a fish. Vegetius (De Re Militari) says that it was made of brass, and bent in a circle. Blanchinus (De Instrum. Vet.) also states that it was a metallic instrument; but from the engraving he gives of it, after antient bas-reliefs, &c., the buccina would appear to have been perfectly straight. Sir John Hawkins coincides in opinion with Blanchinus, and copies the form of the instrument from a plate given in the work of the learned Italian. The probability is, that the buccina in its primitive state was a simple horn, and that subsequently it was formed of a more durable material. BUCCINUM. [ENTOMOSTOMATA.]

Morgan; but they had men with them more capable of de- | supposed to have been formed of the horn of the bull or scribing what they saw. These were Basil Ringrove, Barty goat. According to others it was the shell of the buccinum, Sharp, William Dampier, and Lionel Wafer, each of whom, in after years, wrote and published an account of his adventures, with a description of the country. Although they formed an alliance with the Darien Indians, who hated the Spaniards, this expedition was not in sufficient force to attack Panama. Two nundred of them, however, having procured a number of small Indian canoes, launched into the bay of Panama, attacked three large armed ships, took two of them, and began cruizing in them. These fellows had even some diplomatic skill. Ringrove tells us that the governor of Panama sent to demand of Sawkins their captain, 'Why, during a time of peace between England and Spain, Englishmen should come into those seas to commit injury? and from whom they received their commission? Sawkins replied, That he and his companions came to assist their friend the king of Darien, who was the rightful lord of Panama, and all the country thereabouts.'

The adventurers then proceeded to capture ships and plunder the towns along the coast, and some of them remained a long time in the South Seas, and made many discoveries.

In 1684 another expedition, in which also the skilful seaman Dampier and the surgeon Wafer were engaged, sailed from Virginia, and, stretching along the whole of South America, doubled Cape Horn and entered the South Seas to plunder the Spaniards. Many of these hardy adventurers explored the Pacific, from the coasts of Chili, Peru, Mexico, and California, to the shores of China, Malacca, and India; and we scarcely know any thing of the sort so interesting as Dampier's narrative of this expedition. [DAMPIER.]

In 1670 a solemn treaty of peace, known in diplomacy by the name of the Treaty of America,' which provided for the entire suppression of the buccaneer warfare, was concluded between Great Britain and Spain; but, as far as the buccaneers were concerned, this was a bit of waste paper, for by far the most daring of their achievements took place after the date of the treaty.

BUCCO. [BARBETS.]

BUCENTAUR (IL BUCENTO'RO), the state-galley ENTO' of the republic of Venice, for the name of which many very unsatisfactory derivations have been proposed. We do not recollect ever to have seen mentioned the legitimate Bucentaur, i. e., the compound of the bull and the horse, with which Hercules, on many antient monuments, is represented to be fighting; but one authority traces it to the augmentative particle Boo (Bou or Bu), and centaurus, a name appropriated to any thing of large size, and especially to a ship. Another supposes it to be Bis Taurus, and asserts that the galley of Eneas was so called; but we know not how this fact is ascertained. Lastly, it has been said to be a corruption of Ducentorum, but to what this word is to be applied as an epithet is much doubted; whether Navilium, according to the law which ordered its original construction by 200 shipwrights; or remorum, the number of oars by which it is not rowed; or, as the Cronaca Veneta says, without any explanation (which therefore it might be hazardous to supply), because it is Biscentum hominum aureum.

The most elaborate description of this gorgeous vessel with which we are acquainted is that given in the second volume of the work to which we have last referred. But we doubt not that the reader will gladly be spared a minute account of the carving and gilding with which it was adorned; and a detail of the marine deities, the sirens, the masques, the fruit, the flowers, the shell-work, the medallions, the cornucopias, the allegorical groups, the winged lions, the birds, the zodiacs, the canopies, the virtues, and the liberal arts, which were profusely scattered over it on one of its latest repairs by the skill and taste of 'Giovanni Adami, Doratore Veneto.'

