nearly all Europe. The word has been said to imply horsemen, warriors, men of the woods, men with long hair and with tails, but whether these tails were of long hair, or such as Lord Monboddo describes belonging to his men in one of the Nicobar islands, I dare not decide. They have been derived also from Celtus, a son of Hercules and Polyphe mia, and from many other inapplicable etymons. From these, aud others which I shall quote, you will, Mr. Editor, scarcely know the Celts; but I will endeavour to point out the import of their name satisfactorily to your readers. In doing this, you must not expect me to begin with Gomer, nor to trace them from Noah to Wales; you will allow me to survey a small part of the globe only, to view its features and its provinces. An antiquary or historian describes the remains of a people, a country, or place; but the import of the name by which this people, country, or place, is known, having rested in Cimmerian darkness from the earliest times, is always mistaken or omitted. I will therefore attempt to lay down a few more rules to dissipate this darkness. If, in doing this, I can arrest a mania with which Fancy has infected wise, learned, and really good men, of all ages, in tracing their descents, my labour will be fully compensated. Settlements, districts, provinces, and kingdoms, were in the earliest ages of the world, first named from their principal features. The Hill Border, the Head Border, or the Water Border, in description, often reach to a great extent within or beyond this Hill, Head, or Water. The Dobuni of our own country were the Stream-Borderers, from Dob, a Stream, and En, or An, varied to Un, a term for Border Land. These were also called the Huiccii, from Ic, Uic, or Wick, Border Land; and some of these people lived far from the Stream which gave them name. The Canti inhabited lands far from their Head which gave them name. The Belge, derived from Bel Border, and Ge Land, had inhabitants far from their Border; and their name was translated Ham, or Border, by the Saxons, who never dreamt of their being any more the descendants of the Belgae of the continent, than were the Canti, the Regni, or other nations of this island. Land on the coast, often gave name to a great extent of land in the interior. Thus the Head of Lands in Spain which runs into the ocean, will be found to have given name to the whole of that kingdom. In like manner, the Headland of France gave denomination to a great part of that kingdom. But Headlands and Hills were very often described by the same words; and hence the hills on the borders of kingdoms, may also appropriately give names to their Border Lands. These principles being understood, I will now explain the name of a country referred to by all writers, ancient and mo dern. They say, that from Gomer came the Galata. I will not deny this probable conjecture; but from the principles here laid down, I am to shew that Galatia took its name from the features of the country only. It is easy to conceive that the increase of mankind must have produced nations, and national names, as above described: Galatia is such an one. Monsieur Brigande says, "that it is the universal opinion of all authors who have written on the origin of nations, that the Celtes were the children of Gomer, the eldest son of Japhet. This nation, from which so many others have sprung, have preserved the name of their progenitor from the most early age after the deluge, down to the present days." I will not follow this author, but refer to him: he acknowledges that it is easier to find an etymology for the name Celts, than to prove it to be a true one; but he renders it from the Hebrew word Galetha, thrust out at a distance, pushed forwards. The Greek and Latin languages, he says, offer no resource for this etymology. Monsieur Perron, on the Celtes, mistaking the root of Cal or Cale, a head or hill, in finding the name Celta, supposes it to mean an harbour or port, which signifies, he says, the same with the Celta. He here indeed exactly hits the spelling, but mistakes the root from whence it came, and conse. quently the true meaning. He elsewhere however contradicts himself in this, as well as in a variety of other cases, and supposes "the word Celta, as well as Gaul, to imply powerful, valiant, or va lorous." The Greeks, he says, also gave the name Galate to the Gauls. But the Celta, at least a part of them, this author states, were called Cimbrians, and Cimmerians. The word Cimbri, he inapplicably derives from the Latin Cimber, and this from Kimber or Kim. per, which, in the Celtic, (he says) is a warrior. As for Cimmerian, it is what the ancient Grecians (he says) softened out of Cimbri, or Cimbrian; and here he is is again mistaken. He then states that a very ancient colony, no one ever