,' was published in 1719; it was afterwards enlarged and republished in 1723, under the title Hist. Philos. Doctr. de Id. In 1731-6 he published a history of philosophy in seven volumes 12mo., from the creation to the birth of Christ, in the form of question and answer, which contains some details of literary history not to be found in his larger work. This, which was entitled 'A critical History of Philosophy from the infancy of the world down to our own age, was printed in 1741-4, in five volumes 4to., and met with considerable success, for an edition of 4000 copies was disposed of in 23 years; and in 1767 a second edition appeared, with a sixth volume, consisting of supplement and corrections. Of his other works the chief are Pinacotheca Scriptorum nostra ætate literis illustrium,' 2 vols, fol. 1741-55; Lives of German Scholars in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries,' in German, 4to., 1747-9; Miscellanea Historiæ Philosoph. Literar. Crit., olim sparsim edita nunc uno fasce collecta, 8vo., 1748. He undertook to superintend a new edition of Luther's translation of the Bible, but death overtook him in the course of the work, which was finished by Teller.

Brucker is now remembered by his Critical History of Philosophy. The title is ill chosen, for a discriminating and correct judgment is the very point in which he is most defective. He was very laborious, and has amassed a vast quantity of materials; but he wanted the power of arranging them and sifting the important from the trivial: conse. quently his work is wearisome in the extreme, from minuteness of unnecessary detail, as well as dryness of style. He seems to have the same sort of notion of his subject as a fly might have of the dome of St. Paul's, after crawling over it bit by bit; he appears not to possess clear views of it as a whole, or of the connexion of the several parts. His book, however, is remarkable and useful, if it were only as an attempt (we believe the only one) to grapple with so enormous a subject; for he gives an account of every school from the Hebrew, Chaldaic, Egyptian, Phoenician, &c., descending through those of Greece and Rome to the sects of Christian and Judaic philosophers, the schoolmen and their successors after the revival of learning, the Saracens, and the nations of modern Asia, Indians, Chinese, and Japanese; and he finishes in North America with the Hurons. Being written in Latin, this book is accessible to many who cannot avail themselves of the labours of later German scholars. As a book of reference, therefore, it is very valuable; though the author is charged with frequent error, arising partly from inaccurate scholarship, partly from too much readiness to take his opinions at second-hand. It will be prudent, therefore, for those who are careful inquirers, to corroborate Brucker's statements by at least occasional references to the original authorities.

prepared for battle. Some of the English ships steered between the French and the shore, and thus the French found themselves between two fires. [NELSON.] After a dreadful fight, most of the French ships, being disabled, surren dered. Admiral Brueis, who was on board the Orient, of 120 guns, defending himself against two English ships, was killed by a cannon shot, just before the Orient was dis covered to be on fire. The Orient blew up with most of the people on board, on the evening of that day. Brueis must not be confounded with Admiral Bruix, who was minister of marine under the Directory, commanded the flotilla of Boulogne in Bonaparte's time, and died at Paris in 1805.

BRUGES, the capital city of W. Flanders, in the king. dom of Belgium, is situated in a level country, in 51° 12′ N. lat. and 3° 13' E. long.; about 6 m. from the sea at Blankenberg, and 59 m. N.W. from Brussels. Its Flemish name Brugge is derived from the number of bridges which cross the canals. Bruges is the French name of the town.

Bruges is a very antient place. In the 7th century it held the rank of a city. In 837 it was fortified by Baldwin, count of Flanders (called Iron-arm), in order to form a barrier to the progress of the Normans, who then ravaged Flanders. The city was surrounded by walls in 1053, and enlarged in 1270. It was almost entirely destroyed by fire on three several occasions-in 1184, 1215, and 1280. It was further enlarged in 1331 by Count Lewis de Crecy.

In order to commemorate the high degree of perfection to which the woollen manufacture had then been carried in Bruges, Philip the Good, in 1430, instituted the order of the Golden Fleece. While under the dominion of the dukes of Burgundy, Bruges became a principal emporium of the commerce of Europe. The merchants of Venice and of Genoa conveyed thither the produce of Italy and the Levant, which they exchanged for the manufactures of the N. of Europe. The tapestry of Brages was at that time the most esteemed of any in Europe, and this reputation it long enjoyed. When, 150 years after the date last mentioned, Henry IV. of France was desirous of establishing the manufactory afterwards known under the name of Gobelins, he appointed a manufacturer of Bruges for its management. In addition to the woollen manufacture Philip the Good gave encouragement to many other branches of industry, and particularly to the production of silk and linen fabrics.