The war between Great Britain and France, which followed the accession of William III., in 1688, did much more to relieve the Spaniards from the scourge. The French, without waiting for a declaration of war, attacked the English in the West Indies, where, for some time, the chief belligerents were those antient allies and comrades, the flibustiers of one nation and the buccaneers of the other, who were It may be sufficient to state that it as much exceeded the now called privateers, and duly commissioned. The bonds Lord Mayor's barge in costliness as it did in dimensions. of amity were broken; they exercised upon each other some It was 100 ft. by 21 in extreme length and breadth; 168 of the cruelties they had exercised in common upon the rowers, 4 to each oar, were allotted to it from the arsenal, Spaniards, and they never again confederated in any buc- and were disposed in a lower deck; besides these it was caneer cause. At one time, had they been properly headed, manned by a crew of 40 mariners. The upper deck was and had conquest, not plunder, been their object, they might, covered with an awning (tiemo) of crimson velvet, beneath by degrees, have obtained possession of a fair portion of the which were seated the doge and his goodly company. The West Indies-they might at once have established an inde- doge himself was enthroned near the stern, surrounded with pendent state among the islands of the Pacific. Henry Mor-foreign ambassadors, and the senators and great officers of gan, in fact, at one time entertained this magnificent idea.

The treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, and four years later the accession of a French Bourbon prince to the throne of Spain, brought about the final suppression of the buccaneers. Many of them turned planters or negro drivers, or followed their calling as sailors on board of quiet merchant vessels; but others, who had clippers, or good sailing ships, quitted the West Indies, and went cruizing to different parts of the world. For nearly two centuries their distinctive character or function had been the constant waging of war against the Spaniards, and against them alone, and now this was lost for ever.

state were disposed on seats running in four rows along the length of the vessel.

The date of the original Bucentaur is not very clearly ascertained; but, like the famous ship at Athens, although in perpetual flux, the galley of the moment, according to Howell, was ever reputed to be the self-same vessel still, however often put upon the careen and trimmed.' 'Yet I believe there is not a foot of that timber remaining which it had upon the first dock, having been, as they tell me, so often planked, ribbed, caulked, and pieced.' Its use on the feast of Ascension is traced to a victory obtained in the year 1177 by the Doge Sebastiano Ziani over the Emperor Fre After the suppression of the buccaneers,' says Captain deric Barbarossa. The Venetians had espoused the cause Burnet, and partly from their relics, arose a race of pirates of Pope Alexander III,, who had taken refuge in the Laof a more desperate cast, so rendered by the increased dan-gune. The doge, with a fleet not mustering half the numger of their occupation, who for a number of years preyed ber of vessels which Pisa, Genoa, and Ancona had placed upon the commerce of all nations, till they were hunted under the command of the emperor's son Otho, encountered down, and, it may be said, exterminated.' Within the few them off the coast of Istria. After a battle which lasted last years, however, many dreadful piracies have been com- more than six hours, Otho, with 48 out of his 65 galleys, mitted in the Mexican Gulf. was taken prisoner, two of his ships having been destroyed. The pope received the conquerors on the Lido, and presenting Ziani with a golden ring addressed him in these words:

(History of the Buccaneers of America, by James Burney, F.R.S.; Lives of Banditti and Robbers, by C. Mac Farlane; The Buccaneers of Ameryca, by an old anony-Take this ring, and with it take, on my authority, the sea mous author; Dampier's Voyages; Lionel Wafer's, Basil Ringrove's and Barty Sharp's Narratives; and, in French, the works of Père Charlevoix.)

