100 can hardly as the histori en already show the Roman revolution w have been & rious and pre Symptom t About the year 1700 the greatest name was Carlo Cig- nature. authors speak of Bolor, it is evident that the name is not properly applied to this range, and it is uncertain whether it can be applied to any mountain-range at all. Marco Polo, after leaving Badakhshan, or Balascia, and traversing a country called Vocam, arrives at the highest mountains in the world, and having passed them, to the table-land of Pamer. Travelling from it in a north-eastern direction, for forty days, over a mountain-region of great extent and elevation, he adds that this country was called Belor. Afterwards he arrives at Khashghar. But Nasir Eddin evidently gives the name of Belur to a place which, according to his determination, lies 3° 36′ E., and 10'S. of the town of Badakhshan. Mr. Erskine, in his introduction to the history of the Emperor Baber (xxvii. note), was the first who observed that there was a variance between Marco Polo and Nasir Eddin, and a still greater between them and our maps. Julius Klaproth, at a later date, compared the passages of Marco Polo with the great Chinese map, and found the name of Bolor inserted on it not far south of the position which Nasir Eddin has assigned to Belur. To reconcile the passage of Marco Polo with the position of Nasir Eddin and the Chinese map, Klaproth reasonably supposed that the first part of Marco Polo's route had been towards the east, and that consequently Belor and Bolor mean the same place. The opinion of Klaproth has been adopted by Ritter, and the respective positions of the places have been inserted on Grimm's Atlas von Asien.' As we think that this determination is well founded, and that consequently the name of Bolor will disappear from the place which it now occupies in our maps, we do not describe that mountain-range which lies between 40° and 35° N. lat. on both sides of the meridian 72 E. of Greenwich under this name of Bolor, but under that of TARTASH TAGH, the name by which it is known among the natives. The Chinese map gives it the name of Tartash-i-ling. To recapitulate, the school of the Caracci has been often described as merely imitative, but perhaps this has arisen BOLSE'NA, a town in the papal state, in the province rather from the well-known and professed object of its insti- of Viterbo, situated on the slope of a hill near the northern tutors and followers than from a particular evidence of that bank of the lake of Bolsena. It is an old decayed-looking object in their productions. If a certain resemblance of town, rather unhealthy in summer, with about 1500 inhamanner, whatever it be derived from, characterise the mas- bitants. Bolsena is near the site of the antient Volsinii, ters, it may be admitted that no school presents so much one of the principal cities of the Etruscans, which sustained variety as is to be met with in the works of their disciples, several wars against Rome, and, owing to its strong position, This, it must be confessed, cannot be said of the followers maintained its independence after the rest of Etruria had of Michael Angelo and Raphael. The example of an eclec- been conquered. But the citizens of Volsinii in the pride tic style may thus lead to a more original style, whereas the of wealth and security, having become addicted to inexample of an original style, if it cannot be surpassed, candolence and pleasure, emancipated their slaves, and enonly end in a weaker copy. Yet assuming that the Caracci trusted them with arms for the defence of the town, and were as independent of the spirit of their age and as free to even admitted them into the senate. By degrees the liberti choose their path as their biographers would lead us to or freedmen, becoming possessed of all the power in the suppose, had they endeavoured to follow up the feeling of state, tyrannized over their former masters, held their Francia (not to return to Lippo Dalmasio or to Giotto), they persons and property at their mercy, and violated the might have succeeded in connecting the highest effort of honour of their wives and daughters. The citizens secretly the school with that earlier, national, or local style, which, sent deputies to Rome imploring assistance. A Roman as we have seen, was nipped in its growth before it was army, under the Consul Fabius Gurges, marched against fully developed, partly perhaps because Francia devoted Volsinii, and defeated the revolted liberti, but the consul himself so late in life to the art, and thus still adhered to was killed in the engagement. A new consul, M. Fulvius the incomplete and, as it were, preparatory mode of imita- Flaccus, was sent from Rome, who after a siege took Voltion when the perfect one had already been introduced. sinii, B.C. 266. Most of the revolted liberti were put to The merit of this painter, as one of the characteristic Italian death, but at the same time Fulvius Flaccus razed the masters, should not however be forgotten, and his style is city which had so long withstood the power of Rome. He not the less interesting from being connected with that carried away the spoils, among which it was said