becomes a bad cause, even as to its general results, because the many become sufferers for the benefit of the few.

W.

of extending her own upon its ruins, over the whole habitable face of the globe, by the empire of the seas. The speeches of Lord Sheffield, Aukland, &c. and the annual budget speeches, proclaim triumphantly the encreasing and flourishing To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. state of our trade, no doubt, as a vindication of the war, and as a reason for its continuance. Shefheld asserted in a speech, about five years ago, that the carrying trade had encreased from two millions at the commencement of the war, to five millions, in a period of less than Live years.

Thus has commerce not only subsidized Agriculture to her purposes, but likewise the demon War, to the former of which she was once tributary, and to the latter she was reckoned a deadly foe, whose extinction she threatened by enlightened ideas, the mutual interchange of good offices, and general philanthropy.

Thus are the ostensible objects of the war unmasked, and the real one appears to he to extend and force the commerce of England by the point of the bayonet, and the thunder of her wooden walls, over a continent deluged with blood, and an ocean stained with crimes!

It is almost superfluous to enlarge upon the bad effects of a system reprobated alike by sound policy, justice, humanity, and religion. Even in the most just, necessary, and merely defensive, have been undertaken wars, which may for the achievement and preservation of our liberties, and the security of our commerce, the cruelties and horrors which have been mutually inflicted and occasioned by armies, and the miseries endured by families and individuals, are indescribable. If then so much evil is the result of even just and necessary wars, what must be expected from a war entered into from the base and filthy motive of lucre, and from the sanguinary ambition of a shameful cupidity to extend our commerce over the face of the habitable globe? If, according to religion, philosophy, and sound policy, the means be not sanctified and justified by the end; if war be condemned as a sin by the divine, as immoral by the philosopher, and as the worst inode of settling the disputes of nations, by the politician, it would of course be the height of absurdity to suppose that the means can sanctify and justify the end. If a good cause be dis. graced by improper means used in its defence, how much more is it disgraced and injured by employing these means in promoting it, to the manifest injury of surrounding nations. Then indeed it

SIR,

ANY of your pages have tended to

Mpromote the amelioration of the con

dition and sufferings of the Animal World,
thereby inculcating the sacred duties of
justice and mercy. On this subject you
have been laudably ready to give fair
and full scope to whatever illustrated or
enforced it. To maintain the cause of
humanity, is highly pleasing to every good
man ; and more honour is derived from it,
than, from inquiries which tend only
to amuse the mind, or gratify curiosity.
The anecdote communicated by your
correspondent, "Zoophilus,"
in the
Monthly Magazine for September, on
the effects of gratitude in a wild bull,
deeply impressed and interested me.
Gratitude can be the result only of kind-
ness, either intended or received. And
although I recollect too many instances
where the result of kindness has been
ingratitude amongst human beings, it
very rarely follows any marks of mercy,
or even of due consideration, shewn to
The example which
ward animals.
"Zoophilus" has adduced of the wild
bull, is certainly a very powerful illus-
tration of this fact; but it would not be
difficult to extract from the authentic
stories of Natural History, various other
instances of gratitude arising from sense
of obligation, and even in the way of
returning generosity for generosity, and
compassion for compassion. In regard
to other animals of the fiercest nature,
as the lion, the elephant, the tyger, &c.
I lately met with some curious parti-
culars in the notes to an elegant poem
lately published by Mr. Pratt, to which
I am anxious to refer your readers; and,
by the bye, I cannot resist stating the
pleasure which I have derived from read-
It is entitled,
ing that production.

The Lower World, not referring to
the infernal regions, but lower, in a
moral and rational sense, and consists of
a strong appeal to mankind in favour of
The life of the
the brute creation.
benevolent author has been devoted to
constant labour, on this and other kin-
dred subjects; and if he had not written
his Sympathy, and Humanity, this pro-
duction alone would entitle him to a
place among the poets of Britain. In
short, Sheridan, Pratt, Wolcot, Hayley,

1

and

For the Monthly Magazine.

METEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACT for the last TWELVE MONTHS at CARLISLE.

An. Mean. 17,37 Annl. Mean 29,8565 28,73 161 214 151
Total Total Total Total}

JANUARY was remarkably mild till mouth, the quantity of rain, 3,8 inches

sky. The first swallows this season were seen on the 6th; they were numerous on the 18th.