BUC'CINA, a military instrument of the shrill horn, or cornet, kind, in use among the antients, and by some

as your subject. Every year, on the return of this happy day, you and your successors shall make known to all posterity that the right of conquest has subjugated the Adriatic to Venice as a spouse to her husband. The Venetians themselves have sometimes claimed an earlier authority for

prayer that these elements might become the body and blood of Christ favoured transubstantiation too much, and might, by a slight change, be brought nearer the words of Scripture. He condemned the administration of baptism in private houses, and he recommended frequent catechizing. It will be remarked that all these amendments have since either been adopted, or are such as the real friends of the Church of England approve.

this lordship of the Adriatic; and Foscarini (Della Letteratura Veneziana, lib. ii. p. 216) finds some trace of it in Dandolo's Chronicle towards the close of the 10th century. It was not likely that the Vatican should demur as to the claim established by the grant of Alexander III. when it recollected the answer which the Venetian ambassador Donati returned to Julius II. when that pope inquired where the grant of Alexander was to be found. He was requested to look for it on the back of the donation of Constantine. The Bucentaur having been conducted, on the eve of the feast of Ascension, from the arsenal to the piazza, received its splendid passengers. Accompanied by innumerable feluccas and gondolas it passed on to the mouth of the Lido amid the thunder of artillery. On coming in front of the chapel of the arsenal, the rowers, in maritime fashion, saluted an image of the Virgin, and in the meantime the patriarch of Santa Helena, on which island is a convent, awaiting the pomp, was entertained by the monks with a repast of chestnuts and water (una veramente religiosa, povera colazione). As soon as the doge appeared in sight, the patriarch embarked with his clerical suite in a small gilded barge (peatone) in order to meet the procession, and during his passage he blessed the remainder of the water, which was afterwards thrown into the sea. On issuing from the port of Lido, near the mouth of the harbour, the doge dropped a ring into the bosom of the Adriatic, betrothing her by these words, We wed thee with this ring in token of our true and perpetual sovereignty. He then returned to the church of San Nicolo di Lido, and having heard a solemn pontifical mass, re-embarked in the Bucentaur and entertained his cortége with a magnificent banquet in the palace. Since the occupation of Venice by the French, the Bucentaur has been allowed to rot in the arsenal. Casaubon (in Athenæum, xi. 2), who has been followed by Darù, notices the Venetian custom as reminding him of an offering made to the sea by the Syracusans of an earthen vessel filled withness of his temper, and added, that as Bucer had satisfied honey, flowers, and frankincense.

BUCER, MARTIN, was born in 1491, at Schelestadt, near Strasburg, a town of Alsace, in the modern French dep. of the Lower Rhine. His real name was Kuhhorn (Cowhorn), which, according to the pedantic fashion of his times, he changed into a Greek synonym, calling himself Bucer. Having entered the order of Saint Dominick, he received his education at Heidelberg. Some tracts by Erasmus and others, and, yet more, some by Luther which fell in his way, induced him to adopt the opinions of the latter in 1521. About eleven years afterwards, he appears to have preferred the profession of Zuinglius, but he was ever a strenuous promoter of union between the different sects of the Reformed, according to whose doctrine he taught divinity for twenty years at Strasburg. At the diet of Augsburg, in 1548, he vehemently opposed the system of doctrine called the Interim, which the Emperor Charles V. had drawn up for the temporary regulation of religious faith in Germany until a free general council could be held. On the insidious nature of that proposition we need not here dwell; and it may be sufficient to state, that although it was expressed for the most part in seriptural phrases, it favoured almost every disputed article of the Romish church. It was opposed equally by the Romanists and by the Reformed; but the emperor urged its acceptance so fiercely, that Bucer, after having been subjected to much difficulty and danger, accepted an invitation from Cranmer to fix his residence in England. Bucer had denounced the Interim as nothing but downright Popery, only a little disguised, and about the same time he wrote a book against Gardiner, chiefly relating to the celibacy of the clergy.