In 1488 the citizens rose against the Archduke Maximilian, and placed him in confinement. Having vainly solicited the king of France to support them in this act of violence, they were reduced to submission by the emperor of Germany, who marched to the deliverance of his son. On this occasion fifty-six citizens were condemned to death, and a great number were banished; the city was deprived of its privileges, and was subjected to a heavy fine. From this time the city lost its commercial importance, which was in great part transferred to Antwerp.

Bruges was bombarded by the Dutch in 1704. Two years thereafter it surrendered to the allies; and it was twice taken by the French-in 1708 and 1745, but reverted to the house of Austria. In 1794 the troops of the French republic took possession of the city, which was soon after incorporated with France, and so continued until the close of the war in 1814, when it became part of the kingdom of the United Netherlands.

The streets are narrow but neat and clean, and the houses are mostly large and well-built; many of them have an appearance of grandeur which attests the opulence of their former inhabitants. The town-hall is a good specimen of Gothic architecture. The original building was destroyed by fire in 1280, and the present hall was built on the same site in 1364. The tower contains a fine set of bells. A cathedral, built by Baldwin in the 9th century, and dedicated to saint Donatus the patron saint of Bruges, was destroyed (as some authorities state) by the French during their occupation of the city, and a public promenade has been formed on the spot which it occupied. The city is divided BRUE'IS, ADMIRAL, was a lieutenant in the French into seven parishes, in each of which is a Roman Catholic navy before the revolution, and afterwards became a rear-church, besides which there is a church for protestants. admiral in the service of the republic. He had the com- The Catholic churches contain several fine paintings and mand of the Toulon fleet which sailed in June, 1798, for magnificent tombs; those of Charles the Bold and his Egypt, with General Bonaparte and his army on board. daughter Mary of Burgundy, in the church of Notre Dame, After landing the troops, Admiral Brueis anchored his fleet are particularly handsome. In the same church is a marble in Aboukir Roads close to the shore, thinking himself safe statue by Michael Angelo of the Virgin and the infant from attack. The English Admiral Nelson came in sight Jesus. of the French fleet on the 1st of August, and immediately

Bruges contains a museum, a botanical garden, a cabinet

arts.

of natural history, a public library, and an academy of fine The trade of the city is facilitated by canals which communicate with various parts of Holland and Belgium. The can. from Ostend allows the passage from the sea to Bruges of vessels of from 200 to 300 tons burthen. There are besides a wet dock and a dock for the building and repair of vessels, and warehouses for receiving goods in entrepôt the last were established in 1820.

The present manufactures of Bruges consist of linens, lace, woollen and cotton goods, salt and sugar refining, earthenware, paper, distilling, and other minor branches of industry.

The pop., which in 1814 was 34,245, had increased on the 1st of January, 1834, to 41,914 souls. A statement published by the Dutch government gives the number of births and deaths from 1700 to 1814; the former being 126,744, and the latter 118,510, show a natural increase of the pop. in 114 years of only 8214, or a mean annual increase of two in a thousand.

The college or Athenæum of Bruges contained in 1832 131 scholars, 34 of whom received gratuitous instruction; 62 of the scholars received only elementary instruction, and only ten were attending the class for the higher branches of mathematics.

The city is badly supplied with water, which is conveyed to the houses in casks from the canals.

BRUGMA'NSIA. To this genus belongs the plant commonly called in the gardens Datura arborea, and also the Bovochevo of the Columbians. This latter, like the rest of the natural order Solanaceæ, is narcotic in a high degree. We extract the following account of it from the Botanical Register. This remarkable plant is a native of elevated and cold situations in the provinces of Tarma, Xauxa, Huarochesi, Canta, and Humalies, where it grows among rubbish; it is also found near the village of La Cruz and on the banks of the river Mayo, between Almaquer and Pasto in New Grenada, where it was found by Humboldt and Bonpland at nearly 7000 feet above the sea. It begins to flower in June and ceases in November. By the Peruvians it is called Floripondio encarnado and Campanillas encarnadas; by the Columbians, Bovochevo. Its stature varies from 10 to 12 feet, the stem being generally undivided and terminated by a roundish leafy head. The flowers are either a bright yellowish-orange colour or a deep orange-red: we believe they change from the former to the latter. They are succeeded by an oblong, smooth, yellow, pendulous capsule, which is as much as eight inches long. The seeds, like those of the common Stramonium, are narcotic in a high degree. In the Temple of the Sun, in the city of Sogamoza, there is a famous oracle, the priests of which inspire themselves with the intoxicating seeds of this plant, just as the Pythoness at Delphi is said to have received the influence of her God by chewing laurel leaves and inhaling a gaseous vapour. From the fruit itself the Columbians prepare a drink called Tonga, which when weak is merely soporific, but drank in stronger doses produces frenzy, which can only be removed by administering immediate draughts of cold water.'

