cessive Lamas is strikingly illustrated by a passage in a letter addressed in 1774 by the Lama of Teshoo Loomboo to the governor-general in India, in which he applied for the grant of a small piece of ground near Calcutta, stating as a motive for his request, that although in the different periods of his reviviscence he had chosen many regions for the places of his birth, yet Bengal was the only country in which he had been born twice, for which reason he had a predilection for it beyond any other.' (Turner's Embassy to Tibet, pref. p. xv.)

The Buddhists reject entirely the authority of the Vedas, and the religious observances, sacrifices, and ceremonies which are prescribed in them and kept by the Hindus. They have no distinction of hereditary castes. Their priests are chosen from all classes of men: they are obliged to live in celibacy, but may resign their sacerdotal character, if they desire it, and are then permitted to marry. In Ceylon three orders of priests are distinguished: those of the highest order (who seem to be the only true Bauddha priests in the island) are usually men of high birth and learning, and are supported at the principal temples called vihâras, most of which have been richly endowed with farms, &c. for their maintenance by the former monarchs of the country. A translation of some highly interesting inscriptions, in which grants of this kind and the conditions attached to them, are recorded, has been given by Mr. G. Turnour in the Ceylonese Almanac for 1834, p. 178, &c. All Bauddha priests go bare-headed, and with their heads shaved; but to defend themselves from the sun they carry an umbrella made of the leaf of the palmyra-tree, and Knox mentions that they are permitted in Ceylon to wear this screen with the broad end over their heads foremost, which none but the king does In Ceylon they wear a yellow coat, gathered together about the waist and coming over the shoulder, and girt about with a belt of fine packthread. In the appendix to Symes's Embassy to Ava there is an account of the ceremonies used in the Birman empire at the consecration of a Buddhist priest: the candidate is reminded of four principal commandments, which require him to observe strict chastity, not to commit murder, not to steal, and not to practise sorcery, or to disgrace the priestly character by covetousness; and he must promise that he will procure his maintenance by perambulation and begging; that he will wear a particular kind of dress; that he will dwell in houses of a certain description, and that he will endeavour to turn to some use things thrown aside as useless by others, or to discover the medicinal powers of plants not previously employed. Buddhist priests are not forbidden the use of animal food; but they must not slaughter animals themselves. Convents for priests as well as nunneries exist in all countries where Buddhism has been introduced. Their processions and their forms of religious worship are described as being attended with much pomp and splendour, and well calculated to impose upon the multitude. The first Christian missionaries that proceeded to Tibet were surprised to find there, in the heart of Asia, monasteries, processions, festivals, a pontifical court, and several other ecclesiastical institutions resembling those of the Roman Catholic church; and many were induced by these similarities to consider Lamaism as a sort of degenerated Christianity. It should however be remembered that at the time when Buddhism was introduced into Tibet, Nestorian Christians had ecclesiastical settlements in Tartary; that Italian and French messengers who visited the court of the Khans carried church ornaments and altars with them, and celebrated their worship in the presence of the Tartar princes; and that an Italian archbishop sent by Clement V. established his see at Karakorum, and erected a church in which divine service was performed with all the ceremonies usual in Europe. It is by no means improbable that the Lamas, whose court then began to assume a splendid exterior, should have adopted some of the forms of the Catholic service as they saw it celebrated by these foreigners, and that imitation should thus have co-operated in producing a similar mode in conducting the divine worship in two religions essentially foreign to each other.

Concerning the details of the ecclesiastical establishments of the Buddhists, we must refer our readers to the articles giving an account of the several countries into which Buddhism has been introduced, such as China, Japan, Ceylon, Tibet, &c.

BUDDING, an- operation in horticulture, by means of which the branches of one kind are often made to grow

upon the stem of another kind. It is stated in the article BUD, that this organ has the power of growing when separated from the mother-plant. Not only will it grow, but it will emit roots, form a stem, and become in time a new individual in all respects similar to its parent, retaining all the special peculiarities of the latter. In this respect it differs from a seed, which in general is not capable of doing more than propagating a species, without any power of preserving, unless accidentally, the peculiarities of the individual from which it sprang.

Gardeners have availed themselves of this property in leaf-buds for the purpose of artificial propagation, either by planting the separated buds in earth, or by introducing them into the branches of other plants. The former is called propagation by eyes [EYE]; the latter only is technically named budding.