knew when, or how, I believe, "of the Celta, gave name to the Cimbric Chersonesus ;" but here no proof is adduced, except that the Celtes had been accounted Cimmerians. His whole treatise is built on the unfounded supposition, that men gave names to nations: his labour therefore to trace and fix Celtic colonies in Europe and Asia, is great; but his proofs of colonization are attended with so many absurdities, and so many old words are used without being analysed, and without being given applicable imports, that you can rely on no premises which he assumes; and yet he says so many things which are worthy of notice, that he has been recommended by good authors. From the word Cal, a harbour, or Calis, the Romans, he thinks, formed Portus Iccius;" but he knew not the import of Calis, nor Iccius. Of the first of these, the ending in Is, means little, or low; and Ic is often a diminutive in names; hence Calis may imply the little Port; and Portus Iccius, the same: but Calis has a low projecting point of land; and Cal, in this name, may mean Head, and Is imply low, which would exactly describe this territory, or head. What he says of Portus-Cale, or Portugal, is more reasonable than most of his derivations: but of the import of Lusitania, he is totally in the dark; as he is also of Lyshon, or Lisbon. But to return to Galatia.This comes from Col, or Cal, an head, (which is also written Gal) as in the fol lowing examples: in Calcedon, in Galicia, in Galata, a mountain of Phocis; in Caledonia, in Galway, in Galloway, in Colophon, in Calpe, in Calabria, in Callipolis, now Gallipolis; and in an hundred other names of places beginning with these syllables, situated on the globe, at heads or ends of lands. At, in Galatia, is the same as in Galata, an headland and suburb of Constantinople; and, as in a great variety of other places, it is derived from Ad, water. Ia, is territory; and Galatia, whose head lies on the Euxine sea, will imply the Water Head, or Border Territory. The ety. mons "thrust out at a distance," and "pushed forward," given by Monsieur B. are as near the truth perhaps as any terms taken from the common words of language, which had no direct re ference to the features of nature, could have been produced; but the word head, or end, here, and more particu. Jarly in the instances which follow, are so evidently meant by it in the names of so many head-lands, and land's-ends, throughout the globe; and its derivation from Col or Cul, a head, is so direct, certain, and plain, that I much wonder some one had not before discovered and proved its applicability. But authors/ have never looked to the world, and its names, for the language of Nature; and taking for granted what wanted proof, contented themselves with supposing, mankind gave names to places, instead of places having given them these very names. Let us now trace this name to Iberia, Celt Iberia, Lusitania, Espana,. Spain, Portugal. Spain, authors say, was early called Iberia, from a colony of Iberians from Mount Caucasus; or from the river Iberus: yet the ancients, they say, considered Iberia only that part from the Pyrennees to Calpe. Notwithstanding, they assert, that the true: Iberia was that part called Celt Iberia, from a body of Celts settling in it, bounded by the Iberus: and they derive Iberia from the Hebrew Heber, or the Chaldee, Syriae, or Phoenician, Ebra or Ibra, which, in the singular, implies a passage; and in the plural, bounds or limits. It appears also, they state, that the Phoenicians called Spain Spanija, or Sphanija, from Shapan or Span, a rabbit, as it abounded with rabbits. Of the derivations, "passage," or "bounds," and "limits," nothing can be said; because the great features of Nature do not refer to such denominations. For the Monthly Magazine. A. B. THE LETTERS OF A WANDERER. N my last I told you it was our inten tion to proceed across the mountains to Haws-water; and I am now seated to give you some account of our excursion over one of the wildest tracks in Nature; where however, there was still much to interest us from its novelty, and being almost wholly different froin any thing we had seen before, afforded us considerable amusement. When we quitted Kendal, the morning was hazy, and heavy vapours occasionally floating over the distant mountains, obscured them from sight, and rendered us apprehensive we should have an uncomfortable day. As it advanced towards noon, the sun emerged from hebind its sable shroud, and its vivifying beams soon cleared the air, and left us nothing more to wish for on the score of weather. At the distance of four expectation we had formed. An air of remantic wildness reigned throughout the whole, considerably encreased by a smail piece of water, on whose unfruitful banks lay rocky fragments, and immense-sized single