This plant has lately been introduced into the gardens of this country, where it proves hardy during the summer, but requires the protection of a greenhouse in winter.

disturb his apathy, and always to supply him with money, was obliged to borrow to such a degree, that the treasury became bankrupt at last. Bruhl involved Saxony in a war against Frederic II., who made the whole Saxon army prisoners in the camp of Pirna, and took Dresden, while the king and Bruhl escaped into Poland. After the peace they returned to Dresden, where Augustus soon after died. Bruhl was disliked by both Poles and Saxons, and the new elector dismissed him from his offices. Bruhl died in October, 1764. He had amassed great wealth, which he left to his children; his fine library of 20,000 volumes was purchased by the elector for 50,000 crowns. His son Frederic Louis wrote several German plays, which were published at Dresden in 1785-90, in 5 vols. 8vo.

BRUMOY (PIERRE). Father Brumoy belonged to that order which cultivated the arts and sciences with a success unrivalled by any other religious community, especially as far as regards the universality of their acquirements and the extent of their labours. It is remarkable, however, that the Jesuits are unable to claim one illustrious writer or one great work in the republic of letters, and that the little band of Port Royal recluses presented the world, in a few years, with productions incomparably superior to any which had ever emanated from the whole body of the disciples of Loyola during the long term of their existence.

Brumoy was born at Rouen in 1688, and entered the society of the Jesuits in 1704. He was subsequently intrusted with the education of the prince of Talmont, and became a contributor to the Journal of Trevoux. He first introduced himself to the public by Thoughts on the Decline of Latin Poetry,' and afterwards edited 'The History of Tamerlane,' written by Margat, a brother Jesuit, and printed at Paris in 1739, 2 vols. 12mo. Shortly after his superiors confided to him the continuation of 'The History of the Anglican Church,' of which work he had already published 11 volumes and was completing the 12th, when he died at Paris on the 16th April, 1762, in the 54th year of his age.

Among all who have done honour to the Society of Jesus, both by their moral character and their literary talents, Father Brumoy stands preeminent. With the study of literature he combined that of the mathematics, which he taught from 1725 to 1730, and it is to this circumstance that we are indebted for his discourse Upon the Utility of Mathematics as connected with the Belles Lettres. His works consist of--1.‘A Life of the Empress Eleonora,' Paris, 1723, 12mo., imitated from the Latin of Father Céva; 2. An Apology for the English and French, or Remarks upon the work (by Muralt) entitled "Letters upon the English and French,' 1726, 12mo.; 3. Review of the Poem upon Grace, Brussels, Paris, 1723, 8vo.; 4. Six Volumes in 12mo., containing Translations and Analyses of the Greek Tragedies, accompanied by Discourses and Remarks upon the Greek Theatre, Paris, 1747; a work which, although highly and justly esteemed for the great learning which it exhibits, is deficient in simplicity and precision of style, and even occasionally betrays the want of a perfect comprehension of the original text; these errors have been rectified in the editions of 1785-1789, 13 vols, in 8vo.; 5. A Collection of various Pieces in prose and verse,' 14 vols., Paris, 1741, including discourses, epistles, tragedies, BRUHL, HENRY, COUNT VON, was born in Au- comedies, Isaac, Jonathan, the Coronation of David, Pandora's gust, 1700. His father was councillor of the prince of Saxe Box, Plutus, &c. &c. 6. In addition to the above works, Weissenfels. Henry entered as page into the service of Brumoy also made a new edition of J. Morgudi's Treatise Augustus II., elector of Saxony and king of Poland, gained upon French Poetry,' Paris, 1724, in 12mo. He also transhis favour, and became his chamberlain. After the death lated two Orations of Father Porée, one upon public exhiof Augustus, 1733, Bruhl, who had charge of the crownbitions, and the other upon the question whether the jewels at Warsaw, set off with them for Dresden, where he monarchical or the republican form of government was delivered them to the new Elector Augustus III., and best fitted for forming the heroic character. 7. Brumoy assisted him, by his manoeuvres, in ascending the throne of completed, in conjunction with Father Rouillé, 'The RevoPoland. From that time he became the king's favourite, lutions of Spain,' by Father d'Orleans, Paris, 1734, 3 vols. and having obtained the dismissal of his rival, Count Sul- 4to.; assisted in compiling The Memoirs of Trevoux ;' and kowski, he remained sole ruler of the weak monarch, whom reviewed the History of Rienzi' of Father du Cerceau, he kept in a state of complete tutelage. Bruhl lived in Paris, 1733, in 12mo. great splendour: his establishment was larger than the king's, and he kept above 200 servants. Of all men of his age, says Frederic II. of Prussia, he had most watches, dresses, lace, boots, shoes, and slippers. Cæsar would have put him among the number of those well-dressed and perfumed heads of which he was not afraid. The king was indolent to excess, and Bruhl, who took care not to