there original school of Umbria, distinct from the Florentine, were 2000 statues, a number evidently exaggerated. (See which was remarkable for purity of expression, and which Livy's narrative of this event, with Niebuhr's remarks had so much influence on the education and genius of upon it, Römische Geschichte, 3rd vol.) The inhabitants Raphael. built themselves a new town in the neighbourhood. This new Volsinii is little noticed in subsequent history. Sejanus, the favourite of Tiberius, was a native of it. The Via Cassia passed through Volsinii. Among the few remains of antiquity at or near Bolsena are some ruins of a temple, said to have been dedicated to the Etruscan goddess Nursia. Two antient urns are in the vestry of the church of Santa Cristina, and in the place before the church is another urn with curious basso rilievi, representing satyrs and bacchantes, and near it is likewise a large and elegant vase of oriental granite. It is in the church of Santa Cristina that the miracle of the bleeding host is reported in the old legends to have occurred, which furnished Raphael with the subject of one of his finest paintings in the Vatican. Bolsena is 56 miles N.N.W. of Rome, on the road to Florence. BOLOGNIAN PHOSPHORUS. [PHOSPHORUS.] BOLOGNIAN STONE, a variety of sulphate of ba rytes. [BARIUM] BOLOR, or BELUR TAGH, a name on all our maps, down to the latest, given to the extensive mountain-range which encloses the high table-land of eastern Asia on the west, and separates it from the deep depression which surrounds the sea of Aral on all sides and the Caspian on three. This name, we believe, is first found on some Russian maps made in the beginning of the last century, and afterwards adopted by D'Anville in his Atlas of the Chinese empire, since which time it has been continued. But as this name is not known in the countries contiguous to the range, at least not in those of which we have obtained any information, it may be asked whence is it derived. It is found to rest on the authority of Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller, and on that of the Arabian geographer Nasir Eddin. But on examining the passages in which these BOLSE'NA, THE LAKE OF, is in shape nearly oval, and covers about seventy square miles. It is almost wholly surrounded by hills, which are covered with trees, vines, and gardens. To the south-east the town of Monte- | tioned, and of which only the outside walls are now stand I fiascone rises on a conical hill a short distance from the ing. In front of this mansion there was a fine terrace, lake, and from the summit there is a splendid view of the from which a magnificent flight of steps led to the entrance. surrounding country. To the eastward, behind the town The gallery in this fine range of apartments was 200 feet in of Bolsena, is the calcareous ridge of Bagnorea and Orvieto, length by 22 in width; the dining-room 78 feet by 32; the which divides the basin of the lake from the valley of the two drawing-rooms are 39 feet, the other 36 feet by 33. Dr. Tiber. [BAGNOREA.] South-west of the lake, the country Pegge, Horace Walpole, and others, thought that these opens into the unwholesome plains which extend towards buildings were erected after the Restoration by William the sea. At this end, the river Marta (Lartes flumen) Cavendish Duke of Newcastle, son of the Sir Charles, who issues out of the lake, and after a course of about forty miles built what is called the castle. Diepenbeck's view of Bolenters the sea near Corneto. The lake is subject to over- sover (1652) however decides the point of their previous flowings; it is in many places shallow near its borders, existence, and that they were built before the civil wars is where it is covered with reeds and frequented by multitudes more than probable, as otherwise there would have been no of water-fowl. The air around the lake is unhealthy in room at Bolsover for the splendid entertainment which the summer, though not so deleterious as that of the plains Earl of Newcastle (such was then his rank) gave to King towards the sea. The lake of Bolsena abounds with fish and Charles, with the queen, the court, and all the gentry of large eels, which were celebrated in the time of Dante. the county. The earl had previously entertained the king (Purgatorio, xxiv. 22.) Two small islands rise out of the at Bolsover in 1633, when he went to Scotland to be lake, Isola Bisentina and Isola Martana. It was in one of crowned. The dinner on this occasion cost 40007.; and these islands, some say the Martana, and others the Bisen- Clarendon speaks of it as such an excess of feasting as tina, that Queen Amalasonta, daughter of Theodoric, the had scarce ever been known in England before. In the Gothic king of Italy, was confined, and died a violent death. early part of the civil war the castle was garrisoned for the After her father's death she became regent of the kingdom, king, but was taken in 1644 by Major General Crawford, during the minority of her son Athalaric, who dying pre- who is said to have found it well manned and fortified with maturely, Amalasonta took for her colleague in the cares great guns and strong works. During