The king having heard that Bucer's health had suffered during the winter from the want of a German stove, sent him 207. to procure one. In return, he wrote a book for Edward's own use, Concerning the Kingdom of Christ,' which he presented as a new year's gift. It referred the miseries of Germany to the want of ecclesiastical discipline, the adoption of which he strongly recommended in England, beginning by a more careful refusal of the eucharist to ill livers, by the sanctification of the Lord's day, of holidays, and of days of fasting, which last he proposed should be more numerous and less confined to Lent, a season which had been popularly disregarded; and by the reduction of non-residence and pluralities, the true remnants of Popery. Bucer died at Cambridge in the close of February, 1550, and he was buried in St. Mary's with great honour, his remains being attended by full 3000 persons jointly from the university and the town. A Latin speech was made over his grave by Dr. Haddon, the public orator, and an English sermon was then preached by Parker, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, to whom, not long before his death, he had applied in a very pathetic and urgent letter for the loan of ten crowns for a month; and on the following day, Dr. Redman, master of Trinity College, preached at St. Mary's a sermon in his commendation. Redman had differed from him much, especially on justification and divine grace, so that Strype ranks him among his enemies; but in his sermon he particularly praised the sweet

him in some things, so he believed, if he had lived, he would
have satisfied him in more; and that he being dead, he
knew none alive from whom he could learn so much.'
An amusing story, recorded in the Life of Bishop Jewell,
shows both the gentleness of Bucer's disposition and the
malice of his opponents. Catherine duchess of Suffolk
having two sons at Cambridge, and herself occasionally
residing within its precincts, had sent Bucer a cow and a
calf towards the maintenance of his family. The good-
natured man was fond of these beasts, and often visited
them in their pasture, an innocent recreation, which gave
occasion to a report among his adversaries that the cow and
calf were magic spirits which instructed him in what he
was to read in the schools. On hearing this rumour, he by
no means gave up his customary attention to his favourites,
but once pointing them out to a friend, he observed with a
jesting tone, Behold, these are my masters, from whom I
have learned what I teach others; and yet they can speak
neither Latin nor Greek, Hebrew nor German, nor talk to
me in any other language.'

During the reign of Mary, five years afterwards when inquisitors were sent to Cambridge, the corpses of Bucer and of Fagius were dug up from their resting-places, fastened erect by a chain to stakes in the market-place, and disgustingly burned to ashes; their names, at the same time, were erased from all public acts and registers as heretics and deniers of the true faith; and this violence to their memories continued till Elizabeth became queen. A very interesting collection of tracts relative to the life, death, burial, condemnation, exhumation, burning, and restoration of Martin Bucer, was published at Strasburg, in Latin, by his friend Conrad Hubert. It contains, among other matters, the Greek and Latin Epicedia which the members of the university, according to custom, placed on his coffin; and also the Encomia, written when he and Fagius were posthumously reinstated in their academical honours. Each of these testimonies of honour fills more than fifty pages.

On his arrival in England, he was appointed to teach theology at Cambridge, and appears to have been much admired and respected. When Hooper accepted the bishopric of Gloucester, but refused to be consecrated in the episcopal vestments, Bucer wrote a most convincing but moderate treatise against this fastidious reluctance; and on the review of the Common Prayer Book, he expressed his opinions at large, that he found all things in the Bucer wrote both in Latin and in German, and so largely service and daily prayers clearly accordant to the Scrip- that it is thought his works, if collected, would amount to tures. He wished for a stricter discipline to exclude scan-eight or nine folio volumes. He was thrice married, and dalous livers from the Lord's Supper. He objected to that requisition which urged the people to receive it at least once a year (a practice still retained by the Presbyterians), and would have them pressed to it much more frequently. He wished the bread to be placed in the hands, not put into the mouths, of the communicants; and he thought the

his first wife, by whom he had thirteen children, was a nun, perhaps selected by him, not very judiciously, in imitation of Martin Luther. It is by no means easy to decide respecting the terms on which he lived with that great reformer, but it seems, from an anecdote which Scultet has preserved (Annal. ad ann. 1529), that Luther treated him