stones, of various shapes and hues: while a small chapel at a short distance, overhung by mournful yews, completed the scene, and inspired the mind with feelings of pensive melancholy, not wholly useless in their consequences, nor, upon occasions, disagreeable in the indulgence. At length the view of the beautiful lake of Haws-water opened on our sight, and filled us with rapturous admiration. No thing can bemore lovely than the prospect which is here disclosed to the admiring eye of a traveller, in the charming bosom of the lake, with its noble accompani ments of rocks, woods, towering preci pices, and simple rural scenery. On the opposite side from us, an immense ridge of craggy mountains reared their majestic fronts, separated from the water only by a narrow stripe of cultivated ground, where small enclosures of the sweetest verdure were divided by rows of hazel and thorn hedges, and a few straggling cottages peeped from amidst groups of low trees, and formed, with their whitened walls, a charming contrast to the shades in which they were enveloped, and the rugged precipices of the alpine heights that rose behind their little cultivated fields. On the southern side, a huge naked precipice, called Wallow Crag, rose boldly from its base; and near its rough unfruitful heights, there is cataract, we were told, of uncommon beauty; but not having explored its hidden recess, I cannot affirm whether it exceeds or equals many of the number of beautiful cascades which are to be seen in the neighbourhood of the nor thern lakes. four or five miles from Kendal, we quit- Continuing our course along the borders of the lake, we found its charms encreasing as we advanced. The heights of Naddle Forest, and Malkside upon the eastern shore, arose in solemn majesty, clothed with wood to the very summits, and reflected in the placid bosom of the water; while neat white cottages amidst tufted trees and bushes, occasionally met the sight, and seemed, to use the language of an carly and admired tourist, the abodes of “peace, rus ticity, and happy poverty." These mountains on the western shore, exhibit a charming diversity of heathy knolls, and craggy precipices, with here and there a tree or cluster of trees, starting from the crevices crevices of the rocks, and by their rich and vivid colouring, adding indescribably to the beauty of a scene replete with loveliness, variety, and richness: a scene, that cannot fail to elevate the soul to the Creator of the universe, and convey the highest sensations of gratitude and delight. About the midle of the lake, a low promontory divides the water almost into equal parts, and there the depth is said to be upwards of fifty fathoms. Though inferior in size to several of the lakes in Cumberland and Westmoreland, Hawswater is no less distinguished than its neighbours, by bold and romantic scenery. Like a number of amiable characters amongst the human race, it is hid from general notice by its retired sequestered situation, consequently known only to a few of the number, who make what is called the "Tour of the Lakes," and visited but by those who are capable of appreciating its beauties, and bestowing on them that praise and admiration they so justly merit. In length Ilaws-water is about three miles, and at the widest part does not exceed half an one. It produces char, perch, trout, eels, bass, and other fish; and its banks display the most beautiful assemblage imaginable of rocks and mountains, woods and cultivated grounds: in the whole, forming one of the finest landscapes which a painter, or an admirer of Nature's scenery, could desire to behold. You know my predilection for the simple beauties of Nature, and my dislike to whatever bears the appearance of art, in a spot where all that could be done to render it charming has been effected; you will therefore feel surprised at my giving the scenery around Haws-water a decided preference to that which is now to be seen upon the borders of some of the greater and highly-celebrated lakes in the northern countics, where all native simplicity and interesting loveliness is banished by the hand of art; which, as far as what is termed modern improvement could go, has tortured and distorted Nature's works; dressed, shaved, and trimmed, spots, which were, in their original state, beauty without a fault, but which now exhibit only the formality of a citizen's villa, and evince the absurd and glaring impropriety of erecting palaces and shew-houses where the surrounding objects present the boldest and most rug ged features imaginable, or the sweetest simple rural scenery, replete with pastoral beauty, harmony, and natural loveliness, Of this number is Ulls-water, of which I shall give you an account in my next. At present, I shall hasten to conduct you to Penrith, which we reached