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BOLETO BIUS (Entomology), a genus of coleopterous insects of the section Brachelytra (Macleay), and family Tachyporidae, Staphylinus of older authors. Generic characters: head long, and pointed anteriorly; antenna with the basal joint rather long and slender; the three next joints slender, and nearly of equal length, the remaining joints gradually increasing in width to the last, inclusive; palpi rather long and slender; thorax narrower before than behind, the hinder angles rounded; elytra smooth, or indistinctly striated; body long, widest at the base, and tapering to a point at the apex; legs moderate, tibiæ spinose, the four posterior with long spines at their apices.

The species of this genus reside in boleti and fungi: in the latter they occur in the greatest abundance, particularly when in a state of decay. They are all exceedingly active, and their smooth slender bodies and pointed heads render it an easy task for them to thread their way with rapidity through the putrescent fungi.

B. lunatus (Linnaeus) is one of the most beautiful and largest species of the genus, and is not uncommon; it is about a quarter of an inch long. The head is black; the antennæ have the three basal joints yellow, the remaining black, with the exception of the terminal joint, which is yellow; the thorax and legs are yellow; the wing-cases are of a blue-black colour, with an oblique yellow spot on the shoulders; the body is yellow, with the apex black.

About eighteen species of this genus have been found in this country, almost all of which are varied with yellow and black. Many have the wing-cases yellow, with two black spots, one on each side at the apex; some have also the region of the scutellum black. (Stephens's Illustrations of British Entomology.)

BOLETUS, an extensive genus of fungi, consisting, according to the old botanists, of leathery masses, which are sometimes of considerable thickness, and having the spores lodged in tubes which occupy the same situation as the plates in the gills (or hymenium) of the common mushroom. Fries, the great modern describer of fungi, defines the genus thus: hymenium formed of a peculiar substance, altogether distinct from the cap, entirely composed of tubes united into a porous layer; these tubes are undivided, separable from each other, long, cylindrical, or angular, open from end to end, and bear asci (spore-cases) on their inside; asci cylindrical, with small roundish spores; the stalk is central, and often netted; the cap is fleshy, soft, spread out into a hemispherical form; veil present in many of them. He includes within his definition but a small number of the old Boleti, referring the principal part to Polyporus, which is especially characterized by having the tubes of its bymenium inseparable from the cap, which is more leathery, and usually without a stalk.

The true Boleti are generally found growing on the ground in woods and meadows, especially in pine woods; the Polypori are commonly met with on trees, especially pollards. Of the former several species are eatable, as B. edulis, subtomentosus, and granulatus; others are acrid and dangerous. Of the Polypori, subsquamasus, ovinus, and several others are eatable, especially an Italian sort called tuberaster, which has a great reputation at Naples. B. officinalis, supposed to have been the agarikon of Dioscorides, is an old-fashioned medicine remarkable for the extreme acridity of its powder; it acts as a powerful purgative, but is never employed at the present day. B. igniarius when dried and sliced furnishes the German tinder, or amadou, a leathery substance sold in the tobacconists' shops. B. destructor is one of the many species of fungi the ravages of which are too well known under the name of dry rot; their destructive qualities are not however caused by the fructification, or the part which we commonly consider the fungus itself, but by the ramifications, through the substance of the wood, of what botanists call the thallus and gardeners the spawn of such plants, which is in effect their stem and root in a mixed state. The most dangerous of the dry rots is MERULIUS LACHRYMANS.

BOLE'TUS, MEDICAL USES OF. Several different species, all confounded under the name B. igniarius, fur nished the means of stanching the flow of blood from wounds. They were supposed to do this by an astringent property, and, being erroneously referred to the genus Agaricus, were termed agaric, which word is often used as synonymous with styptic. Boletus possesses however no peculiar power of arresting the flow of blood, but acts mechanically like a sponge, and favours the formation of a clot. It is now almost entirely disused by British surgeons, but in some cases it merits a preference over other means of closing a bleeding vessel. When it is to be used, it must be rubbed firmly between the hands, doubled, and applied over the orifice whence the blood proceeds, and bound down by a compress. It should not be removed till after twenty-four hours, and the clot should be softened with cold, not warm water. Though the German tinder seems to offer a convenient substitute for the prepared agaric in case of an emergency, it would be very improper to employ it, as the nitrate of potass or saltpetre in which it is steeped would irritate and influence the edges of the wound. [AMADOU,. vol. i. p. 410.) The German tinder however forms a very excellent moxa. The different kinds of boleti used as styptics were formerly designated Agaricus chirurgorum.