BRUN, CHARLES LE, the son of a sculptor of Scotch extraction, was born at Paris in the year 1619. The singular merit of his juvenile sketches attracted the attention of the Chancellor Seguier, who undertook the charge of his education, and placed him, at the age of eleven, with Vouet, and afterwards with Nicholas Poussin. He remained in Italy six years, studying the antique and the works of the

old masters. He assiduously cultivated a knowledge of history and costume. On his return to Paris in 1648 he was received into the Academy. From this time employment and honours poured in upon him. Having attained the highest rank in the Academy at Paris, he was appointed principal painter to the king, was invested with the order of St. Michel, and was ultimately named Prince of the Academy of St. Luke at Rome, although absent, and a foreigner. A change in the ministry, which had so long favoured Le Brun, carried political animosities into the painter's studio, and, although still honoured by the countenance of the king, he died of chagrin and vexation at the continued annoyances which he met with at court, in 1690, leaving a widow, but no children.

Le Brun was an industrious and a learned artist; his drawing is bold and correct, and his design often replete with life and magnificence. But the passion expressed in his countenances is neither refined nor elevated, and the grandeur of his pictures belongs rather to the physical than the moral development of the subject. His groups are well arranged, and natural; the action of individual figures is also natural; and yet both are frequently injured by an affectation of grace in some part or other. His works are principally at Paris. The Battles of Alexander, which are so well known by engravings, are very characteristic specimens of his style, and would alone entitle him to be reckoned among the most eminent painters. The Passage of the Granicus, and the Battle of Arbela, are works of great power and feeling. His defects of colouring have been partly attributed to his neglecting to visit Venice; but his excusers have forgotten that Giorgione and Titian had no Venice to seek fine colour in.

work upon which his reputation is chiefly founded. Sub sequent critics however have found plenty to do with Sophocles notwithstanding the labours of Brunck, and one part of their business has been to restore the MS. readings which this daring editor had replaced by his conjec tures. It appeared at first magnificently printed in 2 vols. 4to.; a limited impression in 3 vols. 8vo. followed in 1788, and there is a third edition, under his own eye, in 4 vols. 8vo., 1786-89. He prepared a copy of Plautus for the Bipont edition of the classics in 1788. On the breaking out of the revolution he embraced the popular side with ardour; and notwithstanding Louis XVI., in return for a presentation copy of the quarto Sophocles superbly printed on vellum, had conferred on him a pension of 2000 francs, Brunck enrolled himself among the earliest members of a revolutionary society established at Strasburg. During the Reign of Terror he was imprisoned at Besançon, and did not obtain his release till the fall of Robespierre. Reverses of fortune, produced by the public troubles, obliged him in 1791 to dispose of part of his library, and in 1801 of the remainder. His taste for Greek literature became extinct with the loss of the first portion of his books, of which he never spoke without tears. He still however retained some fondness for the Latin poets. In 1797 be printed an edition of Terence in quarto; and at the time of his death, which occurred on the 12th of June, 1803, he was engaged in superintending an edition of Plautus. His diligence was most remarkable. Instead of referring the printer to any former edition, he always transcribed the entire text of the author upon whom he was engaged. Thus he twice copied Aristophanes, and Apollonius at least five times. Many of these copies, together with several other MS. papers, are still preserved in the Bibliothèque Royale at Paris. The margins of his books were crowded with conjectures, which in numberless instances showed the boldness rather than the judgment of their author. He was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, and also of the French Institute.