the sequestration of of the kingdom her cousin Theodatus, who soon after con- the Marquis of Newcastle's estates, Bolsover Castle suffered fined her in the island on the lake of Bolsena, where she much both in its buildings and furniture, and was to have was strangled in 535. Theodatus was himself shortly after been demolished for the sake of its materials, had it not been put to death by Vitiges. The hills that surround the lake purchased for the earl by his brother, Sir Charles Cavendish. of Bolsena are basaltic; but the rock in most places has a The noble owner repaired the buildings after the Restoration, covering of rich mould, though in others it is bare and and occasionally made the place his residence. It now beshows hexagonal prisms ranged in all lines of directions, longs to the Duke of Portland, whose family derived it in vertical, horizontal, and oblique. The country produces the female line from the Newcastle Cavendishes. Although very good wine, both red and white, especially of the muscat still inhabited, the mansion has long ceased to be even occakind. sionally occupied by its owners. crown. church, dedicated to St. Mary, is of a mixed architecture, having portions of the Norman style intermixed with late English architecture and with some modern additions. The living is a discharged vicarage in the diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, with the annual net income of 111. There is a small charity school, endowed with 67. per annum, said to have been given by the Countess of Oxford. the school-house was erected in 1756. The interest of nearly 30007., bank annuities, bequeathed by Mrs. Smithson in 1761, is applicable to the assistance of the poor at the discretion of the minister, churchwardens, and four trustees. (Pegge's Sketch of the History of Bolsover and Peak Castles; Bray's Tour into Derbyshire; Pilkington's Present State of Derbyshire; Lysons's Magna Britannia.) BOLSOVER, a parish and formerly a market-town in The small town or village of Bolsover is pleasantly situthe hundred of Scarsdale, county of Derby, 23 miles N.N.E. ated, together with the castle, upon a point projecting into from Derby and 130 miles N. by W. from London. At the a valley which surrounds it on every side except the northtime of the Domesday Survey the manor of Bolsover (Bele-east, where the separation has been made by a deep cut. sovre) belonged to William Peveril, who is supposed to have The number of houses in the parish, which includes part of built Bolsover Castle. Not long after the forfeiture of this the township of Gapwell, amounted to 320 in 1831, and the property by William Peveril the younger for poisoning population to 1429, of whom 695 were females. The inha Ralph Earl of Chester, in 1153, we find the castle men-bitants are chiefly employed in agriculture. The parish tioned as having been given with the manor by Richard I. in 1189, to his brother John on his marriage. The castle was in the possession of the barons in 1215, but was taken from them by assault for the king (John) by William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby. The manor and castle continued sometimes a direct property of the crown, and at other times it was in the possession of various nobles under grants from the The Earl of Richmond (father of Henry VII) died possessed of it in 1456, together with the Castie of Hareston, both of which were granted in 1514 to Thomas Howard Duke of Norfolk, on the attainder of whose son it again reverted to the crown. Edward VI. granted it to Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, in whose family the manor of Bolsover continued until the time of James I., when Earl Gilbert sold it to Sir Charles Cavendish. The old castle was in ruins long before. Leland mentions it as in ruins in his time, and no vestige of it now remains. That which is now called the castle is nothing more than an ill-contrived and inconvenient domestic residence with somewhat of a castellated appearance. It was begun, immediately after he made the purchase, by Sir Charles, who appears to have removed on the occasion what remained of the old castle. It is a square, lofty, and embattled structure of brown stone with a tower at each angle, of which that at the north-east angle is much higher and larger than any of the others. The building stands on the brow of a steep hill overlooking a large extent of country. A flight of steps on the east side leads through a passage to the hall (the roof of which is supported by stone pillars), and thence to the only room designed for habitation on this floor. This apartment, called the pillar parlour, is 21 feet square, and has an arched ceiling which is supported in the centre by a circular pillar, around which the dining-table is placed. Above stairs there is a large room, about 45 feet by 30, called the star chamber; there are also a smaller apartment and two lodging-rooms on this floor and eight on the attic story, which are all very small: the floor of every room is of stone or plaster. The residence of the family of Cavendish was probably in the magnificent range of ruined apartments which extend to the west of the structure we liave men