It is less on account of their uses than of their peculiar habitudes that the boleti merit our notice. In chemical composition, odour, and habitudes, they resemble animals more than vegetables. When cut into, some of them exhibit almost a muscular structure (B. hepaticus, or Fistulina hepatica), hence called by the French langue de bouf. The boletus igniarius, when divided, has been stated by Professor Eaton to heal like a flesh-wound by the first intention, or complete re-union of its divided edges, scarcely exhibiting a cicatrix or trace of the injury. (Silliman's Journal, vol. vi. p. 177.) Nitrogen enters into their composition; and in regard to their relations with the atmosphere, they inhale oxygen, and exhale carbonic acid gas. The boletus luridus has been ascertained to abstract twelve per cent. of oxygen from the atmosphere in twelve hours. (Inquiry into the Changes which the Atmosphere undergoes when in Contact with certain Vegetables which are destitute of Green Leaves, by M. F. Marcet; Jameson's Edin. New Phil. Journal, October, 1835, p. 232.)

Boleti consist largely of fungin, with some boletic acid. Unlike most fungi, which grow rapidly and perish quickly, most of the boleti grow very slowly, acquire a firm texture, and last perhaps 100 years if not exposed to much moisture. According to Sir William Jones, the B. igniarius is found in India, and used in nearly the same manner as in Europe. Ainslie's Materia Medica Indica, vol. i. p. 6.)

BOLEYN, ANNE, or, more properly, BULLEN, or BULLEYNE, was the daughter of Sir Thomas Bullen, afterwards created Viscount Rochford and Earl of Wiltshire. He was the representative of an antient line in Norfolk, which had in three descents been allied to the noblest families in England; and he had himself filled important offices in the state. Anne's mother was Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of the Duke of Norfolk.

Anne Boleyn was born in the year 1507, and in her childhood accompanied Mary, the sister of Henry VIII., to

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France, where she remained in the court of that queen and of her successor, the wife of Francis I., for many years. She was afterwards attached to the household of the Duchess of Alençon. The time of her return from France is doubtful, but Burnet places it in 1527, when her father was sent in an embassy to France. At that time she became a maid of honour to Queen Katharine, the wife of Henry VIII., and was receiving the addresses of Lord Percy, the eldest son of the Duke of Northumberland.

If the assertion of Henry VIII. is to be credited, he had long entertained scruples concerning the lawfulness of his marriage with his brother's widow; and had attri buted to this violation of God's law the premature death of all his children by Katharine, excepting the Princess Mary. The most charitable and credulous however cannot abstain from remarking that the moment of his proceeding openly to annul the marriage was identical with the commencement of his addresses to Anne Boleyn, and that a similar coincidence marks the catastrophe of this unhappy woman. A letter from the king to her in 1528 alludes to his having been one whole year struck with the dart of love; and her engagement with Lord Percy was at this time broken off by the intervention of Wolsey, in whose household that nobleman was brought up. Anne retired into the country during the early part of Henry's process for the divorce, but she kept up a correspondence by letters with him. Some of the king's letters to her are still extant in the Library of the Vatican; they are in bad French, and were copied by direction of Bishop Burnet, and afterwards printed by his order. Burnet says that although not consistent with the delicacy of expression usual in these days, they show unquestionably that Anne Boleyn was the lover not the mistress of the king. In 1529 she returned to court, and was known to be intended by Henry for his future queen,

In the meantime the king's divorce from Katharine was retarded by various delays; and at the beginning of the year 1533 Henry married Anne Boleyn secretly, in the presence of her uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, and of her father and mother. Dr. Rowland Lee, afterwards bishop of Litchfield, performed the ceremony much about St. Paul's day, which is probably the 25th of January, the feast of the conversion of St. Paul, or perhaps the 4th of January, another St. Paul's day. This date is established by a letter from Cranmer in the British Museum, quoted by Burnet, and printed in Ellis's Letters, first series, p. 34, and Cranmer's assertion is corroborated by that of Stow; although Hall, and after him Holinshed and Speed, mention St. Erkenwald's day, the preceding 14th of November. It was not until the 23rd of May following that the nullity of the king's previous marriage was declared by Cranmer, who five days afterwards confirmed that of Anne Boleyn; and on the 1st of June Queen Anne was crowned with great pomp. On the 13th of the following September the Princess Elizabeth was born.