with either unmannerly rudeness or with a bluff familiarity | he was forced to join the corps then being raised as auxilia-
which no intimacy could be close enough to justify. On ries to the Duke of Albany in Scotland. After a twelve-
one occasion, when Bucer and Ecolampadius paid him a month spent at home in the recovery of his impaired health,
visit, he conversed in a civil and friendly manner with the he again joined the troop of French auxiliaries, and pro-
latter, and when the former addressed him, he replied with ceeded with them to the siege of Werk; but the hardships
a sort of smile (subridens aliquantulum), 'You are a rogue which he suffered on this occasion reduced his youthful
and a knave (Tu es nequam et nebulo). Jortin, from frame to its former state of debility, and he was confined to
whom we derive the story (Life of Erasmus, i. 390), un- his bed the remainder of the winter.
derstands the expressions in an evil sense, and says that
Luther could not endure' Bucer. But the words are equi-
vocal: subridens means chuckling as well as sneering, and
is the term chosen by Virgil when he represents Jupiter
good humouredly attempting to soothe and fondle Venus.
The speech itself must be interpreted according to the
playful or serious tone in which it was pronounced, and to
this we have no guide. The Romanists hated Bucer as a
powerful opponent; they abused him for extreme subtlety,
and they seldom spoke of him otherwise than as a 'sly fox.
BUCEROS. [HORNBILL.]

BUCH, a district of the Bordelois, in France, extending
along the coast of the Bay of Biscay. Its capital was La
Teste or Tête de Buch (now generally known by the simpler
designation of La Teste), at the head of the Basin of Ar-
cachon. Pop. in 1832, 2595 for the town; 2840 for the
whole commune. This district is now included in the dep.
of Gironde. Its first lords bore the title of Captal, and
their lordship gave to them several rights and privileges in
the city of Bordeaux. From these first lords the captalate
passed successively to the houses of Grailly, Nogaret-
Epernon, Foix-Randan, and Gontaut. A Captal de Buch,
of the house of Grailly, distinguished himself in the wars in
France in the fourteenth century; he served in the armies
of Edward the Black Prince, duke of Guienne, and of Charles
le Mauvais, king of Navarre.

BUCHAN, a district of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, which
extends along the coast about 50 m. from the mouth of the
Ythan to the boundaries of Banffshire. The shore is bold
and rocky; the interior generally level; and although
agriculture is rapidly improving it, the extent of the waste
lands and the comparative absence of trees give a bleak and
barren appearance to the district. The hill of Mormond
near Strichen is its principal elevation, which by a figure
of a white horse formed by paving white stones on its side
has become conspicuous at a distance and a good sea-mark.
The Ythan (the riv. which divides Buchan from Formartin)
after a course of about 22 m. falls into the sea at Newburgh;
it was noted in former times for its pearl-fishery, and the
most valuable pearl of the royal crown of Scotland is said to
have been got out of it. The Ugie falls into the sea a mile
N. of Peterhead. On the sea coast a few miles S. of Peter-
head are the Bullers of Buchan, a nearly round basin about
30 yards wide, formed in a hollow rock which projects into
the sea, towards which there is an arch by which the waves
enter. It is open also at the top, round which there is a
narrow path about 30 yards from the water: when the sea
is high in a storm this scene is exceedingly grand.

The climate of Buchan, like that of the rest of Aberdeen-
shire, is proverbially keen; but Professor Play fair of St.
Andrew's, in his description of Scotland, describes it as mild,
and affirms from experience that when snow is one foot deep
at Aberdeen it is two at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The win-
ters, he says, are less severe and the summer less warm
than in the southern counties, but easterly winds, fogs, and
rain make the spring late and the autumn stormy.

On a peninsular rock of the coast stands Slains Castle, a ruin, once the residence of the earl of Errol, about 16 m. N. of Aberdeen. It was demolished by James VI. in 1594. Near it is the dropping cave or white cave of Slains, which is remarkable for its stalactites. On the first Monday of every month small debt courts are held alternately at Old Deer and Rathen in this district; the average of the cases decided for five years before 1821 was 53 a month.