BOLTENIA (zoology), a subgenus of Ascididæ, a family of the group Tunicata, which, according to William Sharp MacLeay, are the animals that connect the Acrita, or lowest primary division of the animal kingdom, with the Mollusca, from which, he observes, they differ in the following points: First, in having an external covering consisting of an envelope distinctly organized and provided with two apertures, of which one is branchial, the other anal. Secondly, in their mantle forming an internal tunic corresponding to the outer covering or test, and provided like it with two openings; and thirdly, in having branchin which occupy all, or at least part, of the membranous cavity formed by the internal sides of the mantle. From the Acrita the Tunicata (or Heterobranchiata, as De Blainville calls them) differ in having distinct nervous and generative systems, while their intestinal canal is provided with two openings, both internal. [TUNICATA.] MacLeay, in his excellent Anatomical Observations on the Natural Group of Tunicata, after referring to the investigations of Cuvier, bestows well-merited praise on the inimitable labours of Savigny, and censures De Blainville for his obvious wish to obliterate them. He well observes, that dissection must Anatomical Observations on the Natural Group of Tunicata, with the description of three species collected in Fox Channel during the late Northern Expedition, by William Sharp MacLeay, Eso., A.M., F.L.S.—Trans. Linn, Soc, vol, xiv. p. 527. are now stand s a fine temas 1 to the entrance s was 200 bet 1 feet by 32: t feet by 33. D ught that the on by Wine Sir Charles, k's view of B their prev he civil wa d have been ment which gave to K the gent ained the cotland a 1 4000. of feast tre laz scred or or ral Crans furni always be resorted to when we wish to understand the MacLeay, after quoting Captain Sabine (Appendix to External character.-Body with a coriaceous test, supported from the summit by a long pedicle, and having both orifices lateral and cleft into four rays. Anatomical character.-Branchial pouch divided into longitudinal folds, surmounted by a circle of compound tentacula, and having the reticulation of its respiratory tissue simple; abdomen lateral; ovary multiple. There are three species recorded, viz. Boltenia ovifera, Boltenia fusiformis, and Boltenia reniformis. We select the latter, Ascidia globifera of Captain Sabine, Ascidia clavata of Otho Fabricius, as an example of the subgenus. The following is MacLeay's character and description. Specific character.-Obscure, roughish; body subreniform, the orifices being somewhat prominent; peduncle terminal. Description.-Envelope sub-pellucid, whitish; mantle or tunic very thin, provided with transverse, circular, narrow muscles, which cut each other very obliquely. Tentacula about ten or twelve in number, very unequal, clavate, with the clava plumiform or beautifully divided into a number of regular laciniæ. Branchial pouch marked with about fifteen or sixteen large folds, and having the net-work simple and regular as in the Cynthia momus of Savigny. [CYNTHIA.] Dorsal sulcus having the two lateral filaments winged and the intermediate simple. Esophagus descending vertically to the lower end of the body, as suspended, and there meeting an ascending ovoidal stomach without any apparent internal folioli. Intestine with an oblong, longitudinal, open loop, which is prolonged to the pedicle; rectum narrow and sub-conical, and ascending nearly parallel to the esophagus, only higher; anus having a scolloped margin. Liver coating the stomach behind the right ovary, and running from the lower end of the body, as suspended, about half way up. It is divided into several granulated globes, some of which are separated from the others, particularly towards the pharynx. Ovaries two, elongate, lobate, situated on each side of the body, and directed towards the anal orifice; right ovary straight, claviform, lying close within the loop of the intes tine; left ovary larger and less lobate, but undulated and extending downwards behind the branchial vein, Sir John Ross's Second Voyage) says that a single specimen was dredged up from a depth of seventy fathoms near Elizabeth Harbour. He observes that he can add nothing to Mr. MacLeay's admirable description, except that the colour of the body is a very light brown; that of the pedicle darker. The sphere wherein this Ascidian moves must necessarily be very contracted. Anchored by its pedicle, the length of its moorings fixes the limit of its motions, which are most probably confined to the oscillations arising from the agitation of the waves. Both the body and pedicle, as MacLeay observes, are scabrose or covered with a rough surface, which is formed by exceedingly short coarse hairs. The original colour he could not ascertain; but in spirits it was cinereous or dirty white, which, he adds, may possibly be the true colour of the animal, as it is not unfrequently that of the other ascidida. MacLeay's specimen was brought home from Winter Island by William Nelson Griffiths, Esq., while under the orders of Captain (now Sir Edward) Parry. BOLTHEAD, a chemical vessel, usually of green glass, and