Of the events of the queen's life during the two subsequent years little is known, except that she favoured the Reformation, and promoted the translation of the Bible. In January, 1536, she brought forth a dead child, and it was at that time and during her previous pregnancy that the affections of her husband were alienated from her, and fixed upon Jane Seymour, daughter of Sir John Seymour, and one of the maids of honour to the queen. Whether Henry believed the reports which Lady Rochford, her sisterin-law, spread concerning Anne it is needless to inquire; nor is it very important to know by what device a despotic monarch, who could count upon corrupt judges and a parliament of incredible servility, clothed with the forms of law the destruction of his victim. Queen Anne was accused of criminal intercourse with her brother, Viscount Rochford; the evidence to support the charge proved that he had leant on her bed. She was accused also of grossly criminal intercourse with Henry Norris, groom of the stole; Sir Francis Weston and William Brereton, gentlemen of the chamber; and Mark Smeton, a groom of the chamber. To support these charges something said by Lady Wingfield before her death was adduced, which amounted only to this, that the queen had told each of these persons that she loved him better than any person whatever. This was stretched into high treason, under the act of the 26th of Henry VIII., which made those who slandered the issue begotten between the king and Queen Anne guilty of that crime. The other evidence against her was Mark Smeton, who was never

confronted with her, but who was said to have confessed that he had three times known the queen. Two days after she was condemned to death Cranmer pronounced the nullity of her marriage, in consequence of certain lawful impediments confessed by her.

Of her conduct in the Tower an exact account may be derived from the letters of Sir William Kingston, the lieutenant, of which five, together with one from Edward Baynton, have been printed by Sir H. Ellis from the originals in the British Museum. From the day of her com mittal she seems to have been certain of her fate; and she displayed by fits the anguish of despair and the levity which often accompanies it. For won owre,' says Kingston in a letter to Secretary Cromwell, she ys determined to dy, and the next owre much contrary to that. To her aunt, the Lady Boleyn, she confessed that she had allowed somewhat too familiar approaches by her courtiers, but she never varied in her denial of any criminal act. On the 15th of May she was arraigned, together with her brother, before a special commission, of which her uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, was president. The sitting of this commission was secret, and the record of its proceedings must have been immediately destroyed; it is certain however that none of the ladies of her household were examined. The tradition of all contemporary writers agrees that the queen, unassisted by legal advisers, defended herself firmly and skilfully, notwithstanding the indecent impatience of the president; but, according to the practice of that and the three subsequent reigns, she was of course convicted. After her conviction her feelings seem to have been absorbed in indignation at the baseness of her persecutors, and anxiety for her own posthumous fame. There is in the British Museum the copy of a letter, unquestionably authentic, addressed by her to the king, which is written in such a strain of conscious innocence and of unbending and indignant reproof, that it sets her immeasurably above her oppressor. She tells him, Neither did I at any time so forget myself in my exaltation, or received queenship, but that I always looked for such an alteration as I now find; for the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation than your Grace's fancy, the least alteration was fit and sufficient I know to draw that fancy to some other subject. Try me, good king, but let me have a lawful trial; and let not my sworn enemies sit as my accusers and judges; yea let me receive an open trial, for my truth shall fear no open shames.'

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Sir William Kingston, with the aid of his wife, and of
the Lady Boleyn (the queen's aunt and known enemy),
acted as a constant spy on her; reporting to Secretary
Cromwell, for the king's information, all that escaped the
prisoner's lips. On the 16th of May, Kingston writes im-
patiently to know the king's pleasure as shortly as may be,
that we here may prepare for the same which is necessary
for to do execution. On the 18th he writes: and in the
writing of this she sent for me, and at my coming she said,
"Mr. Kingston, I hear say I shall not die afore noon, and I
am very sorry therefore, for I thought to be dead by this
time and past my pain." I told her it should be no pain, it
was so subtle. And then she said, "I heard say the execu
tioner was very good, and I have a little neck;" and put her
hands about it, laughing heartily.' On the 19th of May
she was executed on the green before the Tower, denying
her guilt, but speaking charitably of the king, no doubt
with a view to protect her daughter from his vengeance.

Her body was thrown into a common chest of elm tree,
used to put arrows in.' Lord Rochford, Norris, Weston,
Brereton, and Smeton were also put to death.

A living historian sees something mysterious in the hatred exhibited by Henry to his queen. The mystery is sufficiently solved when we learn that the day after the queen's execution Henry married Jane Seymour; and he afterwards procured an act of parliament (28 Hen. VIII., c. 7) declaring his marriage with Anne void, and the issue of it and of his former marriage illegitimate.