In the ensuing spring, he and Patrick, his eldest brother, were entered students in the pedagogium, afterwards St. Mary's College, of the university of St. Andrew's. It is said to have been by the bounty of John Major, who then taught the logic class in St. Salvator's college, that the two brothers were maintained at this time. This is not unlikely. Buchanan was an exhibitioner when he passed bachelor of arts, on 3rd Oct., 1525; and we learn from himself, that when Major went the following summer to France, he went thither also, and became a student in the Scots' college at Paris, where, as he had obtained the degree of B.A. at St. Andrew's, he was immediately incorporated of the same degree. This was on the 10th of Oct., 1527. The next year he proceeded M.A.; and the year following he was chosen procurator of the German nation-a division of the students which comprehended those from Scotland. After a struggle of two years with the iniquity of fortune,' as he expresses it, he obtained the situation of a regent, or professor, in the college of St. Barbe, where he taught grammar nearly three years. He then resigned the chair, which had yielded him but a miserable pittance, and became tutor to Gilbert, Earl of Cassilis, a young Scots nobleman, who resided at that time in the neighbourhood of the college, his previous tutor, William, abbot of Crossragwell, having left him to do his pilgrimage to Rome under a royal licence granted to that effect of date 8th April, 1530. (Pitcairn's Crim. Trials, vol. i. p. 245). With that nobleman Buchanan remained abroad about five years, and in this period committed to the press his first publication, which was a Latin translation of Linacre's Rudiments of Latin Grammar. In May, 1537, he came to Scotland in company with Lord Cassilis, who had just attained his majority; and, probably by his influence, was then appointed tutor to James Stewart, one of the natural children of James V., with a liberal allowance.*

At Lord Cassilis's seat, where he seems to have continued a visiter, he composed his poem entitled 'Somnium, in derision of the regular clergy. The king, who had a turn that way, having seen the poem, solicited him to write some more satires of a like kind. He did so accordingly, and published among others his Palinodia,' and Franciscanus.' These pieces brought upon his devoted head the vengeance of the church. He was seized as a heretic, and thrown into prison; and Cardinal Beaton actually tendered to the king a sum of money to consent to his immediate death. The avaricious James might have rejected this bribe; but Buchanan happily escaped from his confinement and got to England, where, after a severe struggle with want and the dread of re-imprisonment, he resolved on returning to Paris. Finding on his arrival that Cardinal Beaton was living there at that time, he gladly accepted an invitation from Andrew Govea, to become a regent or professor of Latin in the college of Guienne at Bordeaux. It appears that he was at Bordeaux before the close of the year 1539, for on the 1st of Dec. of that year he presented a poem in the' name of the college to Charles V., when he made his solemn entry that day into Bordeaux. He remained here three years, during which he published his Latin tragedy 'Baptistes,' and several other minor pieces; but being continually harassed by the clergy under letters from Cardinal Beaton, who had traced his retreat, he removed to Paris, and from the year 1544 till about 1547 taught Latin in the college of the Cardinal de la Moine, along with the learned philologists Turnebus and Muretus. In 1547 Govea was invited to become principal of the university of Coimbra in Portugal, and to bring with him learned men to fill the vacant chairs. Buchanan accompanied him on that occasion, and became

BUCHANAŃ, GEORGE, was born of poor parents, in the parish of Killearn, and county of Stirling, about the beginning of February, 1506. He was the third of eight children, who, by the death of their father, and the in-a regent in the university; but having the misfortune to solvency of their grandfather, were early thrown upon the care of their widowed mother, and the friendship of more distant relations. By one of these, James Heriot, his maternal uncle, Buchanan was sent at the age of fourteen to the university of Paris; where, however, he had not been two years, when his uncle dying, he was left in a state of such utter destitution that in order to get to his native country

lose his friend Govea by death the following year, the in quisition assailed him as a heretic, and after harassing him for near a year and a half, shut him up in the cell of a monastery. But nothing could confine or subdue the mind