Budding is usually executed thus:-With a very sharp knife a fully formed bud, and the leaf to which it is axillary, are pared off the branch, along with about half an inch of bark adhering to them at the upper end, and an inch and a half at the lower end. By holding the leaf firmly between the finger and thumb of the left hand, with the wounded side of the paring uppermost, the operator is able to disengage from the bark the small slip of wood which adheres to it, and by a jerk to snap it off the paring, leaving nothing but the cellular centre of the bud adhering to the bark. This done, he makes in the branch to be operated on, one incision transversely through its bark, and another longitu dinally at right angles to the first and in a direction downwards, so that the two together resemble the figure of the letter T. He then, with a flat ivory blade, lifts up the bark on each side of the longitudinal incision, so as to separate from the wood, and inserts beneath it the prepared bud, which is gently pushed downwards till the bud itself is a little below the transverse line. This done, a ligature of bass is carried round the stem so as to bind the bud firmly to the new wood on which it is placed. If the operation is well performed, the bud will thus be fixed on a new plant in the same position as it occupied on the branch from which it was taken; the mouths of the medullary rays of its bark will unite with those of the wood of the stranger plant, it will be kept in contact with a continual supply of food oozing out of the alburnum on which it is placed, it will absorb that food, and soon accustom itself to its new position. Then when the growing season arrives it will be stimulated by light and warmth to attract sap from the wood to which it has adhered, it will push forth new wood of its own over that which it touches, and thus will form as intimate a union with its stock as it would have formed with its parent plant. In order to enable the latter to do this, it is customary to head down budded branches to within a few inches of the buds, so as to compel the sap which oozes from the roots to expend itself upon the former; a few natural buds near the artificial bud are allowed to push sufficiently to attract the sap to their neighbourhood, and are then destroyed; when the stranger bud has pushed to the length of a few inches, it is tied to the stem so as to be secured from being broken off by accident; and finally, when it is quite secure, that small portion of the stem of the stock which had been left above the bud in the first instance is cut away, and the branches produced by the bud become the head of the new tree.

Such is the general nature of budding, but like all other operations it can only be well performed after some experience. It may be varied within certain limits, and there are in fact a few other modes, such as reversed budding and scallop-budding, which are occasionally prac tised (see Loudon's Encycl. of Horticulture, new edition, p. 656); but that here described is the most common and the best. Roses, plums, peaches, nectarines, cherries, and many other plants are chiefly propagated thus, and there is no theoretical reason why it should not be extended to all species. In practice however it is occasionally found impracticable, as in heaths, in vines, &c., owing to specific causes which vary in different instances.

Budding is usually performed in the months of July and August, because at that season the bark separates freely from the wood, and the young buds are fully formed; but whenever the two latter conditions can be satisfied, the operation may take place equally well.

It must however be observed, that the bud of one plant can only be made to grow upon the wood of another when both bud and stock are nearly related botanically.

Thus roses will bud upon roses, but not upon currants, as is vulgarly supposed; apples will bud upon pears or thorns; pears upon mediars or quinces, and apricots upon plums, because all these species are closely related: but an apple will not bud upon a plum or a peach, because, although they are allied to a certain degree, yet their consanguinity is not sufficiently strong. BUDE, GUILLAUME, or, as he is better known by the Latinized name, Budæus, was born in Paris in 1467, of an antient and honourable family. His early education appears to have been neglected, and when he went to Orleans to study the civil law he profited little, owing to his very imperfect knowledge of Latin. Indolence and a love of amusement consumed much of the remainder of his youth, till he was suddenly inspired with so ardent a love of letters-that he even regretted the hours necessarily given to repose and refreshment, and applied to learning with an assiduity which threatened injury to his health. Yet although, to use his own words, he was self-taught and late-taught, he attained an eminence in learning which placed him above most of his contemporaries.