of a globular form, with a narrow neck. It is chiefly employed in the process of sublimation. BOLTON-LE-MOORS, a borough town in the populous parish to which it gives name, in the hundred of Salford, county palatine of Lancaster, comprising the township of Great Bolton, and the chapelry of Little Bolton; 11 miles N.W. of Manchester, 6 miles W.S.W. of Bury, 12 miles S. of Blackburn, 11 miles S.E. of Chorley, 43 miles S.S.E. of Lancaster, and 197 miles N.W. by N. of London. It is in 53° 33' N. lat., and 3° 34′ W. long. The parish of Bolton contains twelve townships and six chapelries, of which the following is a list, with the estimated annual rental of the lands, &c., of each :Population Estimated Value 168 2,591 28,299 Anglezarke, township £975 4,618 27,887 Quarlton, township Rivington, chapelry Sharples, township Tonge with Haulgh, township 2,201 2,632 Turton, chapelry C [Boltenia reniformis.*] P, pedicle; C, branchial orifice of envelope; A, anal orifice of envelope. The cat is taken from the figure given by Mr. MacLeay, who observes that the specimen was probably contracted by being in spirits, as the situa tion of the loop of the intestine is indicated by a corresponding elevation of the envelope. The increase in the population of the town of Bolton has been very rapid since the year 1773, when there were only 5339 inhabitants in the two townships. In 1801 they amounted to 17,416, in 1811 to 24,149, in 1821 to 31,295, and in the census of 1831 they are returned at 41,195, showing an increase in 58 years of 35,856 persons. The returns for the whole parish during 30 years preceding the year 1831 exhibit a proportionate increase. In 1801 the parish contained 29,826 inhabitants; in 1811 this number was raised to 39,701, in 1821 to 50,197, and in 1831 to 63,031. The tables drawn up at the last census exhibit the following particulars connected with the population of this borough: The boundaries of the borough, as laid down in the Boundary Act, 2 and 3 Will. IV. cap. 64, are not the boundaries of the town: a portion of Little Bolton lying to the north of Astley Bridge, and extending as far as Horrock's Fold, is excluded from the franchise, and the small adjoining township of Tonge with Haulgh is included in it. The borough returns two members to parliament. The name of Bolton is involved in obscurity, though its affix of le Moors evidently points to a Norman origin, and affords proof of the early importance of the place, which required to be thus distinguished from other towns of the same name. If, as it has been supposed, Bolton is a corruption of Bodelton or Bothelton, a town which is mentioned in the Calendarium Rotulorum Chartarum' preserved in the Tower of London, the manor belonged at the time of the Conquest to Roger de Merscheya, by whom it was sold, along with his other lands between the Ribble and the Mersey, to Ranulf de Blunderville, Earl of Chester, from whom it came into the possession of the Earl of Ferrers, and from him to an antient Lancashire family of the name of Pilkington. In the possession of this family the manor remained for nearly a century, until Sir Roger Pilkington, then high sheriff of the county, was attainted and beheaded at the commencement of the reign of Henry VII., for adhering to the cause of Richard III. at the battle of Bosworth field. His estates were confiscated and given to Sir Thomas Stanley, then created Earl of Derby. In this way the Earl of Derby became possessed of nearly all the land in the town of Bolton, which he held until part of it was again confiscated during the Commonwealth, in consequence of the conduct of the Earl of Derby in the civil commotions of those times. By a series of mutations, not easily traced, the manorial rights became divided among several individuals, by whom they are still held. The earls of Derby and Bradford have each one third part, two other individuals have each one-twelfth, and a fifth party holds one-sixth. The manor of Little Bolton is in the possession of Thomas Tipping, Esq. During the political dissensions in the reign of Charles, Bolton began to rise into notice, owing to the ardent spirit manifested by the inhabitants in favour of the Commonwealth. During the long strife between the royalists and the parliamentarians the town was garrisoned by the latter, in whose possession it remained till 1644. After Prince Rupert's successful attack upon the parliamentary troops who besieged Lathom House, the then residence of the Stanley family, finding that they took refuge in Bolton, he followed them with his army, where, being joined by the earl of Derby, he attempted to take the town by storm. After several assaults the royalists, being repulsed with great loss, retired, until the earl of Derby, having collected his tenantry and levied new troops, returned to the attack, and succeeded in dislodging the parliamentary forces, and obtaining possession of the town. It did not remain long in their hands, for by one of the singular vicissitudes of those eventful times it was again surrendered to the parliament; and after the battle of Worcester the unfortunate earl, who had signalized himself in the attack upon Bolton, being taken