On the 21st of Aug.. 1537, he received from the king 20%, and the like sum in July, 1538; at which latter date he also received a rich black gown burgh. (Treasurer's Accounts, ap. Pitcairn's Crim, Trials.) and cassock, on occasion of Queen Mary of Guise's public entry into Edin

1

inhabitants carry on an extensive trade in grain, wool, honey, I mer assizes at Buckingham, and built a gaol there at his wax, tallow, and cattle. It possesses nine or ten distinct own expense for the use of the town and county: it is a havens, of which that of Sherban-Wode is the largest and capacious building, but is little used. The town-hall was most frequented. There are no large manufactures; but built about the year 1685, at the expense of Sir Ralph Versmall quantities of woollen cloths, carpets, brandy, &c. are ney. There are three stone bridges over the Ouse at Buck made. The people are fond of outward display, and of public ingham. The market-day is Saturday; there are ten anfestivals, drinking, music, and dancing; and their dress nual fairs held. and habits present a singular mixture of European and Eastern customs. There is a Corso, or public mall, to which the fashionables resort in great numbers, in the main street and along the bridge which crosses the Dumbovitza. Buchorest has a public library, a society for belles lettres, and another for agriculture; it has indeed made considerable advances in civilization during the last ten or twenty years. 44° 26' N. lat., 26° 8' E. long.

BUCKINGHAM, a par., bor., and the co. t. of Buckinghamshire, to which it gives name, is situated on the Ouse, in the hund. of Buckingham, 50 m. direct distance N.W. from London. The municipal, which was formerly co-extensive with the parliamentary bor., is co-extensive with the par., which contains about 5000 acres, and is divided into six districts, having separate churchwardens and overseers of the poor, but only one church and church-rate for the whole parish. The parliamentary bor., which was enlarged under the Reform Act, returns two members to parliament. Three of the districts into which the par. is divided form the town; the other three are agricultural. In 1831 the pop. of the par. was 1672 males, and 1938 females of these there were males 20 years of age, 883; occupiers and labourers employed in agriculture, 225; employed in manufacture, or in making machinery, 125; employed in retail trade or in handicraft, 200; capitalists, bankers, &c., 47; labourers not agricultural, 138; male servants, &c., 117; female servants, 139.

Buckingham is an antient bor., and is described as such at the time of the Domesday survey, in which it is said to have had 26 burgesses under the protection of foreign lords. But it does not appear that the town sent members to parliament before 1544. From the circumstance of Edward III. having fixed one of the staples for wool at Buckingham, it is supposed to have been in his reign a flourishing town. The governing charter was granted in the first year of the reign of Mary (1554), in consequence of services rendered by the inhabitants in the suppression of the duke of Northumberland's rebellion on the queen's accession to the throne. It was surrendered, and a new charter granted in the thirtysixth of Charles II. (1684). The corporation acted upon this latter charter for several years, but in consequence of a dispute with James II. in 1688, during which the king successively removed three mayors elected by them in three months, quo warrantos were issued, and, after some litigation, the charter of Charles II. was also surrendered. The corporation afterwards availed themselves of the proclamation for restoring surrendered charters, to resume the charter of Mary. Under the Municipal Reform Act, Buckingham has four aldermen and twelve councillors, but is not divided into wards. Prior to the Reform Act, the two members for the bor. were returned by the corporation, and the greatest number of electors which had been polled for thirty years before 1833, was eleven.

In the month of June, 1644, Buckingham was for a few days the head-quarters of Charles I.; the neighbouring towns of Aylesbury and Newport Pagnell being garrisoned for the parliament. A fire broke out on the 15th of March, 1725, which consumed 138 dwelling-houses, being more than one-third of the whole town.

No trade or manufacture is carried on in the town, except lace-making with bobbins. The only public buildings are the church, the town-hall, and the gaol. The present church is erected on the site of the castle, under an act of parliament, by which the inhabitants were to raise 40007. in three years, and Earl Temple the rest: the entire expense was about 70007. It was completed in 1780. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Lincoln, the gross annual income of which is 2301. The old church had a lofty spire, which fell down in 1699; the tower which supported it remained till 1776, when it fell down also, just after Mr. Pennant, the well-known antiquarian tourist, had quitted the church. The entire structure was taken down, and the new church was built on a new site.