He was well known by name both to Charles VIII. and to Louis XII.; yet notwithstanding he was twice employed by the latter king in Italian embassies, and even inscribed on his list of royal secretaries, he did not appear at court till the reign of Francis I, during the interview with Henry VIII. at Ardres. The king then appointed him his librarian and maître des requêtes, and the citizens of Paris named him provost of the merchants-offices, which he complained were great interruptions to his pursuit of letters. In 1540, while accompanying the court on a summer visit to the coast of Normandy, in order to avoid the excessive heat, he contracted a fever which rapidly carried him off. He left seven sous and four daughters, with injunctions that his interment should take place by night. This request, and an avowal of Protestantism made at Geneva by his widow and some part of his family, soon after his decease, have thrown doubt on his orthodoxy, and he has been abused by the Romanists accordingly. The rumour derives strength from his intimate correspondence with Erasmus, whom he rivalled in anti-Ciceronianism, and in his hatred of monks and illiterate ecclesiastics. In one of his letters he shows a supreme contempt for the Divines of the Sorbonne, and calls the members of it prating sophists, and with the deviation of a single letter (a license not to be denied to a pun), Divines of the Sorbonian (Serbonian) bog.'

His friendship with Erasmus however was not always uninterrupted, for Budæus was fond of disputing on trifles. One of his letters, while he was influenced by some pique, begins, Budæus, up to this moment a friend of Erasmus, sends him his last greeting; to which Erasmus replies with unbroken suavity, Erasmus, the perpetual friend of Budæus, whether he will or not, sends him not a last greeting, but one which shall flow freshly for ever."

One of his particularities was an unwillingness to sit for his portrait. He was less skilled in Latin than in Greek, and his epistolary style in the former language is tinged with harshness, and strongly contrasts with the pure and elegant tone of Erasmus. His works, of which an accurate list is given by Baillet in his Jugemens des Sçavans,' were collected at Basil in 1557, in four folio volumes. an edition which has become extremely scarce. All his writings abound in learning; but the tract best known to modern readers is entitled, De Asse et Partibus ejus,' in the preface to which he complains that on his wedding-day he was not allowed more than six hours for study. A second story, which has been attributed to other great scholars also, rests on not quite so good authority. An alarm of fire having been one day given while he was at work in his study, he asked the terrified servant with great calmness why she did not inform her mistress? "You know," he added, "I never concern myself about household matters." His Commentaries on the Greek Tongue are still deservedly held in high repute. They elucidate many terms employed by the orators, the explanation of which is not so easily attainable elsewhere. His Greek letters also are written with much elegance, and show a profound knowledge of the language. BUDGELL, EUSTACE, son of the Rev. Gilbert Budgell, was born about 1685, at St. Thomas's, near Exeter. Through his mother, Mary Gulston, daughter of a Bishop of Bristol, he was connected with Addison, who used to name him, that man who calls himself my cousin,' and who wrote an epilogue to Prior's Phædra, which was attributed to Budgell,

and acquired for him a reputation which he little merited. He was educated at Christchurch, Oxford, and afterwards entered at the Temple; where, devoting himself to literature, he wrote largely in the Spectator, to which he contributed all the papers marked X, and on the discontinuance of that work all those in the Guardian marked with an asterisk. Through Addison's influence he held many subordinate offices under government in Ireland; and in 1717, when his patron became secretary of state in England, he procured for Budgell the lucrative appointment of accountant and comptroller-general in Ireland. A misunderstanding with the lord-lieutenant, lord Bolton, and some lampoons which Budgell was indiscreet enough to write in consequence, occasioned his resignation.

From that time he appears to have trodden a downward course; he lost 20,000l. in the South Sea Bubble, and spent 50007. more in unsuccessful attempts to get into parliament. In order to save himself from ruin, he joined the knot of pamphleteers who scribbled against Sir Robert Walpole; and he was presented with 10007. by the Duchess of Marlborough. Much of the Craftsman' was written by him, and a weekly pamphlet called the Bee,' which commenced in 1733 and extended to 100 numbers. But his necessities reduced him to dishonest methods for procuring support, and he obtained a place in the Dunciad, not on account of want of wit but of want of principle, by appearing as a legatee in Tindal's will for 2000, to the exclusion of his next heir and nephew; a bequest which Budgell is thought to have obtained surreptitiously. In 1736, being utterly broken in character and reduced to poverty, he took a boat at Somerset Stairs, and ordering the waterman to row down the river, he threw himself into the stream as they shot London bridge. Having taken the precaution of filling his pockets with stones, he rose no more. On the morning before that on which he drowned himself, he had endeavoured to persuade a natural daughter, at that time not more than eleven years of age, to accompany him. She however refused; and afterwards entered as an actress at Drury Lane Theatre. Concerning her success or subsequent fortunes we possess no information. Budgell left in his secretary a slip of paper, on which was written a broken distich, intended perhaps as an apology for his actWhat Cato did, and Addison approved,

Cann it be wrong.'