BRUNE, MARSHAL, was born at Brives, dep. de la Corrèze, in 1736. His father was an advocate, and Brune studied the law at Paris. When the revolution broke out he entered the army, and served under Dumourier. He was quickly promoted, and was general of brigade in the army of the interior under Bonaparte in 1795. The following year he joined the army of Italy, and served in the division of Massena. After the peace of Campoformio he was sent by the Directory as commander-in-chief of the army which invaded Switzerland. [BERN.] After the fall of Bern he took the command of the army in Italy, and obliged the king of Sardinia, who was the forced ally of France, to deliver into his hands the citadel of his own capital, Turin. After having thus prepared the fall of that monarchy, he was replaced by Joubert, who finally effected it in December, 1798. Brune was next sent into Holland, where, in 1799, he defeated the Russians on the Helder, and obliged the duke of York and the English army to evacuate the country. In the following year he returned to Italy, when, in conjunction with Macdonald, he forced the passage of the Mincio in December, 1800, and afterwards concluded an armistice with the Austrian General Belle

His facility in drawing was such, that having procured the delay for one moment of the car which conveyed the Marquise de Brinvilliers to execution, in four strokes of the pencil, says his French biographer, he sketched a likeness. With the brush he was equally ready. Louis XIV., who daily spent two hours in watching his progress, while painting the Family of Darius' at Versailles, desired him to paint at once the head of Parysatis, which he executed with so much success as to extort an expression of delight from Bernini, who was not among the number of his friends. BRUNCK, RICHARD FRANÇOIS PHILIPPE, was born at Strasburg, December 30th, 1729. He was educated by the Jesuits in the college of Louis le Grand at Paris, and is reported to have made considerable progress in the several branches there taught. An early engagement in the affairs of active life suspended his taste for literature while he was employed as military commissary. He had attained his thirtieth year, when, during a residence in winter-quarters at Giessen, in one of the campaigns in Hanover, he happened to lodge in the house of a professor, who revived in him a love for letters. On his return to Strasburg he devoted himself to study, to which the possession of an easy fortune allowed his entire application; and the professor of Greek, whose lectures he attended, being a profound grammarian, Brunck quickly became well versed in that language. No sooner did he feel his own strength than he distinguished himself by his criticisms: but his emendations, which are sometimes happy, are always hazardous; and acting under a confirmed belief that the errors of the text in all cases pro-garde, preparatory to the peace of Luneville. Brune, on his ceeded from the fault of copyists, he corrected with a more slashing hook' than even Bentley himself ventured to employ. His first work was an edition of the Greek Anthology, published under the title of Analecta veterum poetarum Græcorum, Strasburg, 3 vols. 8vo., 1776; which contains, besides the epigrams usually given in an Anthology, several of the minor Greek poets, Anacreon, Callimachus, &c. entire. Anacreon appeared in a separate edition, in 1778. In 1779 he edited some Greek plays, which excited a great desire for the appearance of a complete edition of Sophocles which he had announced. His favourite author, Apollo nius Rhodius, employed him in 1780, and was followed in 1783 by an Aristophanes, which superseded all its predecessors, and has since in turn been entirely superseded by other editions. In the year following he prepared the frag ments of Theognis, Solon, Simonides, and other didactic and moral Greek poets, under the title of 'Hun loinois, sive Gnomici Poetae Græci, 1 vol. 8vo. In 1785 he issued an edition of Virgil, in which he was by no means sparing of the established text. His Sophocles at length attracted the attention of scholars in 1786, and may be considered as the

return to Paris, was appointed councillor of state, and was afterwards sent by Bonaparte as ambassador to Constantinople, where he succeeded in establishing new relations between France and the shah of Persia. He returned to France in 1805, being appointed one of the marshals of the French empire. He commanded for a while the camp at Boulogne. Being sent to Hamburg in 1807, as governor of the Hanseatic towns and commander of the reserve of the grand army, he had a long interview with Gustavus king of Sweden, near Anklam, in Pomerania, which seems to have given rise to suspicions on the part of Napoleon. In the surrender of the island of Rugen by the Swedish General Toll, agreeably to a convention with Marshal Brune, the latter happened to omit in the text of the convention the titles of the Emperor Napoleon, and mentioned simply the French army and the Swedish army as parties to the agreement. Napoleon, who was highly offended, sent Brune his recall, styling his conduct a scandal never seen since the time of Pharamond. From that time Brune lived retired and in disgrace, till Napoleon's first abdication, when he made his submission to Louis XVIII., who gave him the