If Anne Boleyn were only remarkable as the victim of the lusts, the caprice, and the heartless selfishness of Henry VIII. her history would be interesting, as an illustration of the state of our jurisprudence in her time, and of the temper of a king whose personal character exercised more influence over the affairs of England than that of any of our kings since the Conqueror. But the name of Anne Boleyn is still more remarkable by her connexion with the Reformation in England, of which she was the prime cause. Henry

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VIII. could only obtain her hand by annulling his previous | cipal object of his zealous exertions. There is indeed strong
marriage; and the refusal of the pope to do this led to the ground for believing not only that both he and Harley, al-
severance of England from the Romish communion. Thus most from their first entrance upon office, contemplated the
it is that the character of Anne Boleyn (a matter utterly restoration of the Stuart family to the throne, if circum-
beside the questions agitated between the Catholic and Pro- stances should prove favourable for such an attempt, or if
testant churches) has become a subject of fierce controversy their own interests should appear to demand the measure, but
which three centuries have not extinguished. Catholic that eventually St. John had actually committed himself to
writers strive elaborately to prove that, after a courtship the cause of the Pretender. He had been called to the House
of more than five years, her chastity did not repel the of Lords by the title of Viscount Bolingbroke in July, 1712;
advances of Henry up to the very day of her marriage; and soon after this, from various causes, an estrangement
while Protestants indignantly deny the charge, and appeal and rivalry arose between him and his old friend Harley
in her vindication to the dates of the principal events of her (now Earl of Oxford and lord treasurer), which broke out
life.
at last in an open contest for ascendency. Principally,
Burnet, who has taken great pains with the subject, is as it is understood, through the aid of Lady Masham, by
the writer on whom we have principally relied. Stow. Hall, whose influence with her royal mistress Harley had been
and the other historians who wrote in the time of Henry placed in his present situation, but who in the end de-
VIII. and of Queen Elizabeth, are cautiously meagre in clared herself for Bolingbroke, the latter was enabled to
their details.
effect the removal of his competitor on the 27th of July,
1714.

BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST. JOHN, VISCOUNT, was the son of Sir Henry St. John, Bart., afterwards Viscount St. John, of Battersea, where he was born October 1st, 1678. His mother was Mary, daughter of Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick. He was sent to school at Eton, from which he proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford; and on leaving the university he appears to have gone to travel on the Continent. He is supposed to have been abroad during the years 1698 and 1699, but all that is known of his travels is that he visited Milan. In 1700, soon after his return, he married Frances, daughter and one of the co-heiresses of Sir Henry Winchcomb, by which alliance he came into the possession of considerable property. His wife and he however could not agree, and they soon parted.

He had before this produced a few short poetical pieces of little merit; but he was chiefly known as one of the most dissipated among the young men of fashion of the day. He now however entered upon a new scene. He was returned to the parliament which met in February, 1701, for Wotton Basset, a family borough, from which his father retired to make room for him. At this time the Tories, with Rochester and Godolphin at their head, were in power; and to this party, which was also dominant in the new House of Commons, St John from the first attached himself. He appears indeed, even in this his first session, to have distinguished himself on various occasions as one of the most active and efficient members of their body. Their leader Harley, whom they had placed in the chair, and St. John were already intimate friends.

He sat also both in the next parliament, which met in December of the same year, the last called by King William, and in the first held by Queen Anne, which assembled in October, 1702. On Harley being made secretary of state in 1704, his friend St. John was brought into the ministry as secretary at war. This office he continued to hold for nearly four years, till February, 1708, when, upon the formation of a Whig administration under Marlborough and Godolphin (who had by this time changed their politics) he and Harley went out together.

He did not seek a place in the next parliament, which met in November, 1708; but, retiring to the country, withdrew altogether from politics, and gave himself up for two years to study. By the end of this period another complete revolution in the cabinet had taken place; and the dismissal of Godolphin in the beginning of August, 1710, had again elevated the Tories to power, with Harley at their head. In this new arrangement St. John was made one of the secretaries of state; and, a new parliament having been called, he was returned both for his old borough of Wotton Basset and for the county of Berks, for which latter he elected

to sit.