BUDWEIS, the southernmost circle in Bohemia, bounded on the E. and S. by the archduchy of Austria, and at one point in the S. W. by Bavaria. It is the highest land in Bohemia, and extremely mountainous in the S. It occupies an area of about 1617 sq. m., is watered by the Moldau, and its tributaries the Malsch and Luschnitz, and contained, in 1817, 170.670 inh., but at present about 204,500. The forests are extensive, and produce much timber. Cattle, and especially sheep, are fed in great numbers; the soil is fertile, and much grain is raised; and the mountains yield iron, coals, and other minerals. The manufactures consist of glass, woollens, paper, iron ware, cottons, &c. Budweis enjoys the advantage of a canal, called the Schwartzenberg canal, which unites the Moldau with the Danube. It contains eight towns, among which are Budweis; Krumau, a mining and manufacturing town, with 4400 inh.; and Wittingau, 2800 inh.; 25 market vill., and 897 other vill. and hamlets.

BUDWEIS, the capital of the circle, is situated close to the confluence of the Moldau and Malsch, and bears, in Selavonian, the name of Cesky-Budgieowicze.' It is a well and regularly built town, includes three suburbs, is the seat of a bishopric instituted in 1783, and has a cathedral, seven churches, one monastery, a gymnasium, a philosophical academy, a diocesan and theological seminary, between 740 and 750 houses, and a pop. of about 7500 souls. The markets for horses and grain are important: the manufactures consist of woollens, saltpetre, &c.; and by means of the Moldau, which connects Budweis with Prague, it is a place of considerable transit for merchandise passing from the archduchy of Austria, Hungary, Styria, and Triest, to the N. of Rohen i and Germany, 48 59′ N. lat., 14° 58′E, long,

BUENOS AYRES. [LA PLATA.]

BUENOS AYRES, the capital of the republic La Plata (Provincias Unidas del Rio de la Plata), in South America, is in 34° 36′ 29′′ S. lat., 58° 10' 11" W. long, on the S. bank of the upper part of the wide æstuary of the La Plata river, about 150 m. from the place where it enters the sea. The estuary at Buenos Ayres is about 36 m. wide, so that Colonia, a small place on the opposite bank, is only visible from the more elevated places in the town, and then only in very clear weather. Though the æstuary has a considerable depth in the middle, it grows so shallow towards its S. bank that large vessels are obliged to remain in the outer roads from 7 to 9 m. from the shore; small vessels enter the inner roads, called belizas, where they are still 2 m. from the town. The beach itself is extremely shallow; even boats cannot approach nearer than 50 yards or a quarter of a mile, according to the state of the tide, and persons as well as goods are landed in rudely constructed carts drawn by oxen. When it blows fresh the surf on the beach is very heavy, and often causes loss of life. A pier which was constructed in the time of the Spanish government is nearly useless, except at very high tides. The city stands on a high bank for about 2 m. along the river. Between the city and the water's edge is a space of considerable width, rarely covered by the tides, on which some trees are planted. To the E. of the pier, at a distance of a few hundred yards, stands the fort or castle, the walls of which extend to the water's edge, and are mounted with cannon. It is of little importance in a military point of view; at present it has no garrison, and the buildings are appropriated to public offices, and the residence of the president of the republic.

About a mile lower down the high bank suddenly turns inland, leaving a vast level plain along the shore, traversed by a little stream, which makes a good harbour for small craft, its mouth forming a kind of circular basin.

Behind the castle is the piazza or great square, which occupies a considerable space: it is divided into two parts by a long and low edifice, which serves as a kind of bazaar, and has a corridor along the whole length of each side, which is used as a shelter for the market people. The space between this bazaar and the fort is appropriated to the market, where all kinds of provisions, especially excellent fruits, are sold; but there are no stalls, and the goods are spread on the ground. The opposite side, which is much larger, is a kind of place d'armes, and contains a very fine edifice, called the cabildo or town-house, in which the courts of justice hold their sessions, and the city council or cabildo meets. Near the centre of the square is a neat pyramid erected in commemoration of the Revolution, by which the country was freed from the dominion of Spain. It has an emblematic figure at each corner, representing Justice, Science, Liberty, and America: the whole is inclosed with a railing.