work, it was by no means the sole one of any magnitude | lated into Latin Plato's Epistles,' and dedicated them to which he executed. Among his other productions may be Cosmo de' Medici; his dedicatory address is given in mentioned the church of San Lorenzo at Florence, and the Roscoe's Lorenzo, vol. i. Appendix 3. He also translated celebrated Pitti Palace in that city. The latter of these, the Politic, Ethic, and Economic of Aristotle, several which was afterwards continued and completed by Amma- speeches of Demosthenes and Æschines; and made numeneti, is more remarkable for its severe simplicity and mas- rous other translations from the Greek. He wrote, in Italian: siveness than for any of the graces of architecture, or for 1. Vite di Dante e del Petrarca,' Florence, 1672, which are what belongs to design. Its idea, in fact, appears to have not among the best biographies of these two illustrious men. been derived from an ancient aqueduct; yet if it has there- 2. Vita di Cicerone,' which he first composed in Latin, fore a certain monotony, owing to the unvaried repetition of and afterwards turned it into Italian, printed, for the first the same features, namely tiers of arches, it also possesses time, by Bodoni, Parma, 1804. 3. Novella di Messer the character of a vast and solid construction, which pro- Lionardo d' Arezzo,' inserted among the Novelle di Varj duces an impression not so much by form as by bulk and Autori,' and published again separately at Verona, 1817. positive quantity. It is founded on the story of Stratonice, wife of Seleucus, and her step-son Antiochus. (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d' Italia.) BRUNI'ACEE, a small natural order of exogens, belonging to the albuminous group, and, notwithstanding the different habit, nearly allied to the currant tribe (grossulaceae). The species are small heath-like shrubs with minute, closely imbricated leaves, and small flowers collected in little compact heads. They have a superior 5-cleft calyx, 5 petals, 5 perigynous stamens, and a dicoccous or indehiscent 2 or 1-celled fruit, crowned by the persistent calyx. The seeds are solitary or in pairs, and have a short aril. All the species, except one from Madagascar, are natives of the Cape of Good Hope. They are of no known use.

Brunelleschi was also employed on several works at Mantua and in its vicinity. In his private character he is said to have been a man of a noble and generous spirit; and that as an architect he was enthusiastic in devotion to his art, there can be little doubt. He died in the year 1444 (that of Bramante's birth), and was buried with much ceremony in Santa Maria del Fiore, his remains resting within that edifice which he had consummated by his skill, and which will perpetuate his name.