after a plea. sant ride of about twelve miles, as the shades of evening had cast a sombre manthe over the surrounding objects; when, being somewhat fatigued with our journey, and long fast, (for we had tasted nothing from the time of leaving Kendal but a little bread and milk in a cottage near Haws-water,) we enjoyed an excellent supper at the principal inn in the town, and sought repose in beds, which, for cleanliness and comfort, could not have been exceeded in a palace. Penrith, I believe, you have visited, or at least know so much of, that I need not attempt giving you a long description of itself, or its immediate neighbourhood. Suffice it to say, the houses are of a reddish-coloured stone, in general wearing an air of peculiar neatness and comfort; the streets are clean, and the whole place appears thriving, populous, and cheerful, The situation of Penrith is agreeable, being in the midst of an extensive fertile plain, watered by the rivers Lowther and Eamont, on the banks of which are se veral elegant seats and villas, where art and nature have united in rendering them abodes of comfort, convenience, and beauty. On the northern side of the plain there is a high extensive ridge, over which the road to Scotland by Carlisle passes, and whence there is one of the finest views in the kingdom. As my companion had never seen this view, we rode to the top of the hill on the morning of the day we passed at Penrith, and enjoyed the sight of the surrounding landscape with much sstisfaction; for the sky being wholly free of cloud or vapour, we easily discerned the plain around the ancient city of Carlisle, about twenty miles distant, and found the prospect only bounded by a chain of far-off Scottish mountains, losing all traces of individual grandeur as they seemed to mingle with the sky. Of Ullswater, on the other side, and its majestic towering boundaries, we had a bird'seye peep, and anticipated much gratifica, tion by a nearer survey of their beauties on the succeeding day. In the evening we bad a charming stroll in the environs of the town; and on the following morning at an early hour, pursued our way towards the justly-celebrated lake of Ullswater, passing by some ancient mansions on the road to Pooley Bridge (where we purposed breakfasting), the heavy architecture of which presents a striking con trast For the Monthly Magazine. Tesar uppe, have contributed Heaven his own way, without paying toll by any of the privileges of his citizenship. Infirmity is inseperable from the state of man and nations; and though philosophy may dictate, prescribe, and foresee; though wise governments may enact the best possible code of laws, yet cannot they prevent and obviate all the evils arising from the passions and favorite pursuits of individuals and communities. fluence on the human mind and chaThat education an important in racter, cannot be doubted; and that the nature and variety of worldly pursuits have an all-powerful tendency to strengthen or weaken the principles of a virtuous education, and consequently to produce either happiness or misery, in the proportion in which virtuous principles are imbibed, and to the number and nature of temptations in our passage through life, may be considered a selfevident maxim. The experience of all ages and nations refers to agriculture, as the primeval and principal source of health, virtue, and happiness. In the mutual, real, and artificial, wants of individuals, societies, and nations, originated barter and commerce, In their infancy, they were the hand. maids of agriculture, by taking off her superfluity from the fertile regions of the globe, and exchanging it for the precious, metals, minerals, and drugs, of barren and inhospitable shores. In process of time, however, they have become the mistresses of their natural mistress; and though things must eventually recur to their original state, yet not without violent convulsions and general calamity, we have beheld the ministry of England, for the last twenty years, regulating agriculture (or rather deranging it) by its par liamentary influence in the enacting of laws, by its commercial arrangements, and treaties with foreign powers, and by its orders of Council; and though the holy zealot, and alarmed and selfish friend of his country's liberty, to the exclusion of other parts of the world, from a similar enjoyment, may have given the ministry credit for its chivalrous attempt to defend the religion and law of Europe against the infidelity and anarchy of France, yet the political arithmetician detects the la tent, but real cause, in its unextinguish. able hatred of France-the consequence of her interference in the American war, and in the opportunity which her revolu tion seemed to afford England of annihilating her industry and commerce, and of |