It is probable that the assizes had been generally held at Buckingham before their removal to Aylesbury. In 1758 Lord Cobham procured an act of parliament to fix the sum

Buckingham contains four daily schools, two of which are endowed with small sums: one of the endowed schools a Latin school, the other is called the Green Coat School. There are also one boarding-school, a day and Sunday national school, and three Sunday schools, besides two hospitals and several other charities.

(Browne Willis's History of Buckingham-Browne Willis was chosen, in 1705, one of the representatives of Bucking ham;-Lysons's Magna Britannia, vol. i.; Boundary and Municipal Corporations Reports; Ecc. Educ. and Pop. Returns.)

BUCKINGHAM, a co. and also a town of England, which have given a title to many individuals distinguished in our history. The first Earl of Buckingham appears to have been Walter Giffard, created by the Conqueror, who died in 1102. The title having become extinct was revived in 1377 in the person of Thomas Plantagenet Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Edward III., whose son Humphrey died without issue in 1400. His heir Humphrey Earl of Stafford was created Duke of Buckingham in 1401, and his grandson, Henry Stafford, the deep-revolving, witty Buckingham' of Shakspeare, after assisting Richard III. to mount the throne, was put to death by him in 1483. His son, Edward Stafford, offended Wolsey, fell under the suspicions of Henry VIII., and was attainted and beheaded in 1521. He was the last nobleman who enjoyed the office of Lord High Constable. The title of Earl of Buckingham was not revived till 1617.

BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, DUKE OF third son of Sir George Villiers, knight, by his second wife Mary, a lady of the antient family of Beaumont, was born August 20, 1592, at Brookesley in Leicestershire, a seat which had been in the possession of his ancestors for nearly four centuries. His education appears to have been undistinguished by any proficiency in literature; but on his return from a three years' visit to France, which he commenced in his eighteenth year (his father having died five years before), he was well skilled in all bodily exercises. As yet he was a stranger to the court, but his fine person and graceful demeanor made a strong impression on James I. The common story is, that the king first saw him when he visited Cambridge in March 16, 1615: the biographers, who have followed one another, usually speak as if Villiers had acted in the representation of Ignoramus on that occasion; but it is plain from Mr. John Sidney Hawkins's laborious researches in his edition of that comedy, that no part therein was allotted to Villiers. Sir Henry Wotton however, in his life of Buckingham, states that the king first saw him at Apthorpe, during one of his progresses, after Villiers had been sent by his mother to London to become a suitor to the daughter of Sir Roger Ashton, a gentleman of the bedchamber and master of the robes. From this marriage he was discouraged by Sir Robert Greham, a gentleman of the privy-chamber, who advised him rather to try his fortune at court.

Be this as it may, James no sooner knew him than he attached him to his own person as cup-bearer, and fami liarly gave him the name of Steenie. Promotion followed most rapidly, and he successively became a knight and gentleman of the bedchamber, with a pension of 1000l. a-year out of the Court of Wards. On the following New Year's Day he was made Master of the Horse, and installed knight of the Order of the Garter. In the next August he was created Baron of Whaddon and Viscount Villiers; and in the ensuing January he was advanced to the earldom of Buckingham, and sworn of his majesty's privy council. Scarcely another year elapsed before his patent was made out as Marquess; he was appointed Lord Admiral of England, Chief Justice in Eyre of all the parks and forests on the south of Trent, Master of the King's Bench Office, High Steward of Westminster, and Constable of Windsor Castle; none of them,' as Sir Hugh Wotton adds, 'unprofitable pieces.'

A rise so unprecedented could not fail to create abundant jealousy; and it is by no means easy at present to ascertain the truth of many of the contemporary imputations under