BRUNI, LEONARDO, was born at Arezzo, of humble parents, in 1369. He studied Latin and Greek, at Florence, under the learned Coluccio Salutati, and afterwards went to Rome, where he obtained the post of secretary in the papal chancery, (BRACCIOLINI,) under Innocent VII. In a tumult, which took place at Rome against the papal government, he was assailed by the mob, and escaped with difficulty to Viterbo, where the pope took shelter. Bruni continued in his office, under Innocent's successors, and he attended John XXII., in 1414, to the Council of Constance. After the deposition of that pope, Bruni returned to Florence, where he chiefly resided for the remainder of his life. In 1427 he was appointed chancellor to the republic, an office which he retained till his death. He was also sent by the state on several missions. When the Emperor John Palæologus and the Greek patriarch came to attend the council of Florence, Bruni harangued them in Greek, in the name of the republic. He died in 1444, and was buried, with great honours, in the church of Sta. Croce, where he is seen on his monument reclining on a bier with the volume of his 'History of Florence on his breast, and a crown of laurel round his head, for in this manner he was buried by order of the community. Giannozzo Mannetti recited a long and learned oration at his funeral, but his friend Filelfo, not being satisfied with it, composed another and more eloquent panegyrie. Poggio also wrote an eulogium of Bruni. The temper of Bruni was milder than that of his friend Poggio, and he did not indulge so much as the latter in violent disputes and virulent invectives. Once, however, he quarrelled with his friend Niccolo Nicoli, and wrote a bitter libel against him, which has never been printed: the MS. is preserved in the Laurentian library at Florence. Bruni was commonly styled L' Aretino, from the place of his birth, which circumstance has led some travellers, and Mme. de Staël among the rest, to mistake his monument at Sta. Croce for that of the obscene writer Pietro Aretino, who died and was buried at Venice. (Valéry, Voyages en Italie.) Bruni wrote a great number of works, many of which are now forgotten, and have never been printed. Méhus gives the titles of 63 of them in his biography of Bruni, prefixed to the edition of his Epistolæ, 2 vols, 8vo., Florence, 1741. Among his Latin works are a History of the Goths,' compiled in great measure from 'Procopius; a commentary on the Peloponnesian war, a book on the first Punic war, to fill up the void of the lost books of Livy, a history of his own times from the schism of Urban VI. and Clement, in 1387, till the victory of Anghiari by the Florentines, in 1440; and the Historia Florentina. This last, Bruni's principal work, begins from the foundation of Florence, and is carried down to the year 1404. It was printed at Strasburg, fol. 1610, and was also translated into Italian by Donato Acciajuoli. Venice, 1476, and Florence, 1492. Machiavelli, in the preface to his own Storie Fiorentine,' says of his two predecessors, Bruni and Poggio, that they related diligently the wars and other external transactions of the republic, but were either silent or very brief in their accounts of the civil factions and other internal transactions, either through prudential reserve or because they looked upon those domestic contentions as beneath the dignity of history. Bruni trans

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Bruniaceae differ from Grossulaceae in their dry fruit and central placenta; from Escalloniaca, in the very small number of their seeds; from Rhamnacea, in their minute embryo, and from both Umbelliferæ and Araliaceæ, in their flowers not being in umbels.

BRUNINGS, CHRISTIAN, was born in 1736 at Neckerau in the palatinate. He early applied himself to the study of hydraulics, and ultimately became one of the first hydraulic engineers of his time. The States-general of Holland having appointed him in 1769 inspector-general of the rivers and canals, he effected many useful works, drained several tracts of land, repaired the dykes of the Haarlem Meer, deepened the bed of the Oberwasser, and altered the course of the Pannerden canal, which communicates between the Waal and the Rhine. In the course of these operations he invented an instrument to measure the rapidity of streams, and to determine the same at any depth. He explained the principles and the use of this invention, which goes by the name of the Bruningsche Stromniesser,' in a treatise which has been translated from the Dutch into German under the title of Abhandlung über die Geschwindigkeit des fliessendes wassers, und von den mitteln dieselbe auf allen tiefen zu bettimmen, 4to. Frankfort, 1798, with plates, and an introduction by Wiebeking, councillor of Hesse Darmstadt, in which the great services rendered by Brünings to Holland are enlarged upon. Brünings died in 1805. The government of the then Batavian republic proposed to erect a monument to his memory in the cathedral of Haerlem, but the subsequent political changes prevented its being carried into effect. Several scientific essays of Brüning's are inserted in the 'Memoirs of the Haerlem Society of the Sciences. There is another Christian Brünings, a native also of the palatinate and a professor, who wrote a book on the Antiquities of Greece, Frankfort, 1734, which was published again some years after with an appendix on the Roman Triumphs.'

BRÜNN, a circle of the Austrian Margraviate of Mora via, bounded on the N.W. by Bohemia and on the S. by Hungary and the Archduchy of Austria; within an area about 1732 sq. m. it contains 13 towns (among which are Brünn, Mikulow or Nickolsburg, Boskowitz, Wischau, and Austerlitz), 56 m. t. and 649 vills, and a pop. of about 330,000 souls, which shows an increase of about 25,000 since the year 1817. The N. districts are occupied by mountains, with some fertile valleys among them; the S. parts, which are more level and have a richer soil, produce large quantities of wine. The circle is watered by the Zwittova, Schwartzava, and Igla, which fall into the Thaya, a tributary of the March, which receives the Thaya near Landshut at the S. extremity of Brünn. The inhabitants subsist principally by agriculture and wine-making, spinning, weaving linens and woollens, and making leather, potashes, &c. The country produces grain, hops, flax, fruit, timber, iron, and alum, and other minerals. The breeding of cattle is of limited extent.

BRÜNN (in the native tongue Brno, a term which cor