May. The mean temperature of this pinath, 48° 4′, is extremely low for the season. The weather was uniformly cold and dry, with brisk parching easterly winds, which proved very unfavourable to vegetation. The mountains were frequently covered with snow.

June. The extreme drought which prevailed during this, and the two preceding months, was severely felt here as well as in every other part of the kingdom. The weather this month was generally bright, the days hot, and the nights cold and frosty. The quantity of rain, 1,6 inches, fell chiefly on the 28th and 29th. July. The moist and showery weather experienced this month was productive of the most beneficial effects to the grain crops. The highest degree of temperature, 71°, is unusually low for the season, yet the average for the whole month is nearly equal to that of the same period of former years.

August. The weather this month, was, on the whole, very favourable for the season. On the 3d and 4th we had some vivid lightning and loud peals of thunder; also on the 31st, a dreadful storm of thunder and lightning, which commenced in the evening and continued nearly all night; during the former part of the storm, rain, mixed with hail, feil in

torrents.

September. On the 1st of this month we were visited by another violent storm of thunder, lightning, and rain. Two women were struck down by the lightning, and stunned for several hours, but for tunately recovered; four cattle were killed by the electric fluid in this neighbourhood. A monument in Stanwix church-yard was struck by the lightning and much shattered; two massy stones cramped together, of which the pedestal was composed, were separated to up wards of a foot distance. The torrents of rain and bail which fell at the time deluged the streets of this city to such a degree, that many of the ground-floors were covered with water. During the Dight of the 2d, the sky was illuminated with incessant gleams of lightning, when at the time it was quite serene and cloud. less. The heat of this and the preceding day was uncommonly oppressive. The weather afterwards continued fair, calm, and brilliant, and extremely fine throughBut the whole of the month. The days

were hot and the nights cold, with heavy dews. The hirundines disappeared the beginning of this month; the preceding year they continued with us till the 220 of October.

October continued fair, brilliant, and exceedingly fine, till the 18th, during which period the mid-day heat was uncommonly powerful. From the 18th till the 23d, the weather was very wet and stormy; the remainder was variable, when we had some strong frost in the nights. At the conclusion of this month many of the highest mountaius in this neighbourhood were capped with snow; and, with regard to the weather, winter may be said to have commenced its reign.

November. In the former part of this month we had some considerable falls of snow, particularly on the 2d and 6th; that which fell on the latter day did not disappear from the fields before the 10th. The weather continued variable, with intervals of frost and mild rain; towards the latter end of the month it was sometimes bright and pleasant. The wind, with some trifling exceptions, was moderate, and on eight days we experienced a dead calm: the mountains were generally covered with snow. Notwithstanding the very fine autumn, we never remember a corn harvest continuing for so long a period as the present; it commenced in this district the begin ning of August, and was scarcely completed at the end of this month; in the higher districts of this county some fields at this time were not reaped.

December. The unseasonable mild weather experienced during the greater part of this month, was, as usual, attended with violent winds and much rain. The only frost worth recording, was on the 9th, 10th, and 11th. On the night of the 20th, we had some extremely vivid lightning and distant thunder; on the following day the wind blew a violent hurricane from the S.S. E. from which time till the 26th, the weather continued very stormy, with lightning in the nights; the last three days of the month were calm and pleasant, and inclined to frost. The two extremes of the barometer for the whole year happened this month, within the short period of five days, namely 28-67 on the 25th, and 30-70 on the 30th. The mountains were fre quently covered with snow.

WILLIAM PITT.

Carlisle, January 2, 1811,

vity and acuteness of the tones were so much affected by the variable force of the blow, as to be clearly apparent to every musical ear; and accounts for that inequality of voising noticed by Mr. Smyth, I must observe that there was no difficulty whatever in the application of dampers; but it was unnecessary to attend to these particulars, while the essential requisites of the invention remained unaccomplished.

Upon the whole, it attained but a small degree of relative perfection with the aieuton; and although Mr. Clagget generally adhered, with a ruinous tenacity, to his inventions, yet he was induced to give up this from a reluctant conviction of its impracticability. This is all the information I am able to give, in answer to Mr. Smyth's enquiry. It is extremely superficial; but, perhaps, it may reach the extent of his curiosity. E. LYDIATT. London, Jan. 14, 1811.