prisoner, was condemned by a military tribunal at Chester, and sent under an escort to Bolton, where he was beheaded October 15th, 1651. Several centuries prior to this date the town was famous for its manufactures. Leland speaks of its being a market for cottons and coarse yarns; and another writer (Blome), who wrote somewhat later, describes it as a fair well-built town, with broad streets, with a market on Mondays, which is very good for clothing and provisions; and it is a place of great trade for fustians. There seems to be little doubt that the making of woollens was imported by some Flemish clothiers, who came over in the fourteenth century; that other branches of trade were introduced by the French refugee manufacturers, who were attracted by the prosperity of the neighbourhood; and that the manufacture of cotton cloth was improved, and in many of its kinds introduced, by some emigrant weavers, who came from the palatinate of the Rhine. Bolton made no great advances in population until the improvements in the machinery for spinning cotton gave an impetus to the trade, which has been gradually increasing ever since. Almost the first invention in point of importance originated in this town. It was a machine which combined the principles of the spinning-jenny and the water-frame, and was called from that circumstance a Mule. This was the discovery of a man of the name of Samuel Crompton, who lived in a part of an interesting old house about a mile from Bolton called 'Hall in the Wood,' where the experiments were carried on which resulted in this valuable invention. Fortunately for the public, but unfortunately for the inventor, no patent was taken out for the machine. It consequently came into immediate use, and made the fortunes of thousands, while the ingenious discoverer, after receiving the product of two subscriptions of 1057. and 4007., raised with difficulty from those whom his invention had enriched, was remunerated by a parliamentary grant of 5000l. In the mean time Sir Richard Arkwright, another native of Bolton, who had risen from a very obscure condition, had established large factories in Derbyshire, where he carried the cotton machinery to the greatest perfection. The opposition made by the labouring classes in Bolton to the improvements in machinery has, at various times, driven the most lucrative branches of employment from that town to other places. The introduction of the mule and of the power-loom was not accomplished until they had enriched other communities for some time. After a while cotton factories began to rise up in various parts of the town, filled with machinery upon the best principle. Foundries and machine manufactories followed them, and a great extension was immediately given to the trading interests of the place. Some of the largest mills in the county are in Bolton. Two of the principal spinners have each more than 100,000 spindles employed, and there are nearly fifty factories in the town and the immediate neighbourhood. The cotton manufacture which is carried on in these mills, comprehending the dressing and carding of the raw material, and the spinning it into yarn, employs steam-power equivalent to about 1100 horses. About fifty steam-engines are used in the spinningmills alone. At seven persons to one horse power (which is Baines's calculation) there would therefore be 7700 persons, old and young, engaged in the mills alone in Bolton. But this average is taken too high; five would be more accurate, giving a total of 5500, which corresponds very nearly with the returns. In 1831 the whole number of men employed in the cotton and silk trade in the townships of Great and Little Bolton was 6100. The women and children would quadruple the number. The weavers of Bolton produce a great variety of fabrics, probably a greater variety than any other single place in the county. Plain and fancy muslins, quiltings, counterpanes, and dimities, are the chief kinds of cloth, but cambrics, ginghams, &c. are also woven. Formerly fustians, jeans, thicksetts, and similar fabrics, were the principal articles made in the town, but these descriptions of cloth are now chiefly produced in the power-loom, as well as calicoes and dimities. Silk goods are not produced here to any extent. Several attempts have been made to introduce them among the Bolton weavers, but without much success. The bleach works in the town and neighbourhood are among the largest in the kingdom, and employ a considerable number of persons, ten millions of pieces being the average number annually bleached in the parish of Bolton. The steam-power used in these works is calculated to be equal to the power of nearly 500 horses. In the foundries it is nearly as great, twenty-five steam engines being employed in them. The iron foundries and machine shops in Bolton are numerous and extensive. Steam-engines are made at several of them, and, together with the machinery that is manufactured here, are considered of the first quality. Many other branches of trade connected with the above are carried on to a considerable extent; and there are several large chemical and paper-works in the town and its vicinity. A great proportion