The biography of St. John for the next four years forms a principal part of the history of the memorable administration of which he was one of the leading members. That administration remained at the head of affairs till it was suddenly upset by the death of the queen in the beginning of August, 1714. During its tenure of power it had terminated by the peace of Utrecht (signed 11th April, 1713) the war with France, which had lasted since 1702; and this forms the great public act by which it has left the mark of its existence behind it upon the history both of these kingdoms and of Europe. In the negociations by which this event was brought about St. John bore not only an eminent but the chief part. There is much reason for doubting however if the restoration of peace was the ultimate or prin

The death of the queen, however, which followed within a week, and the prompt and decisive measures taken at the instant by the friends of the House of Hanover, made Bolingbroke's triumph only that of a moment. After having been treated by the Lords Justices in a manner which sufficiently showed what he had to expect, he was on the 28th of August by the king's order dismissed from his post. He remained in the country for some time after this, and even appeared in parliament, and took an active part in debate, as if he had nothing to fear; but alarmed at length by the temper shown by the new House of Commons, which had commenced its sittings on the 17th of March, 1715, on the 25th of the same month he suddenly left London in disguise, and succeeded in making his escape to France. On the 9th of August following, by order of the Commons, he was impeached by Walpole at the bar of the House of Lords of high treason and other high crimes and misdemeanours, and having failed to surrender himself to take his trial, he was attainted by act of parliament on the 10th of September. In the meantime he had entered into the service of the Pretender, who appointed him his secretary of state, or prime minister, and by whom he was employed in the first instance to solicit the aid of the French government to the expedition then in preparation with the object of effecting a rising in favour of the exiled family in Great Britain. When the prince set out in person for Scotland at the end of the year, Bolingbroke was left in charge of his affairs in France. On his return, however, after an absence of about six weeks, the prince suddenly dismissed him from his employment, and soon after had him formally impeached before what he called his parliament for neglect of the duties of his office. Bolingbroke now endeavoured to make his peace with the court of St. James's, and a negociation was opened with him by Lord Stair, the English ambassador in Paris, with the view of making arrangements for his pardon and restoration to his country, in consideration of the services he might now be able to render against the party and the cause by which he had just been flung off. It is probable however that more was expected of him in this way than he was disposed to engage for; at any rate the ministry eventually declined granting the pardon for the present.

He remained in exile for the next seven years, during which he kept up a correspondence with Swift, Pope, and other literary friends in England, and also drew around him a circle of new acquaintances comprising some of the most eminent men of the continent. He resided principally on a small property called La Source, near Orleans, which he had purchased in 1719, and which he had taken great delight in laying out and decorating. His wife having died in November, 1718, in May, 1720, he privately married the widow of the Marquis de Villette, a lady with whom he had lived for some time previously. She was a niece of Madame de Maintenon, and brought him a considerable fortune. It was to this lady's exertions and management that he was eventually indebted for liberty to return to his own country, which he obtained in May, 1723, principally it is understood through the intervention of the king's mistress, the Duchess of Kendal, whom Lady Bolingbroke bribed with a sum of eleven thousand pounds. Bolingbroke however, although he came over for a short time in June of this year, did not take up his residence in England till September, 1724. He now petitioned for the restoration of his property, and that also was granted to

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him by an act of parliament, which received the royal assent on the 31st of May, 1725. The complete reversal of his attainder however, the operation of which still excluded him from the House of Lords, was steadily refused to all his solicitations. Upon finding the doors of parliament thus shut against him, he engaged in a course of active opposition to the ministry through the medium of the press; and his political papers, published first under the title of the Occa-Letter to Lord Bathurst on the Use of Retirement and sional Writer,' and afterwards continued in the 'Craftsman,' excited for some years much attention. It was in the 'Craftsman' that the series of papers from his pen originally appeared which were afterwards collected and published separately under the title of Letters upon the History of England, by Humphrey Oldcastle,' and also the subsequent series of letters forming his Dissertation upon Parties.'

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While thus employed he resided at the villa of Dawley, near Uxbridge, which he had purchased on his return. Here he occupied himself not only in carrying on this political war, but also, as it afterwards appeared, in writing various treatises upon moral and metaphysical subjects which he did not send to the press. In January, 1735, however, he suddenly left England, and returned to France, with the resolution of spending the remainder of his life in that country. This step is supposed to have been connected with some political reasons, but what they were has never been satisfactorily explained. In this year, as appears from a note in Tindal's History of England,' there was published in London an octavo pamphlet containing a correspondence of some length which had taken place between Bolingbroke and the secretary of the Pretender immediately after his dismissal from the Pretender's service in 1716. The pamphlet was immediately suppressed, but Tindal has printed the letters at large; and their contents are such as it certainly could not have been agreeable to Bolingbroke to see laid before the public.