The streets are at regular intervals, and are open at right angles to the river, with a rather steep ascent from the shore. They are straight and regular; a few of them near the piazza are paved, but the greater part are unpaved. In the rainy season they are a slough of mud, and in the dry season the dust in them is still more insupportable. Most of them have footpaths, but they are narrow and inconvenient.

In the neighbourhood of the piazza there are many houses of two stories, but towards the outskirts the houses have only one story. They are built of brick, have flat roofs, and are white-washed. Towards the street they have commonly two windows, which have seldom glass sashes, and are generally protected by a reja or iron railing, which gives the houses the appearance of a prison. In the middle of this outer wall is a gateway, the rooms on each side of which are generally occupied as places of business, or as merchants' counting-rooms. By the gateway the patio or courtyard is entered, which is surrounded on three sides by buildings, the wall of the adjoining house making up the fourth. The building at the back of the court is usually the dining-room; that on the left or the right is the sittingroom or parlour. The patio is usually paved with brick, and sometimes with black and white marble, tessclated. In

the better sort of houses a canvass awning is spread from the flat roof over the patio, and serves as a protection against the excessive heat of the sun. Grape vines are planted round the walls. The houses have as little wood as pos sible about them, both the first and second floors having brick pavements. There are no chimneys except in the kitchens, as the climate is not severe enough to render fire-places necessary in the rooms.

There are fifteen churches, of which the principal are the cathedral, which of itself covers almost a whole square, San Domingo, San Merced, San Francisco, and the Recoleta; they are all large and handsome buildings, but of a somewhat gloomy aspect. In the time of the Spaniards these churches were ornamented with a profusion of gold and silver, but the revolutionary wars have drained them of their wealth.

The majority of the inhabitants are the descendants of Spaniards, who have settled in that country during the last three centuries. The number of free negroes or slaves is small; that of native Indians is much greater: they compose the greater part of the lower classes, and speak only Spanish, having entirely forgotten the language of their ancestors. The whole pop. of the town is estimated by some at only 40,000, but by others at 60,000 and upwards. No other town of South America has so many institutions for the promotion of science. The university, which has lately been modelled on more comprehensive principles, possesses a library of about 20,000 volumes. There is also a collection of objects of natural history, an observatory, a separate school of mathematics, a public school, and a school for painting and drawing. Since the Revolution there have also been established a literary society for the promotion of natural philosophy and the mathematics, an academy of medicine, and another of jurisprudence, a normal school for mutual instruction, a patriotic union for the promotion of agriculture, besides some charitable societies. A considerable number of newspapers is pub. lished in the town. [For the commerce of Buenos Ayres see LA PLATA }

The town was founded by the Spaniards in 1535, but in 1539 being obliged by the neighbouring Indians to abandon it, they retired to Assumption, on the Paraguay. When the Spaniards were firmly settled in the country they rebuilt the town in 1580, and since that time it always has been increasing, though slowly. The climate is healthy, as its name Buenos Ayres (good air) implies, an appellation which was bestowed on it by its founder Mendoza.

(The Travels of Brackenbridge, Miers, and Haigh; and the Historical, Political, and Statistical Account of the United Provinces of La Plata.)

BUFFALO. [Ox.]

BUFFALO, the chief town of Erie county, State of New York, situated near the right bank of the Niagara river, by which the waters of Erie are discharged into Ontario: in 42° 54′ N. lat. and 78° 55′ W. long., and 296 m. W. of Albany.

Buffalo stands on ground somewhat elevated, and is sur rounded on three sides by a fine alluvial plain. Its growth has been very rapid. The pop., in 1810, was only 1508; it had increased, in 1820, to 2095; in 1825 it contained 5140, and in 1830, the latest enumeration, 8653 inh. This increase may be attributed to the circumstance of the canal from Albany, on the Hudson riv., to Lake Erie, having its termination at this spot. This canal, which was commenced in 1817, and finished in 1825, is 363 m. long, with a surface width of 40 ft it has 84 locks. The cost of its construction was 9,027,456 dollars, and its utility may be estimated from the fact, that, in 1831, the amount of tolls collected exceeded a million of dollars.

The number of travellers passing through Buffalo is at all times very great; it forms the port whence persons going to the northern part of the western states first embark upon the lakes. Buffalo was attacked by the British in 1813, and so entirely destroyed by fire, that only one house escaped. The town was soon restored, and building of all kinds is now (1836) rapidly increasing. Provisions are so cheap that the charge made to boarders, at the first hotel in the place, is only 24 dollars per week.