of the cotton goods manufactured here are sold in Manchester, where the manufacturers have warehouses for the storing and sale of their cloths. They meet their customers there from all parts of the country, one, two, or three days of each week, but always on Tuesday, which is the cotton market day in that metropolis of the cotton trade. On that day all the principals or their representatives from every establishment in the county connected with the cotton trade, more particularly bleachers and manufacturers, meet in Manchester. The practice, though apparently inconvenient, and certainly attended with much trouble, has so many advantages that there is no wish, even among those who are most remote from the market, to alter it. an of the name: an interesting: Hall in the Way which resulte r the pati was taken at! o immediate a ile the in two subsea from those s rated bra time Sir Ri had risen arge facta machinery e by the h ts in t crative Dinces in. ON TH Compuls egan to Bolton is well accommodated with the means of conveyance to all parts of the kingdom. Being on the direct line of the north road from Manchester, coaches are constantly passing through it in that direction. The intercourse with Manchester, already very easy and frequent, will be rendered much more so by the new rail-road which is being laid (1835) between the two towns, the completion of which is expected in the course of a year. There is also a railway, which was opened in 1831, connecting Bolton with the Manchester and Liverpool line at Kenyon, by which passengers are conveyed to either of the two great towns. The distance by it to Liverpool is thirty-two miles, to Manchester twenty-two miles. The advantages of inland navigation have been enjoyed since 1791, when a canal was made from Manchester to Bolton, with a branch to Bury. It begins on the western side of Manchester from the river Irwell, to which it runs nearly parallel, crossing it at Clifton, and again near Little Lever, where its two branches to Bolton and Bury separate. Its whole length is fifteen miles one furlong, with a rise of 187 feet. The two towns thus connected with Manchester, being on the same level, no lock is required between them. The distance by canal from Bolton to Manchester is twelve miles; from Bolton to Bury six miles. of the public peace. The consequence of this mode of ap pointing such important officers is the same as in most other towns similariy situated, a most inefficient policean evil which is so strongly felt by the inhabitants, that it is likely they will seek to remove it by incorporating themselves under the provisions of the Corporation Reform Bill Little Bolton has a police act distinct from Great Bolton, which vests the appointment of a certain number of trustees annually in the rate-payers. The sum raised last year for the purposes of lighting, paving, and cleansing Little Bolton, amounted to 19187. 5s. 10d., being 18. 6d. in the pound upon the annual value. The parochial concerns of the two townships are each as separate as their municipal affairs, and in both are well managed. In Great Bolton, the sum collected for the relief of the poor was about 40004.. being 28. in the pound upon the annual value. In Little Bolton, during the same year, 16744. 68. 10d. was collected for the relief of the poor, being Is. 6d. in the pound upon the annual value of the property in the township. The town is well lighted with gas by a company incorporated in 1820. It is also admirably supplied with water, brought from a distance of four miles N.E. of the town. The springs are first collected in a large reservoir near their source, from which the water is conveyed in earthenware pipes into another reservoir, about a mile from the town, from whence it is again conveyed through an iron main of thirteen inches diameter to the various parts of the town. The water descends from an elevation of about 700 feet: but the elevation of the reservoir from which the inhabitants are supplied is not more than eighty feet, and is not found to give sufficient pressure to raise the water to the height at which it is wanted. The company are about to remedy this, by making another reservoir on a higher level, which will make the water available to all the purposes for which it is required. This undertaking was effected at an expense of 40,0007., subscribed in shares of 50%. each, by a company established by act of parliament in 1824. The scale of charges is so moderate as to put it within the power of the poorest inhabitants to have the water brought into their own houses. Dwellings under 101. are charged 10s. a year, and houses of greater value one shilling in the pound upon the annual rent. The whole district through which the canal runs abounds with coal. The mines, though not perhaps so close to the town, appear to have been worked when Leland wrote his Itinerary. He says They burne at Bolton sum canale but more se cole, of the wich the pittes be not far off. The principal mines for cannel coal belong to the earl of Balcarras, and are in the vicinity of Wigan: but some of an inferior quality is found nearer Bolton. The common coal lies round the town, and is the main source