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He remained in France, residing at a seat called Chantelou, in Touraine with the exception of a short visit which he paid to England to dispose of Dawley, till the death of his father in 1742. He now returned to take possession of the family estate at Battersea; where he resided for the most part till his death on the 15th of December, 1751. The year before, the death of his wife, by whom he had no family, had terminated a union which seems to the last to have been one of great happiness and strong affection on both sides. Most of his old friends also, both literary and political, among the number Pope, Swift, Gay, 'and Atterbury, were now gone. In politics he had almost ceased to take any active part for some years before his death; the fall of Walpole, in 1742, the event to which he had looked for so many years for his full restoration to the rights of citizenship, and probably his readmission to political power, having, when it came, brought no advantage either to himself or his party.

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tents of the second volume are A Dissertation upon Parties' (in nineteen letters, originally published in the Craftsman,' and also afterwards printed separately); Eight Letters on the Study and Use of History' (dated 1735, and first published in 1752, in 2 vols. 8vo., although a portion of the work had been privately printed in the lifetime of the author); a Plan for a General History of Europe, and a Study.' Volume third consists of 'A Letter on the Spirit of Patriotism' (dated 1736); The Idea of a Patriot King' (dated 1738); A Letter on the State of Parties at the Aecession of George L.;' 'Some Reflections on the Present State of the Nation' (unfinished, dated 1749, and first published in 1752 along with the Letter to Windham); the Substance of some Letters (on moral and metaphysical subjects) written originally in French, about 1720, to M. de Pouilly; and A Letter concerning the Nature, Extent, and Reality of Human Knowledge' (first published in 1752 along with the Letter to Windham), being the introduction to the series of letters or essays addressed to Alexander Pope, Esq. The fourth volume contains the second of these essays, entitled 'On the Folly and Presumption of Philosophers; the third, 'On the Rise and Progress of Monotheism; and the fourth, Concerning Authority in Matters of Religion.' The fifth volume is made up of fragments and minutes of essays, in continuation of the above. In 1798 there appeared in 2 vols. 4to. (sometimes designated the 6th and 7th volumes of Bolingbroke's works) and also in 4 vols. 8vo., A Collection of the Letters and Correspondence of Bolingbroke, Public and Private, during the time he was Secretary of State to Queen Anne, with Explanatory Notes, &c., by Gilbert Parke, of Wadham College, Oxford.' These letters and other papers had been secured when Bolingbroke took flight for France, by his undersecretary, Thomas Hare, Esq. afterwards Sir Thomas Hare, Bart., of Stow Hall, in Norfolk, where they had ever since been preserved, their existence having been little noticed or known. There also appeared at Paris in 1808, in 3 vols. 8vo., a collection of letters by Bolingbroke, in French, edited by General Grimoard, who has prefixed an historical essay on the life of the writer. This collection consists for the most part of letters written in French by Bolingbroke to Madame de Ferriol, between 1712 and 1736, and to the Abbé Alari, between 1718 and 1726. An octavo volume of letters, addressed by Bolingbroke to the Right Hon. William Pitt (the first Lord Chatham), is said to have been printed at Dublin in 1796, but we have not seen it.

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Lord Bolingbroke's writings are now little read, and indeed, in matter at least, they contain very little for which they are worth reading. He had no accurate or profound knowledge of any kind, and his reasonings and reflections, though they have often a certain speciousness, have rarely much solidity, A violent partizan, and, we believe, a thoroughly unprincipled one, he has even in what he has written on the transactions Bolingbroke bequeathed all his manuscripts, with liberty of his own time, and on those in which he was himself conto print them, to David Mallet, the poet and Scotchman, cerned, only perplexed and obscured history; and this seems who had gained his favour by consenting some years before to have been his object. His most important performances to appear as the editor of his work, entitled 'The Idea of a of this kind, though they sometimes profess to have been prePatriot King, and to put his name to an advertisement pre-pared immediately after the events to which they relate, and fixed to it, in which some very injurious and, in the circum- although in one or two instances a very few copies of them stances, unbecoming reflections were made upon the conduct may have been privately printed and confided to certain of his recently deceased friend Pope, who, shortly before intimate friends, appear to have been carefully concealed by his death, had, without the knowledge of the author, got an their author from the public so long as he himself lived to impression of the work thrown off from the manuscript which be called to account for what they contained, or any of the had been lent to him. Mallet published the several treatises persons who could best have either refuted or confirmed which had thus been left to him, along with all Boling-them. As a mere rhetorician, however, Lord Bolingbroke broke's writings which had previously appeared, in 5 vols. has very considerable merit, and in this capacity he may 4to. in 1754. The first volume of this collection contains even be allowed, though he added little if anything of much the 'Letter to Sir William Windham' (which had been first value to the general intelligence from his own stores, to published in 1752 along with some other pieces); a short have for the first time familiarized some important truths to tract, entitled Reflections upon Exile' (dated 1716, and the public mind. His style was a happy medium between first published in English in 1752, at the end of the Letters that of the scholar and that of the man of society-or rather on the Study and Use of History, though part of it had, it was a happy combination of the best qualities of both, it is stated, been shortly before printed in French in a heightening the ease, freedom, fluency, and liveliness of Monthly Mercury'); several short political papers, some elegant conversation with many of the deeper and richer originally published under the title of the Occasional tones of the eloquence of formal orations and of books. The Writer, and others which had appeared in the 'Craftsman; example he thus set has probably produced a very considerand the Remarks on the History of England,' in twenty-able effect in moulding the style of popular writing since his four letters (originally published in the 'Craftsman,' and time. The opposition of Bolingbroke's philosophical senafterwards published separately under the name of Hum-timents, as disclosed in those writings which appeared phrey Oldcastle, with a dedication to Sir Robert Walpole, and a preface, which are here omitted, as having been written by another and a very inferior hand.) The con

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and pointed it against Christianity, he had not the courage | Italy, Switzerland, Germany, England, and France; and to discharge it himself, but left half-a-crown to a hungry after a long residence at Paris, devoting his time, as some Scotchman to pull the trigger after his death. It is now, assert, to the society of the learned, and a diligent attendwe believe, admitted on all hands that Christianity has not ance at all the scientific and literary lectures--according to found a very formidable opponent in Bolingbroke, and that others, revelling in all the licentiousness of the Palais his objections for the most part only betray his own half- Royal-he returned in 1802 to Madrid, and there married learning. His objections, and the system which he would the daughter of Don Toro, uncle of the Marquis Toro of substitute in place of religion, are principally detailed in Caracas, or, as others say, the daughter of the Marquis de the third of his Letters on the Study of History,' and in Ustoriz de Cro, his age being then only nineteen, and his Essays' addressed to Pope. sixteen that of his wife, who is described as being remarkBOLITO'PHAGUS, Fabricius (Entomology) Eledona ably beautiful and accomplished. In 1809 he returned to of Latreille, Leach, and Millard, and Opatrum of some his native country, where, in company with the new captainother authors: a genus of coleopterous insects of the sec-general of the colony, Don Emparan, he arrived March tion Heteromeia and family Tenebrionidae. The principal 24th at the port of La Guayra, and retired with his wife tó generic characters are as follows: head short, partially domestic seclusion on one of his large patrimonial estates hidden by the thorax, in the males sometimes armed with in the beautiful vale of Aragua near Caracas. The yellow a horn or tubercle; antennæ very short and thick, the fever, so prevalent in that climate, soon terminated his three or four apical joints much broader than the rest; domestic happiness; for his wife, shortly after her arrival, maxillary palpi rather large and distinct, the terminal joint fell ill and died. The natural intensity of his affections truncated, its length equalling that of the two preceding threw him into a state of frantic grief, which he sought to joints; labial palpi small; thorax coarsely punctured or alleviate by returning to Europe. From Europe he prorugose, the lateral margins more or less toothed; elytra ceeded to the United States, where he gathered some useful deeply striated; legs short and thick, the anterior tibia political knowledge, and about the beginning of 1810 again compressed. landed in Venezuela, in company with General Miranda, and retired to his estate of San Mateo.

There are about six species of this genus known: they live in boleti, and are of a small size, a short ovate form, and their prevailing colours are brown-black. In this country but one species has as yet been discovered, B. Agaricola or Agaricicola. It is of a brown colour, and about one-twelfth of an inch long. It is rather local, but where it does occur it is found in tolerable abundance.