of its prosperity. The two townships of which the borough of Bolton consists are separated by a small river called the Crole, which rises at Red Moss in the hamlet of Lostock, and runs due west into the Irwell, dividing in its course Great and Little Bolton, the south side of it being the township of Great Bolton, and the north side the chapelry of Little Bolton. Though an antient town, the streets of Bolton are wide and straight, and the houses generally well built. The roads leading to and from the town in every direction are kept in good condition, and the principal entrances are good. The The churches and chapels, the exchange, news-room, and town covers nearly a square mile, having been very consi- library, the dispensary, the workhouse, and the town-hall in derably extended in the S. W. direction, under an act of Little Bolton, are the only edifices that can be considered parliament obtained in 1792 for inclosing Bolton Moor, a as public buildings. Of these the large parish church, dedilarge tract of waste land comprising nearly 300 acres, which cated to St. Peter, is supposed to be several centuries old, was divided into allotments and sold by public auction on a but has few pretensions to architecture. It has a low tower, perpetual chief-rent to be secured by buildings, and made and is surrounded with a very extensive burial-ground. payable to trustees appointed in the aforementioned act. A The living is a discharged vicarage in the deanery of Manfifteenth part was deducted as a compensation to the lords chester, and in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, of the manor, to whom were reserved also the mines and and is returned of the yearly value of 4647. in the Eccleminerals underneath the surface. The powers of these siastical Returns. Another church was recently erected trustees were extended by another act in 1817, by which in Great Bolton, at an expense of 13,412., part of which they were empowered to raise a rate to the amount of 2s. 6d. was defrayed by a grant from the parliamentary comin the pound upon the annual value of the property of the missioners. It is a handsome building with a tower, in town for the purposes specified in a former act for light- the English-Gothic style, and contains 923 free siting, cleansing, paving, and improving the town of Great tings. The living is a perpetual curacy in the gift of the Bolton. The many expensive improvements which were vicar of Bolton. The largest church in Little Bolton, St. made previous and subsequent to the passing of the last George's, a brick building, with a tower and bells, was act involved the trustees in expenses beyond the amount built by subscription in 1796. The living is a perpetual of their annual receipts from the Moor, which, united with a curacy, to which the subscribers had three presentations, want of proper economy, rendered it necessary for them to get which are now exhausted, and it reverts to the bishop of an enlargement of their powers, in order to obtain a mort- Chester. There is also a chapel of ease in the same towngage upon the Moor rents. In this way they raised 12,000l., ship, dedicated to All Saints, in the gift of Thomas Tipto defray the interest of which, together with other de- ping, Esq., lord of the manor, which is also a perpetual mands, a police rate, varying from 18. to 2s. 6d. in the curacy. It is endowed with 2007. private benefaction, 2007. pound, was annually laid upon the inhabitants, and paid royal bounty, and 22007. parliamentary grant. The places for a number of years, until, in the year 1835, the tax was of worship belonging to the dissenters in Bolton are numediscontinued, and by a better administration of the funds rous and spacious. There are two each for Baptists, Indeyielded by the chief rents on Bolton Moor, not only have pendents, and Unitarians, one each for the Society of they been found equal to defray the annual disbursements Friends and Swedenborgians, a Roman Catholic Chapel, for the lighting, paving, cleansing, and improving the town, and seven places for the various denominations of Mebut, in addition, 20007. of the debt has been discharged. thodists. The income of the whole property is 25007., 4007. of which is absorbed by the interest of the mortgage. The powers of the trustees of Great Bolton, who are appointed under the Police Act, do not extend to the preservation of public order. Officers are annually selected at a court leet called by the lords of the manor, in each township respectively, under the names of a boroughreeve, two constables, and a deputy-constable, in whom all authority is vested, during their continuance in office, for the preservation The institutions for education in Bolton are numerous. The free grammar-school, contiguous to the parish churchyard, educates 120 boys. It was founded in 1641 by Robert Lever, citizen and clothier of London; and in 1651 an old school, of unrecorded foundation, was, with its revenue and property, united to it; since which time both have been considered as one school. The income is 4857. per annum of which the head master receives a salary of 1607, the second master 100%., and the writing-master 75 per annum, |