It may be useful here to say a few words in explanation of the state of things immediately previous to the entrance of Bolivar upon his revolutionary carcer. The Spanish colonies of South America appear to have remained during a period of about 300 years in quiet submission to the arbitrary government of the mother country; that is, from BOLIVAR, SIMON. In giving a sketch of the life of the time of Columbus to the commencement of the prethis celebrated man, the difficulty of selecting facts that sent century, when the political principles developed first have most probability can be appreciated only by those who by the revolution of the Anglo-American colonies, and have examined and collated the conflicting accounts of afterwards by that of France, began to be earnestly disdifferent partisans, which exhibit, on the one hand, the cussed by the patriots of the southern continent, who, in extravagant praises of friends, and on the other, the violence aggravated circumstances of oppression, far exceeded the of personal and political enemies. The statements of the pre- point of suffering at which the North Americans had comsent article are derived from several works which, as they menced resistance. Never indeed were despotism, avarice, will occasionally be referred to, it will be convenient in the and slavish obsequiousness to power so disgustingly shown first place to name. The most important are, The Annual in any country as in Spanish America, under the governRegister; The American Annual Register; The Northment of the viceroys and captains-general, who, with all the American Review, especially vols. 19 and 21; Historia de la principal officers of the vice-royal court, and even the suborRevolucion de la Republica de Colombia, por Jose Manuel dinate official clerks, were sent from Madrid, and without Restrepo, Paris, 1827: this work is dedicated to Bolivar, being, in reality, under any responsibility, revelled in every as the intimate friend of the author, who was secretary kind of tyranny and venality. Justice was bought and of the Colombian republic. Outline of the Revolution in sold: the most important legal decisions were made in Spanish America, by a South American; Memoirs of Gene- favour of the highest bidder. The mercantile policy of the ral Miller, in the Service of the Republic of Peru, 2 vols., parent country was equally despotic and rapacious; to preLondon, 1828; Travels in Colombia, by Captain Cochrane, serve her monopoly of the wine trade, the culture of the 2 vols., London, 1828; A Memoir of Bolivar in El Mensa-vine in America, though very appropriate to the climate, gero, por el Rev. Jos. Blanco White, Londrés, 1823; Me- was strictly prohibited: the establishment of manufactures moirs of Bolivar, by General Ducoudray Holstein, 2 vols., was not permitted, while cargoes of commodities, the refuse London, 1830-a work in which the author's personal of Spanish city shops, were forced, in barter for bullion, rancour is displayed by his misrepresentations. A similar upon a half-civilized people who neither wanted nor could caution is requisite in referring to An Expedition to the possibly use them; foreign commerce was interdicted on Orinoco, by Colonel Hippesley, London, 1819; Mémoires pain of death; all social improvement was suppressed; and de Simon Bolivar were published in Paris in 2 vols., in to prevent them from knowing the greatness of their degra1829, a sight of which we have not been able to obtain. dation, all intercourse whatever was strictly forbidden with The discrepancy of the various accounts in these works is any country or people besides Spain and Spaniards, and occasionally very perplexing. Indeed Bolivar himself, as allowed even with them only under many restrictions. In General Miller asserts, declared in 1824 that all the nume- short every species of wrong appears to have been inflicted, rous accounts of him were very inaccurate. It is therefore and above all was the domination of the priesthood, whose necessary to premise, that, in some of the following parti- ranks were reinforced by recruits from the lowest and worst culars, especially the dates, it is not unlikely that inaccuracy description of monks in the monasteries of Spain. By them may be discovered by persons whose information has been superstition and ignorance were upheld as the surest support acquired on better authority than that of the inconsistent of the policy of the Spanish colonial system; so that before narratives hitherto published. It is much to be regretted 1810, throughout the whole continent between Lima and that no impartial history of the South American war of Monte Video, there was but one crazy old printing-press, independence has yet appeared. and that in the hands of the monks, who consigned to the dungeons of the Inquisition every possessor of a disallowed book. (Quarterly Review, vol. vii., and North American Review, vol. x.) It is stated that for some time previous to the first revolutionary movement in Venezuela a spirit of inquiry was aroused by a secret importation of the works of the French writers on religious toleration and democracy, the Rights of Man, and similar productions; and that the danger of possessing them, occasioned by the violent denunciations of the priesthood, so strongly stimulated the desire to read them, that many individuals retired to seclusion in the country for that purpose. However, before 1810, the disposition to shake off the tyranny of Spain had already become sufficiently strong to occasion several desperate

Simon Bolivar was born in the city of Caracas, on the 24th, or, according to General Miller, the 25th of July, 1783. His father was Don Juan Vicente Bolivar y Ponte, a colonel in the militia of the vale of Aragua, his mother Doña Maria Concepcion Palacios y Sojo; both of very opulent families in Venezuela, of the rank of nobility called Los Mantuanas. He was sent, when about fourteen, to Madrid, for the completion of his education. By some of his biographers it is said that in his voyage he visited Mexico and Havanna, places lying certainly somewhat out of the way of a ship's passage from Venezuela to Spain. After remaining several years in Madrid, and paying some attention to the study of jurisprudence, he made the tour of

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